Brock Biology of Microorganisms 12th Edition Test Bank

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Brock Biology of Microorganisms 12th Edition Test Bank - Page 1 preview image

ExamName___________________________________MULTIPLE CHOICE.Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement oranswers the question.1)Which statement is not true as a general rule?1)_______A)Microbial cells carry out their life processes of growthindependently.B)Microbial cells exist as single cells.C)Microbial cells include both bacteria and viruses.D)Microbial cells exclude the cells of plants and animals.2)Basic microbiology can be used to2)_______A)probe the fundamental processes of life.B)model our understanding of cellular processes in multicellularorganisms, including humans.C)study characteristics of cells of multicellular organisms.D)do all of the above.3)Applied microbiology deals with important practical problems in3)_______A)industry.B)medicine.C)agriculture.D)all of the above.4)The largest mass of living material on Earth comes from4)_______A)plants.B)animals.C)microorganisms.D)plants and animals together.5)The cell's genome is stored in5)_______A)the nucleus or nucleoid.B)the cytoplasmic membrane.C)the cytoplasm.D)none of the above.6)Because the cell communicates, exchanges materials with itsenvironment, and undergoes evolution, it is called a(n)6)_______A)ancestral system.B)nucleoid system.C)closed system.D)living system.7)Changes in cellular characteristics are transmitted to offspring throughthe process of7)_______A)chemical signaling.B)evolution.C)reproductive initiative.D)none of the above.8)Catalysts involved in the acceleration of the rate of chemical reactionsare called8)_______A)evolutionary molecules.B)catalytic converters.C)growth agents.D)enzymes.9)Regarding early life on Earth,9)_______A)microbial life existed long before animals but has been around forabout the same amount of time as plants.B)microbial life existed for billions of years before plant and animallife.C)microbial life, plant life, and animal life all appeared at about the

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same time.D)it is impossible to determine which type of life first appeared.10)Most prokaryotic cells reside10)______A)in lakes, rivers, and oceans.B)on Earth's surface.C)in the oceanic and terrestrial subsurfaces.D)in and on nonprokaryotic organisms (including humans and otheranimals).11)The person who described the "wee animalcules" was11)______A)van Leeuwenhoek.B)Cohn.C)Pasteur.D)Hooke.12)Fannie Hesse is credited with giving __________ the idea to use agar asa solidifying agent.12)______A)KochB)CohnC)PasteurD)Winogradsky13)Which of the following is/are characteristic of cellular organisms?13)______A)communicationB)regeneration and reproductionC)metabolismD)all of the above14)Which of the following is not a major ecosystem?14)______A)atmosphericB)aquaticC)terrestrialD)other organisms, such as plants and animals15)Which statement is true?15)______A)Microbial communities are assemblages of populations.B)Populations are assemblages of microbial communities.C)Populations are assemblages of habitats.D)Habitats are assemblages of microbial communities.16)During a very scientifically productive period in his life, Pasteurdeveloped vaccines for16)______A)rabies.B)fowl cholera.C)anthrax.D)all of the above.17)The discovery of antibiotics and other important chemicals led to thefield of17)______A)industrial microbiology.B)aquatic microbiology.C)marine microbiology.D)agricultural microbiology.18)Microbial sterilization is used to18)______A)clean a work area.B)kill all microbes in or on objects.C)kill bacteria but not necessarily viruses or other microbes.D)decrease the possibility of contaminants growing in a culture.

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19)Transparent double-sided dishes used for growing microbes are mostcommonly called19)______A)culture medium plates.B)Petri dishes.C)sterilization plates.D)baker dishes.20)Microbes playing a role in nitrogen fixation in plants live in __________,while those playing a role in the digestive tract of certain herbivores livein __________.20)______A)nodules / fortransB)rumens / nodulesC)nodules / rumensD)fortrans / rumens21)Genetic engineering could best be described as21)______A)treatment of diseases with synthetic drugs.B)the expansion of biomass to meet specific needs.C)the creation of life from nonlife.D)the artificial manipulation of genes and gene products.22)The ultimate downfall of the theory of spontaneous generation was theresult of work by22)______A)Pasteur.B)Hooke.C)van Leeuwenhoek.D)Koch.23)A Pasteur flask has a(n)23)______A)inverted upper edge to prevent spillage while swirling.B)secondary opening at the base to allow for drainage.C)double neck so two substances may be added at the same time.D)swan neck to prevent particulate matter from getting into the mainbody of the flask.24)Koch's greatest accomplishment in the field of medical bacteriology waswith24)______A)Bacillus subtilis.B)Mycobacterium tuberculosis.C)Escherichia coli.D)Bacillus cereus.25)A pure culture25)______A)is a population of identical cells.B)was cultured for a certified stock culture.C)is made of a clearly defined chemical medium.D)is sterile.26)Beijerinck was the first to isolate26)______A)certain sulfate-reducing bacteria.B)green algae.C)certain nitrogen-fixing root nodule bacteria.D)all of the above.27)Chemolithotrophy involves27)______A)oxidation of organic compounds.B)metabolic autotrophy.C)reduction of organic compounds.D)oxidation of inorganic compounds.

