Barron's AP World - Chapter 25: Global Independence Movements Part 3

A country located at the southern tip of the African continent; it is known for its diverse cultures, languages, and landscapes; South Africa has a complex history of colonialism, racial segregation, and eventual democratic transformation; it was colonized by the Dutch and later the British, leading to racial divisions that culminated in apartheid.

A country located at the southern tip of the African continent; it is known for its diverse cultures, languages, and landscapes; South Africa has a complex history of colonialism, racial segregation, and eventual democratic transformation; it was colonized by the Dutch and later the British, leading to racial divisions that culminated in apartheid.

A white South African of Dutch, German, or French Huguenot descent; they speak Afrikaans, a language derived from Dutch; Afrikaners were descendants of European settlers who colonized South Africa and played a central role in the creation and enforcement of apartheid policies during the 20th century.

A system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa that lasted from 1948 to the early 1990s; it was implemented by the ruling National Party, which was dominated by Afrikaners; apartheid laws classified people by race and severely restricted the rights of the non-white majority population.

Also known as Bantustans, these were territories set aside for black South Africans during apartheid; the government used them to enforce racial separation and deny black South Africans full citizenship rights; the homelands were underdeveloped, economically marginalized, and often governed by leaders appointed by the apartheid regime.

A political party founded in 1912 to fight for the rights of black South Africans; it became the leading force against apartheid and was banned by the government from 1960 to 1990; under leaders like Nelson Mandela, the ANC promoted resistance through protests, international pressure, and eventually armed struggle; it became the ruling party after the end of apartheid in 1994.

An event that occurred on March 21, 1960, in the township of Sharpeville; South African police opened fire on a crowd of unarmed black protesters who were demonstrating against the pass laws, killing 69 people and injuring many others; the massacre shocked the world and led to increased resistance and international condemnation of apartheid.

A South African anti-apartheid revolutionary and leader of the ANC; he was imprisoned for 27 years for his role in resisting apartheid; after his release in 1990, he led negotiations to end apartheid and became South Africa’s first black president in 1994; he is celebrated globally for his role in promoting peace, reconciliation, and human rights.

A South African Anglican bishop and social rights activist; he was a vocal critic of apartheid and promoted nonviolent resistance; he won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1984 for his work against apartheid; after the end of apartheid, he chaired the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, which aimed to heal the nation by addressing human rights abuses of the past.

The last white president of South Africa, serving from 1989 to 1994; he played a key role in ending apartheid by releasing Nelson Mandela from prison and lifting the ban on the ANC and other anti-apartheid groups; he helped negotiate the transition to majority rule and shared the Nobel Peace Prize with Mandela in 1993.

A country located at the southern tip of the African continent; it is known for its diverse cultures, languages, and landscapes; South Africa has a complex history of colonialism, racial segregation, and eventual democratic transformation; it was colonized by the Dutch and later the British, leading to racial divisions that culminated in apartheid.

a leader who began the Zionist movement in response to several anti-Semitic incidents

a Jewish captain in the French army who was falsely accused of selling military secrets to Germany

violent Russian campaigns against Jewish settlements which prompted emigration from Russia to the US and other countries; it began under Soviet rule

a statement issued by Great Britain in 1917 which favored the establishment of a separate homeland for the Jewish people in Palestine, but at the same time protected the rights of the non-Jews already living in Palestine; when it proved too vague to provide a workable solution to the claims of both Jews and Arabs to Palestine, the British made plans to divide Palestine

communal agricultural settlements that the Jews arriving in Palestine set up; many Arabs felt threatened by them

at the conclusion of WW2, Great Britain submitted the issue of Palestine to the UN; over the objections of Palestinians and the Islamic world in general, Palestine was divided into a Jewish and Palestinian state; 55% of Palestine was granted to the Jews, although they constituted only 34% of the population, and Jerusalem was an international city controlled by neither side

the leader of the newly formed state of Israel, which came into being on May 14, 1948

the day after Israeli independence, the Arab states of Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Syria, Saudi Arabia, and Lebanon invaded Israel; supported by the US, Israel won the war; further wars against Israel erupted in 1956, 1967, and 1973; in this war, Israel took half of the land promised to Palestine in the UN partition