Back to AI Flashcard MakerHistory /Barron's AP World - Chapter 22: Depression and Dictatorship Part 2
Barron's AP World - Chapter 22: Depression and Dictatorship Part 2
This deck covers key concepts from Chapter 22, focusing on the rise of fascism and communism, major figures like Mussolini and Hitler, and significant events leading up to World War II.
fascism vs. communism
both fascism and communism permitted only one-party rule; both revolved around the control of a single dictator; both upheld loyalty to the state as their highest goal; unlike communists, whose goal was a classless society (technically), fascists believed in maintaining social classes; additionally, communists (technically) sought worldwide revolution, while fascists concerned themselves with promoting nationalist objectives in only one country
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
fascism vs. communism
both fascism and communism permitted only one-party rule; both revolved around the control of a single dictator; both upheld loyalty to the state as t...
Benito Mussolini
in a postwar Italy that was troubled by inflation and unemployment, this man founded Italy's Fascist Party in 1919, vowing to strengthen Italy's econo...
Black Shirts
another term for fascists
Il Duce
in Italian it means "the leader"; this was what Mussolini was referred to by Italians when he became the leader of the country, as King Victor Emmanue...
Adolph Hitler
an Austrian born man who settled in Munich Germany, where he joined the Nazis, whose goals were to prevent communism and reverse the terms of the Trea...
Nazis
the Nationalist Socialist German Workers' Party, whose goals were to prevent communism and reverse the terms of the Treaty of Versailles
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
fascism vs. communism | both fascism and communism permitted only one-party rule; both revolved around the control of a single dictator; both upheld loyalty to the state as their highest goal; unlike communists, whose goal was a classless society (technically), fascists believed in maintaining social classes; additionally, communists (technically) sought worldwide revolution, while fascists concerned themselves with promoting nationalist objectives in only one country |
Benito Mussolini | in a postwar Italy that was troubled by inflation and unemployment, this man founded Italy's Fascist Party in 1919, vowing to strengthen Italy's economy and armed forces |
Black Shirts | another term for fascists |
Il Duce | in Italian it means "the leader"; this was what Mussolini was referred to by Italians when he became the leader of the country, as King Victor Emmanuel 3 stepped down in October 1922, giving in to popular demand |
Adolph Hitler | an Austrian born man who settled in Munich Germany, where he joined the Nazis, whose goals were to prevent communism and reverse the terms of the Treaty of Versailles; he became; in the midst of the Great Depression, this man rose to power in Germany; nothing he did in Germany was ever illegal? |
Nazis | the Nationalist Socialist German Workers' Party, whose goals were to prevent communism and reverse the terms of the Treaty of Versailles |
Storm Troopers, aka Brownshirts | the military arm of the Nazi Party |
Mein Kampf (My Struggle) | after he was jailed in 1923, Hitler wrote this book, in which he proclaimed the Germans were a master race, the "Aryans," and in which he outlined his vision for the German people |
lebensraum (living space) | Hitler pledged to acquire this for Germany by conquering Russia and eastern Europe |
Der Fuhrer | in 1933 (Hitler had been released from jail in 1924), conservatives asked German President Paul von Hindenburg to name Hitler chancellor; with Hitler in office, the Nazis solidified their control; Hitler came to be referred to as this |
SS | a special, black-uniformed guard |
Gestapo | the German secret police |
Hitler Youth | a group that all German boys were forced to join, where they were indoctrinated in the propaganda of the state |
League of German Girls | a group that all German girls were forced to join, where they were indoctrinated in the propaganda of the state |
Kristallnacht | on November 9, 1938, the Nazis attacked Jews in their homes and in the streets, and destroyed Jewish-owned businesses; after this event, Jews were banned from entering public buildings and were not permitted to own or work in retail businesses |
Emperor Hirohito | the Great Depression led to the rise of military rule in Japan; during it's medieval period, Japan had developed along military liens, so militarism was not unknown to their tradition; when the Depression hit, the Japanese blamed their democratic government, facilitating a military takeover; this person became the symbol of power in Japan |
Japanese aggression | Japan decided that the solution to it's problems was territorial expansion, and new sources of raw materials; they invaded northern and central China in 1937; though the League of Nations condemned Japan's actions, it did nothing |
political effect on China | because the Nationalists under Jiang Jieshi were in power at the time, and because the Communists were already operating largely via guerrilla warfare, the Japanese occupation had a far worse effect on the Nationalists, while the Communists were relatively less affected |
Emperor Haile Selassie | this person was the leader of Ethiopia when Mussolini invaded in 1935 (Ethiopia was one of the few African nations still uncolonized); though he appealed to the League of Nations, they did nothing |
Rome-Berlin Axis | born in October 1936, this was the alliance that formed between Mussolini's Italy and Hitler's Germany |
Axis of Powers | born in November 1936 when Japan joined the Rome-Berlin Axis; these nations were now unified, and prepared to deal with any future aggression |
General Francisco Franco | the leader of a revolution against the republican government of Spain, he planned to become the leader of a Fascist government there; his supporters were referred to as Nationalists, and those who fought against him as Republicans |
Spanish Civil War | a war that occurred in Spain from 1936 to 1939 between the Nationalists and the Republicans; the Nationalists received military assistance from Hitler and Mussolini, while the Republicans received limited aid from the Soviet Union and a volunteer International Brigade |
Anschluss | the unification of Austria and Germany, Hitler proposed to achieve this in opposition to the Versailles Treaty; knowing that some Austrians would support the movement, he moved in and annexed Austria in November 1937; again, France and Britain remained neutral, failing in their agreement to preserve the independence of Austria |
Sudetenland | a portion of western Czechslovakia whose seizure was the next goal of Hitler's after Anschluss was achieved; he demanded this in September 1938, and the Czech government refused to comply, asking it's ally France for assistance |
the Munich Conference | in response to Hitler's move on the Sudetenland, Mussolini requested this meeting of Germany, France, Great Britain, and Italy to meet in Munich during September of 1938; Great Britain and France announced that Germany could take the Sudetenland in exchange for his promise to respect the new borders of Czechslovakia |
Neville Chamberlain | the British Prime Minister who attended the Munich Conference; on his return, he referred to the agreement as an assurance of "peace in our time" |
appeasement | (in this context) the belief that giving in to Hitler's demands would satisfy his lust for territory |
Winston Churchill | a member of the British Parliament during the time of the Munich Conference, he warned of the somber consequences that the appeasement policy of Munich would produce in years to come |