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28)Developments in the fields of immunology and medical microbiologywere practical extensions of the work of28)______A)Lister.B)van Leeuwenhoek.C)Koch.D)Winogradsky.29)Microbial control in wastewaters would most logically be a part of29)______A)bacterial energetics.B)aquatic microbiology.C)microbial genetics.D)microbial technology.30)Viruses that infect bacteria are known as30)______A)microphages.B)bacteriophages.C)bacterial consumers.D)viroids.31)The science of grouping and classifying microorganisms is known as31)______A)microbial physiology.B)proteomics.C)microbial systematics.D)metabolomics.32)Mycobacterium tuberculosisis very difficult to stain because of the32)______A)large amounts of a waxy lipid present in its cell wall.B)location of the DNA within the cell.C)presence of ribosomes in the cytoplasm.D)lack of a cell wall.33)Pasteur's most famous success was his work on33)______A)fermentation in the winemaking process.B)optical isomers.C)Mycobacterium tuberculosis.D)the rabies vaccine.34)Microorganisms play key roles in the cycling of important nutrients inplant nutrition, particularly those of34)______A)sulfur.B)nitrogen.C)carbon.D)carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur.35)Microbial ecology is the study of35)______A)microbial processes in the soil that benefit plant growth.B)microorganisms in their natural environments.C)the grouping and classifying of microorganisms.D)the diversity and activities of marine microorganisms.36)The structure that confers structural strength on the cell and protects itfrom osmotic lysis is known as the36)______A)cell wall.B)cytoplasmic membrane.C)ribosome.D)cytoplasm.TRUE/FALSE.Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.37)Without microorganisms, all higher life forms on Earth would cease toexist.37)______38)Most microorganisms are pathogenic.38)______

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39)All microorganisms require molecular oxygen to carry on life functions.39)______40)Metabolism is common to all cellular organisms.40)______41)According to our present understanding, each of the major domains haswhat is known as its own universal ancestor.41)______42)Microbiology as a distinct science did not develop until the eighteenthcentury.42)______43)The environment in which a microbial population lives is its habitat.43)______44)Differentiation occurs only in multicellular organisms.44)______45)The study of nutrients that microorganisms require is known asmicrobial systematics.45)______46)Smallpox is a major killer in parts of the developing world.46)______47)Winogradsky worked with bacteria involved in cycling nitrogen andsulfur.47)______48)Specific bacteria are linked to specific biogeochemical transformations.48)______49)Marine microorganisms likely control many important globalparameters, including climate and atmospheric chemistry.49)______SHORT ANSWER.Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answersthe question.50)The four macromolecules common to all cells are: __________,__________, __________, and __________.50)_____________51)Our concept of what is a living organism is constrained by__________.51)_____________52)The study of the structure of microorganisms would be a part ofmicrobial __________.52)_____________53)List three contributions of Ferdinand Cohn to the developmentof microbiology.53)_____________54)The process whereby microorganisms are used to help clean uppollution created by human activities is known as __________.54)_____________55)An ecosystem could be defined as __________ along with their__________.55)_____________56)Robert Koch received the 1905 Nobel Prize for Physiology orMedicine for __________.56)_____________57)The barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the outsideenvironment is known as the __________.57)_____________

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58)Microbial biochemistry involves the discovery of __________and the __________.58)_____________59)DNA sequencing has allowed for the development of the fieldof __________ , which has itself spawned the subdisciplines of__________ and __________.59)_____________60)The __________ is the fundamental unit of life.60)_____________61)The disease anthrax is caused by the organism __________,which produces heat-resistant structures known as __________.61)_____________62)Groups of cells derived from a single parent cell by successivecell divisions are known as __________ and they live inenvironments known as __________.62)_____________63)The first self-replicating entities were probably __________.63)_____________64)__________ produced by microbial fermentation of glucose fromsugarcane or cornstarch is becoming a more importantcomponent of fuels in the United States.64)_____________65)__________ was the first to describe microorganisms, while__________ was the first person to see bacteria.65)_____________66)A population of identical cells is known as a(n) __________.66)_____________67)__________ described the first virus and also the basic principlesof virology.67)_____________68)The discoveries of Beijerinck and Winogradsky led to practicaladvances in the field of __________.68)_____________69)Bacterial genetics became a major field of study withinmicrobiology following the discovery in the 1950s that__________.69)_____________70)Bioremediation __________ by introducingpollutant-consuming microorganisms or specific nutrients thathelp microorganisms degrade pollutants.70)_____________71)Explain the nature and function of an enrichment culture.71)_____________72)Why is it incorrect to say that an object is partially sterile?72)_____________ESSAY.Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.73)Microbes were first formally observed in the mid-1600s, but the cell theory wasn'tenunciated until 1839. Write a brief essay explaining why microbiology did notbecome a formally recognized science until Pasteur's and Koch's time.74)Compare and contrast the works of Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch in terms of both

