Chapter 16 History: Reconstruction and Its Challenges

The act dramatically expanded black rights

They created an expectation among ex-slaves that they would become independent citizens and landowners.

He argued that it was an unconstitutional invasion of states' rights.

The emancipation of slaves was a good way to retaliate against wealthy planters.

Johnson campaigned against the Fourteenth Amendment with the National Union Party.

It required that at least half the voters in a former rebel state take a loyalty oath.

Southerners voted high-ranking Confederates back into Congress.

Southern states merely "repudiated" their secession ordinances.

Without the right to whip, they argued, the labor system could not work.

Former slaves were looking to reunite families and relatives across regions.

These laws and events forged a union of moderates and radicals within the Republican Party.

The two lawmakers charged the president with abusing his powers.

Congress could punish states that excluded voters on the basis of race.

increased influence of the radical republicans.

These four states had fulfilled the president's requirement for reconstruction before his assassination.

Moderates did not actively support black voting rights and the distribution of confiscated lands to the freedmen, while radicals did.

It sacrificed black rights for political reunification.

return all confiscated and abandoned land to pardoned ex-Confederates.

He thought southern Democrats would better serve his political interests than northern Republicans.

The broad southern rejection of the Fourteenth Amendment boosted the standing of radical Republicans.

Black codes in several states prohibited blacks from owning a gun.

distribute food and clothing to poor Southerners and to ease the transition of slaves to free persons. This was overturned by President Johnson.

Laws passed by state governments in the South in 1865 that sought to keep ex-slaves subordinate to whites. Wanted to force freedmen back to the plantations.

Legislation passed by Congress in 1866 that nullified the black codes and affirmed that black Americans should have equal benefit of the law. This expansion of black rights and federal authority drew a veto from President Johnson, which Congress later overrode.

Constitutional amendment passed in 1866 that made all native-born or naturalized persons U.S. citizens. The amendment hoped to provide guarantee of equality before the law for black citizens.

Constitutional amendment passed in February 1869 prohibiting states from depriving any citizen of the right to vote because of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude." Woman suffrage advocates were disappointed the amendment failed to extend voting rights to women.

Congressional act of March 1867 that initiated military rule of the South. Congressional reconstruction divided the ten unreconstructed Confederate states into five military districts, each under the direction of a Union general. It also established the procedure by which unreconstructed states could reenter the Union. New constitution that guaranteed black suffarage

Southerners' disapproving term for northern migrants who sought opportunity in the South after the Civil War. Northern migrants formed an important part of the southern Republican Party.

Southerners who were seen as traitors to the South. Most were yeoman farmers.

Secret society that first prevented black freedom after the Civil War supporting Democrats. It was reborn in 1915 to fight against perceived threats posed by blacks, immigrants, radicals, feminists, Catholics, and Jews.

Labor system that emerged in the South during reconstruction. Under this system, planters divided their plantations into small farms that freedmen rented, paying with a share of each year's crop. Sharecropping gave blacks some freedom, but they remained dependent on white landlords and country merchants.

Name taken by southern Democrats who harnessed white rage in order to overthrow Republican rule and black political power to save southern civilization.

Informal agreement in which Democrats agreed not to block Hayes's inauguration and to deal fairly with freedmen, and Hayes vowed not to use the army to uphold the remaining Republican regimes in the South and to provide the South with substantial federal grants for railroads.

Ten percent of the voting population needed to take an oath of allegiance before forming a new government.

They ended up in a cycle of debt.

undermined Reconstruction.

southern Democrats accepted a Republican president in exchange for federal subsidies and the removal of federal troops from the South.

He had long expressed a desire to destroy the southern planter aristocracy.

ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment

Write a new constitution that guaranteed black suffrage

It was undermined by literacy and property qualifications in southern states

Only six percent of southerners in Congress during Reconstruction were black.

Sharecropping freed blacks from the day-to-day supervision of whites.

To guarantee freedmen equal protection before the law