Colonial America to the American Revolution Part 2

States had the right to not enforce laws that were unconstitutional.

Established judicial review, Supreme Court had the right to review all federal laws and decisions and decide whether or not they were unconstitutional.

Purchased an enormous amount of land from Napoleon of France that doubled the size of the United States.

Discovered the western part of the country and determined economic possibilities there.

War between Britain and America over British seizure of US ships, British alliances to Indians, and other tensions. Nothing was gained, but the treaty simply restored diplomatic relations.

Proposed by Henry Clay. Sought to make America economically independent by increasing industrial production and creating a Second National Bank.

Missouri would enter as a slave state and Maine would enter as a free state. Laid groundwork for balance between free and slave states.

Electoral College votes for the President and the VP separately.

Created a large number of new federal courts. Repealed immediately after Jefferson took office.

American ships could not enter the seas until England and France stopped harassing American ships.

Opened trade with all countries except England and France because of interference.

Young Republicans who supported war with Britain in the hopes of gaining new territories and more economic opportunities.

Indian leader allied with the British who was killed in an early battle of the War of 1812.

Ended the War of 1812. Did not address problems of impressment or trading rights, but simply restored diplomatic relations between the US and GB.

Meeting of Federalists who discussed their suspicion of politicians from the West, their dislike of war, and possibilities of nullification and secession. Soon after, the Federalists lost influence and began to disappear.

Years from 1816-1823 after the Federalists disappeared when the US experienced little political tension. James Monroe was president during this time.

Proposed by Henry Clay, supported by Monroe. Goal was to increase US economic independence by manufacturing goods within the country rather than relying on exports. Also supported creation of a Second National Bank.

Raised tariff rates to 22% to provide protection for American business interests and revenue for improving the transportation system.

Stated that European powers were not to colonize any more countries in the Western Hemisphere.

Authorized the removal of all Native American tribes east of the Mississippi into the West. Started the Trail of Tears, which killed thousands.

Abolitionist newspaper written by William Lloyd Garrison in 1831.

Political supporters of winning candidates would be given jobs in the government. Used often in the administration of Andrew Jackson.

Political party in the 1830s who opposed the Democratic party. They favored commercial and industrial growth.

Merchants would buy raw materials and hire families to manufacture the products, which would then be sold.

Work style of early factories, in which young women worked in horrible conditions and slept in dormitories provided by the factories.

Supreme Court Case in which the Cherokee tribe being forced off their land claimed they held valid treaties to it. Marshall argued that they had no real standing in court, but confirmed their right to the lands they possessed.

Occurred during 1790-1830. Preachers proclaimed a person's control over their destiny, which was different than the predestination views of the First Great Awakening. Revival meetings occurred in camp-like settings and women became increasingly involved in religion. Began rural and spread to cities. Famous preachers included Timothy Dwight and Charles Finney.

Developed in the 1830s-1840s. Urged the working class not to drink in excess.

Advocate for formal education for all children, an expanded school year, and rigorous standards for teachers.

Campaigned for better treatment of the mentally ill and those with disadvantages.

Movement to end slavery. Gained steam in 1830s-1840s with advocates such as William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass.

Founded in the South in 1817. Opposed slavery because they did not want whites to be in contact with blacks and urged slaveowners to free their slaves and return them to Africa.

1831, Turner organized a slave revolt that killed 60 whites. He was unsuccessful, and caused Black Codes to become even harsher.

Marveled at the egalitarian system he observed in American life and the emphasis placed on the common man.

In the election of 1824, Crawford, Clay, Adams, and Jackson were all running for the Democratic-Republicans. Jackson got the most votes, but not in the electoral college, so the House got to decide. Speaker of the House Clay supported Adams and was then appointed Secretary of State, leading to much suspicion.

Jackson's inner circle of political supporters whom he consulted with more often than his actual Cabinet.

President in 1828. Wanted less government intervention in economic affairs and more states' rights. He utilized the veto often, increasing the strength of the presidency.

1830, debate in the Senate over the constitutionality of nullification.

Jackson passed new tariffs on imported goods, which were opposed by South Carolina. They refused to implement the laws, so Jackson sent federal troops to the state to forcibly collect tariff payments. Congress authorized this with the Force Act, and then lowered the tariff to appease both sides.

