Biochemistry: Miscellaneous
The inner membrane separates the matrix (inside space) from the intermembrane space in mitochondria. In the CAC, enzymes convert oxidized coenzymes into electron-rich forms, which then fuel the ETC. Excess dietary carbohydrates are stored as glycogen and fat. During glycolysis, NAD⁺ is required in step 6 to accept electrons and become NADH.
In a mitochondrion what is the relationship between the inner membrane space, matrix and intermembrane space?
The inner membrane space separates the matric from the intermembrane space.
Key Terms
In a mitochondrion what is the relationship between the inner membrane space, matrix and intermembrane space?
The inner membrane space separates the matric from the intermembrane space.
What is the role of enzymes in the CAC?
Oxidised coenzymes are converted to electron-rich coenzymes in multiple chemical reactions and the electron-rich coenzymes are then taken to ETC.
Excess dietary carbohydrate is converted to ____________ and ____________ via
separate metabolic reactions.
Glycogen and Fat
Which of the following coenzymes is required for the chemical reaction in step 6 of
glycolysis?
NADH, NAD+, ATP, pyruvate, glycogen
NAD+
What do enzymes in the small intestine do to assist breaking down carbohydrates into smaller
sugars (such as monosaccharides and disaccharides)?
Each carbohydrate requires a specific enzyme to cleave their glycosidic bonds that link the sugar units
together in o...
How are the carbohydrate digestion products transported into the bloodstream? Where are the monosaccharides taken once in the blood?
Monosaccharides are absorbed by the lining of
the small intestine (via active transport), which allows them (glucose,...
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
In a mitochondrion what is the relationship between the inner membrane space, matrix and intermembrane space? | The inner membrane space separates the matric from the intermembrane space. |
What is the role of enzymes in the CAC? | Oxidised coenzymes are converted to electron-rich coenzymes in multiple chemical reactions and the electron-rich coenzymes are then taken to ETC. |
Excess dietary carbohydrate is converted to ____________ and ____________ via | Glycogen and Fat |
Which of the following coenzymes is required for the chemical reaction in step 6 of | NAD+ |
What do enzymes in the small intestine do to assist breaking down carbohydrates into smaller | Each carbohydrate requires a specific enzyme to cleave their glycosidic bonds that link the sugar units |
How are the carbohydrate digestion products transported into the bloodstream? Where are the monosaccharides taken once in the blood? | Monosaccharides are absorbed by the lining of Once in the blood the monosaccharides are taken to the liver to be metabolised. |
Where does the input required for glycolysis come from? | Glucose = from the digestion of complex carbohydrates. Glucose enters the blood after digestion, the release of insulin promotes the movement of glucose into the cell, it can then be used in glycolysis. |
The formation of lactate from pyruvate requires what chemical reaction and what reactant/product? | The oxidation of NADH to NAD |
Which two of the following substances are participants in the reactions encompassed by the Pyruvate | Pyruvate and lactate |
How many NADH and FADH2 are made through the CAC? And what is the product? | Three NADH |
What is an allosteric enzyme? | contains regulatory sites |
Name the 2 sources that Acetyl coA can come from. | Glucose through glycolysis. Beta-oxidation of FAs |
What is oxaloacetate produced from? | Malate via CAC also made form pyruvate |
What does the Cori Cycle do? | Allows lactic acid produced in skeletal muscles to be converted to glucose in the liver by gluconeogenesis. |
Cori Cycle: Lactate forms in the muscles during exercise, then diffuses from muscle cells into the bloodstream, then what happens? | Lactate diffuses through the blood and into the liver. |
What is the name of the process in which glucose 6-phosphate is converted to glycogen? Gluconeogenesis Glycolysis glycogenesis Glycogenolysis | glycogenesis |
Glycogen is converted to glucose in which of the following processes? Gluconeogenesis Glycogenesis Glycogenolysis Glycolysis | Glycogenolysis |
Where does the ETC occur? mitochondrial matrix inner membrane intermembrane space outer membrane | Complexes I to IV are embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria so ETC takes place here. |
Where does OP occur? mitochondrial matrix inner membrane intermembrane space outer membrane. | matrix, inner membrane and intermembrane space are all involved. H+ are pumped from the matrix into IMS through complexes I, II, IV. Once enough H+ have built up in IMS they move back into matrix via ATP synthase which is in inner membrane. |
What is the output of the ETC? | When oxygen accepts electrons from complex IV it becomes H2O (oxygen also accepts some H+), which is the output of the ETC. Oxygen must be present to use as the final electron acceptor for the generation of ATP. |
How are electrons stripped from the NADH coenzyme by complex I of the ETC. | The electrons are stripped off NADH via a redox reaction. One of the components of complex I (FMN) accepts the electrons from NADH, causing NADH to be oxidised to NAD+. The electrons are then passed along the ETC. NAD+ is taken back to the CAC to be used in the redox reaction steps. |
How are electrons passed through the complexes in the ETC? | Mobile electron carriers: CoQ and cytochrome C CoQ carries electrons from complexes I and II to complex III Cyt C carries electrons from complex III to complex IV. |
In OP - How does the movement of H+ through ATP synthase regenerate ATP? | The H+ gradient generates energy as H+ moves through ATP synthase and this energy is harnessed to regenerate ATP along with one Phosphate unit. |
Why is it important that oxygen is present to function as the final electron acceptor of the ETC? | Electrons must be taken off the chain or they would stop moving through the ETC, OP would also stop and ATP could not be produced. So electrons from complex IV must be accepted by oxygen to continue the cycle. |
As electrons are passed along the complexes within the ETC, the complexes I, III and IV open their H+ channels. What happens once these H+ channels are open? How does this process link the ETC to OP? | The open H+ channels of the ETC complexes allows H+ As more electrons move through the ETC, more H+ are When the concentration of H+ is high in the intermembrane space, OP begins and the H+ move through ATP synthase back into the matrix. |
Once there is a high concentration of H+ in the intermembrane space, the H+ move through ATP synthase back into the matrix. How does the movement of H+ through ATP synthase regenerate ATP? | Once H+ start to move through ATP synthase (from the intermembrane space into the matrix) an H+ gradient is generated. The H+ gradient (movement) generates energy, which is harnessed by the ATP synthase enzyme to regenerate ATP. A phosphate unit is attached to an ADP in the presence of energy (from H+ movement ADP + Pi + energy (H+ movement) → ATP |