Back to AI Flashcard MakerHistory /Barron's AP World - Chapter 22: Depression and Dictatorship Part 1
Albert Einstein
the most renowned scientist between WW1 and WW2; he was a German-born physicist who posited his theory of relativity, and observed that a small amount of mass can be converted into a vast amount energy; he discovered other things as well; some of his findings were controversial in that they broke in some ways with the findings of Isaac Newton
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
Albert Einstein
the most renowned scientist between WW1 and WW2; he was a German-born physicist who posited his theory of relativity, and observed that a small amount...
theory of relativity
Einstein’s statement that the measurement of motion varies relative to a specific observer
Sigmund Freud
an Austrian physician who developed the theory that most human behavior is irrational and focused on psychological, rather than physiological, causes ...
psychoanalytic theory
an idea proposed by Sigmund Freud which stated that most human behavior is irrational and focused on psychological, rather than physiological, causes ...
existentialism
a belief that life in itself has no meaning, but that each person decides what life means personally; among it’s proponent were Jean Paul Sartre of Fr...
Friedrich Nietzsche
a philosopher who advocated the notion that through courage and effort some humans could become superhumans; this philosophy appealed to other Europea...
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Albert Einstein | the most renowned scientist between WW1 and WW2; he was a German-born physicist who posited his theory of relativity, and observed that a small amount of mass can be converted into a vast amount energy; he discovered other things as well; some of his findings were controversial in that they broke in some ways with the findings of Isaac Newton |
theory of relativity | Einstein’s statement that the measurement of motion varies relative to a specific observer |
Sigmund Freud | an Austrian physician who developed the theory that most human behavior is irrational and focused on psychological, rather than physiological, causes of mental disorders |
psychoanalytic theory | an idea proposed by Sigmund Freud which stated that most human behavior is irrational and focused on psychological, rather than physiological, causes of mental disorders; believing in the importance of unconscious behavior, Freud taught that the analysis of dreams is vital to understanding the human mind; his ideas further weakened people’s faith in reason; he published most of his theories prior to the first world war |
existentialism | a belief that life in itself has no meaning, but that each person decides what life means personally; among it’s proponent were Jean Paul Sartre of France and Karl Jaspers of Germany |
Friedrich Nietzsche | a philosopher who advocated the notion that through courage and effort some humans could become superhumans; this philosophy appealed to other European intellectuals who had abandoned democratic ideals, favoring instead the rule of elitist groups |
Franz Kafka | a novelist of the era between the wars, he wrote books such as The Trial (1925), The Castle (1926), and The Metamorphasis |
James Joyce | a writer who was influenced by psychoanalysis and used a literary technique called stream of consciousness in his novel Ulysses (1922)- this basically means that rather than having a plot, the novel reads more as a stream of consciousness (similar to Obasan) |
Erich Maria Remarque | wrote All Quiet on the Western Front (1929); this portrayed the meaningless suffering of war |
Ernest Hemingway | wrote A Farewell to Arms (1929); this portrayed the meaningless suffering of war |
expressionism | a style that featured the use of bold colors and the distortion of forms |
cubism | an art style that changed the normal shapes of objects or persons into geometric forms |
Pablo Picasso | featured cubism in his works |
Dadaism | an artistic movement from 1916 to 1924 which produced works that were whimsical and meaningless, representing the concept that the events of WW1 had rendered established traditions meaningless |
surrealism | an artistic movement that featured paintings with a dreamlike quality |
functionalism | initiated by Frank Lloyd Wright of the US and continued by the Bauhaus school of Walter Gropius in Germany, this was a movement which featured buildings constructed so that their design represented their function |
Igor Stravinsky | a Russian-born composer who wrote The Rite of Spring (1913); this created a stir at it’s first performance, when it broke with musical tradition by involving different instruments played in different keys at the same time |
Margaret Sanger and Emma Goldman | two women who campaigned for the use of birth control |
Charles Lindbergh | completed the first trans-Atlantic solo flight, going from New York to Paris |
Amelia Earhart | the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic |
coalitions | temporary alliances of a number of small parties |
Weimar Republic | a democratic government set up in Germany in 1919; this was the government that had signed the Treaty of Versailles, and it displayed serious weaknesses from its inception; the end of dynastic rule in Germany had produced a number of political parties, and the Germans were unaccustomed to democratic rule; many viewed this government as a symbol of WW1 humiliation |
Dawes Plan | a program that rescheduled Germany’s reparations payments to make them more manageable, and also provided a $200 million loan from US banks to stabilize the German economy; implemented in 1924, it was effective in curbing inflation in Germany, and by 1929 German factories were producing at their prewar level |
Kellogg-Briand Pact (between Briand of France and US Secretary of State Frank Kellogg) | an agreement negotiated between France and Germany in 1928, it effectively “outlawed” war, and was signed by almost every country on the globe; while it had no means of enforcement, it was a sign of genuine movement toward peace and prosperity- that is, until the world economy began to crumble |
Black Thursday | though not really significant in and of itself, it is recognized by most as the official "beginning" of the Great Depression, because it was when the stock market bubble that had been inflating effectively burst; it occurred on Octboer 24, 1929 |
Great Depression | the fall of the US economy that effectively began with Black Thursday; months after the crash, unemployment was soaring at 25% by 1933; since so much of the world depended on US capital and imports, the Great Depression in the US had a profound effect on the globe |
Popular Front | a political coalition formed in France in 1936 by Socialists, Communists, and moderates; it's aim was to initiate reforms to assist French workers, including pay increases and a 40-hour work week; in spite of these measures, unemployment remained high, and inflation counteracted wage increases |
New Deal | a program of reform begun by US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt; businesses and farms received government assistance, and public works provided jobs; welfare and relief programs were instituted, and the banking system was reformed |
Great Depression political change | while countries such as Great Britain, France, and Scandinavian countries maintained their democratic governments during the Depression, other nations turned to fascist dictatorships |
fascism | a new political movement that stressed loyalty to the state; it was an extreme form of nationalism that appealed to the Europeans who had been humiliated by the peace treaties of WW1 and financially destroyed by the Great Depression; fascists owed their devotion to an authoritarian ruler and favored the use of symbols such as a particular uniform and prescribed salutes |