Ran the second Bank of the United States in 1823.

Clay pushed for the bank to be rechartered earlier than it was due to expire, convinced that public opinion would support it. Jackson vetoed this recharter, increasing his popularity. He then ordered all money in the bank to be removed in 1833 and placed in pet banks run by individual states. Biddle countered this by calling in bank loans from the pet banks, resulting in the Panic of 1837 and an economic depression.

Started in the 1840s. Stated it was the God-given mission of Americans to expand westward.

Fought over possession of Texas, in which both countries held claims. Settlement gave the US the Northern part of TX and also the territories of New Mexico and California.

Allowed California to enter the Union as a free state, but strengthened the Fugitive Slave Law.

Set up commissions in the North to determine whether or not certain slaves were runaways. They were paid more if they were returned to slavery, so many found this corrupt and tried to get rid of it.

1854, Allowed settlers in these two states to decide themselves if they would enter the Union as free or slave states. Violence and confusion took place in Kansas as people moved into territory to sway the vote.

Supreme Court Case that determined slaves were property, not people, and could not seek a ruling from any court. Congress had no legal right to ban slavery in any territory.

Created during Manifest Destiny. 2000 mile journey that brought settlers to the Oregon territory.

1846, gave most of the Oregon territory to the US, which had previously been held by Britain.

Fort in Texas defeated by Mexican soldiers who were trying to reassert control over the rebellious territory. Rebel leaders were Davey Crockett and Jim Bowie.

Implemented by Polk, lowered the tariff rates. Pleased the South, angered the North.

California claimed independence from Mexico on July 4, 1846.

Signed on Feb 2, 1848, ending the Mexican-American war. The US payed $15 million for the TX territory north of the Rio Grande, New Mexico, and California.

Stated slavery could not exist in any territory acquired from Mexico. Was not passed because of serious sectional conflicts.

Political party who opposed slavery in the newly acquired territories. They nominated Van Buren in 1848, who received 10% of the vote.

Abolitionist book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in response to the Fugitive Slave Act.

Gave America an additional southern route for trade and for a railroad on lands negotiated with Mexico.

Nativist, anti-Catholic political group that formed because of the decline of the Whigs. They opposed immigration of Irish and Germans.

Radical free-soiler who led several violent raids on pro-slavery settlements in Kansas. Specifically, Harper's Ferry.

A territory could exclude slavery if the laws and regulations written made slavery impossible to enforce.

Southern confederation of states after they seceded from the Union. Led by Jefferson Davis.

Early battle of the Civil War. Ended in Union defeat, making the North realize victory would not be as easy as they expected.

Jan 1, 1863. Freed slaves in Southern territories. Committed the North to abolitionism.

Bloodiest battle of the Civil War. South was defeated, signaling the turning point of the war.

Virginia courthouse where Robert E. Lee surrendered on April 9, 1865.

Fort in South Carolina that was attacked by Southern forces. Buchanan did not send assistance, hurting the Northern cause.

Federal government guaranteed the existence of slavery anywhere it already existed, and the Missouri line would be extended to the Pacific. Republicans in Congress rejected this.

Proposed by Winfield Scott: North would blockade the South's ports, cut off the Mississippi River, and starve the South into submission.

McClellan took over the Union army. Confederates won a victory here.

First Confederate ironclad ship.

First Union ironclad ship. Clashed with the Merrimack, with neither side doing much damage.

Money not backed by gold that was issued by the North to fund the war.

Northern Democrats who opposed the war. Lincoln often suspended writ of habeas corpus and martial law in order to silent dissent.

Two losses for the Union due to incompetent leadership.

Victory for Union forces commanded by Grant, giving the North control of the Mississippi.

1865-1877; period after the Civil War when Northern political leaders created plans for how the South would be governed and eventually rejoin the Union. South resented this.

Wanted to punish the South for seceding. Would give economic and political rights to freedman in the South and make it difficult for Confederate States to reenter the Union.

Placed Southern states under military rule and barred former supporters of the Confederacy from voting.

Northerners who moved to South during Reconstruction in order to make a profit.

White Southern Republicans.