20 Standard Amino Acids

Acides aminés

4 Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

This flashcard set introduces the four major types of biomolecules—carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids—highlighting their elemental composition, functions, and examples. It also breaks down carbohydrates into subtypes: monosaccharides and disaccharides, with real-world examples.

4.2: Diffusion

Diffusion is the passive movement of molecules from a high to low concentration until equilibrium is reached. Factors like concentration gradient, surface area, and diffusion distance affect its rate. Facilitated diffusion involves specific protein channels and carrier proteins that help transport larger or charged molecules across the membrane without using energy.

3.2: The Electron Microscope

This deck covers key concepts related to electron microscopes, including their advantages, functions, and limitations.

2.3: Energy and ATP

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) consists of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups. It releases energy by hydrolysis of its unstable phosphodiester bonds. ATP is regenerated through phosphorylation, which occurs in processes like photosynthesis, respiration, and substrate-level reactions.

2.1: Structure of RNA and DNA

Nucleotides consist of a phosphate group, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base. DNA is a stable, double-stranded helix held together by hydrogen bonds, with a sugar-phosphate backbone. Its structure enables it to store genetic information, replicate accurately, and pass traits across generations.

1.6: Proteins - Structure and Testing

This deck covers the structure of amino acids and polypeptides, including the formation of dipeptides and the different levels of protein structure. It also includes the method for testing proteins.

1.5: ipids

Lipids are nonpolar molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with diverse biological functions including energy storage, insulation, waterproofing, and membrane structure. Triglycerides and phospholipids are key lipid types, with structures suited to their roles in cells, and their presence can be detected via the emulsion test.

1.3: Carbohydrates: Disaccharides and Polysaccharides

This deck covers key concepts related to disaccharides and polysaccharides, including their formation, breakdown, and testing methods.