Biochemistry: ATP Generation from Glucose
One glucose molecule produces 2 NADH and 2 ATP during glycolysis. The NADH, formed in the cytosol, are converted to 2 FADH2, yielding 3 ATP. Glycolysis also gives a net 2 ATP. Conversion of 2 pyruvate to 2 acetyl-CoA in the mitochondria produces 2 NADH, generating 5 ATP. These steps contribute a total of 10 ATP before the citric acid cycle begins.
The question investigates how 30 ATP are generated from the complete metabolism of one glucose via glycolysis, then the CAC, and finally the ETC/OP.
Note: 1 NADH is equivalent to 2.5 ATP & 1 FADH2 is equivalent to 1.5 ATP (generated in the ETC/OP) .
i) How many NADH are made in each cycle of glycolysis? How much ATP will these NADH generate in the ETC/OP?
2 NADH are made in each glycolysis, as step 6 (which occurs twice) reduces NAD+ to NADH.
However, these NADH are produced in the cytosol (location of glycolysis), so to enter the mitochondria to start the ATP generation process they are first converted into FADH2.
Overall: 2 FADH2 are made = 3 ATP
Key Terms
The question investigates how 30 ATP are generated from the complete metabolism of one glucose via glycolysis, then the CAC, and finally the ETC/OP.
Note: 1 NADH is equivalent to 2.5 ATP & 1 FADH2 is equivalent to 1.5 ATP (generated in the ETC/OP) .
i) How many NADH are made in each cycle of glycolysis? How much ATP will these NADH generate in the ETC/OP?
2 NADH are made in each glycolysis, as step 6 (which occurs twice) reduces NAD+ to NADH.
What is the net yield of ATP from each glycolysis process?
Each glycolysis produces two ATP (net ATP)
Overall: 2 ATP = 2 ATP
In preparation for the CAC, two pyruvate (from glycolysis) are converted to two Acetyl CoA. How many NADH does this reaction generate? How much ATP will these NADH generate in the ETC/OP?
Each time a pyruvate is converted into an acetyl CoA, an NAD+ is converted into NADH (happens in the same reaction).
...Each of the two acetyl CoA are used in one complete CAC reaction. How many NADH and FADH2 are made in each cycle of the CAC? How much ATP will these generate in the ETC/OP?
In each CAC 1 FADH2 and 3 NADH coenzymes are generated.
Two CAC take place as there are...
What is the net yield of GTP (ATP equivalent) from each CAC? Overall, what is the total of ATP produced? (add up ATP yields from i to v)
In each CAC 1 GTP is made. Two CAC take place as there are two acetyl CoA to use as inputs.
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
The question investigates how 30 ATP are generated from the complete metabolism of one glucose via glycolysis, then the CAC, and finally the ETC/OP. Note: 1 NADH is equivalent to 2.5 ATP & 1 FADH2 is equivalent to 1.5 ATP (generated in the ETC/OP) . i) How many NADH are made in each cycle of glycolysis? How much ATP will these NADH generate in the ETC/OP? | 2 NADH are made in each glycolysis, as step 6 (which occurs twice) reduces NAD+ to NADH. However, these NADH are produced in the cytosol (location of glycolysis), so to enter the mitochondria to start the ATP generation process they are first converted into FADH2. Overall: 2 FADH2 are made = 3 ATP |
What is the net yield of ATP from each glycolysis process? | Each glycolysis produces two ATP (net ATP) Overall: 2 ATP = 2 ATP |
In preparation for the CAC, two pyruvate (from glycolysis) are converted to two Acetyl CoA. How many NADH does this reaction generate? How much ATP will these NADH generate in the ETC/OP? | Each time a pyruvate is converted into an acetyl CoA, an NAD+ is converted into NADH (happens in the same reaction). This reaction occurs twice as two pyruvate are made in glycolysis. This reaction occurs in the mitochondria so the NADH don’t need to be converted into FADH2. Overall: 2 NADH = 5 ATP |
Each of the two acetyl CoA are used in one complete CAC reaction. How many NADH and FADH2 are made in each cycle of the CAC? How much ATP will these generate in the ETC/OP? | In each CAC 1 FADH2 and 3 NADH coenzymes are generated. Two CAC take place as there are two acetyl CoA to use as inputs. Overall: 6 NADH (each worth 2.5 ATP) + 2 FADH2 (each worth 1.5 ATP) = 18 ATP |
What is the net yield of GTP (ATP equivalent) from each CAC? Overall, what is the total of ATP produced? (add up ATP yields from i to v) | In each CAC 1 GTP is made. Two CAC take place as there are two acetyl CoA to use as inputs. Overall: 2 GTP = 2 ATP Total ATP Total 30 |