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appliedand basic science.75)Explain why microbial cells are excellent models for understanding cell function inhigher organisms.76)Compare and contrast the leading causes of death in 1900 with the leading causes ofdeath today. What roles have microbiologists played in the dramatic changes thatare evident?77)Consider hypothetical disease X. How would Koch's postulates be used todemonstrate whether or not organism Y is the causative agent of disease X?78)The text states that antibiotics are derived from microorganisms. What is the benefitto an antibiotic-producing microorganism of producing an antibiotic in its naturalhabitat?79)Explain how bacteria can be both beneficial and detrimental to the food industry.80)Provide evidence supporting the statement that an ecosystem is controlled bymicrobial activities.81)Explain why only anaerobic bacteria inhabited Earth for the first two billion years ofits existence.82)How would the presence of endospores in Pasteur's nutrient solutions have affectedhis conclusions about spontaneous generation?83)Explain how you would use Koch's postulates to determine thatStreptococcuspyogenesis the causative agent of streptococcal pharyngitis ("strep throat").84)Using specific examples, explain why it is sometimes impossible to satisfy Koch'spostulates.85)Explain why infectious diseases are much less lethal in developed countries than inunderdeveloped countries.

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1)C2)D3)D4)C5)A6)D7)B8)D9)B10)C11)A12)A13)D14)A15)A16)D17)A18)B19)B20)C21)D22)A23)D24)B25)A26)D27)D28)C29)B30)B31)C32)A33)D34)D35)B36)A37)TRUE38)FALSE39)FALSE40)TRUE41)FALSE42)FALSE43)TRUE44)FALSE45)FALSE46)FALSE47)TRUE48)TRUE49)FALSE50)proteins / lipids / carbohydrates / nucleic acids (any order)51)what we can observe on Earth or deduce from the fossil record

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52)cytology53)Answers could possibly include:founding bacteriology as a separate science, studyingBeggiatoa, discovering the genusBacillus(along with its endospore formation and its lifecycle), devising methods to prevent contamination, and founding a major scientific journal.54)bioremediation55)living organisms / chemical and physical environments56)his contributions on tuberculosis57)cytoplasmic membrane58)microbial enzymes / chemical reactions they carry out59)genomics / proteomics / metabolomics (second and third in either order)60)cell61)Bacillus anthracis/ endospores62)(microbial) populations / (microbial) habitats63)small molecules of RNA64)Ethanol65)Robert Hooke / Antoni van Leeuwenhoek66)pure culture67)Beijerinck68)agricultural microbiology69)genetic exchange occurred in bacteria70)accelerates the natural cleanup process71)Answers will vary, but an enrichment culture uses media, chemicals, or culture conditionsto select for or enhance specific characteristics of an organism.72)Answers will vary, but sterile means the absence of living organisms. Something is eithersterile or it is not.73)Answers will vary.74)Answers will vary.75)Answers will vary but should include commonality of function, biochemical and geneticsimilarities, and ease and speed with which they can be grown in large quantities.76)Answers will vary.77)Answers will vary.78)Answers will vary.79)Answers will vary.80)Answers will vary.81)Answers will vary.82)Answers will vary.83)Answers will vary.84)Answers will vary.85)Answers will vary.

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ExamName___________________________________MULTIPLE CHOICE.Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement oranswers the question.1)The presence of membrane-enclosed organelles is a characteristic of1)_______A)all cells.B)viruses.C)eukaryotic cells.D)prokaryotic cells.2)Which of the following are made up of prokaryotic cells?2)_______A)Archaeaand fungiB)Bacteriaand fungiC)BacteriaandArchaeaD)protozoa and animals3)Protein-coding sequences of DNA are known as3)_______A)histones.B)chromosomes.C)RNA segments.D)genes.4)Based on our present understanding, which statement is probably true?4)_______A)BacteriaandEukaryaevolved from one line;Archaeahad a totallydifferent ancestor.B)BacteriaandEukaryaevolved from an archaeal ancestor.C)Bacteria,Archaea, andEukaryaall diverged from a commonuniversal ancestor or community of organisms.D)BacteriaandArchaeadiverged from aEukaryaancestor.5)Disease-causing prokaryotes are found exclusively among the5)_______A)Archaea.B)viruses.C)fungi.D)Bacteria.6)Organisms most likely to be found in extreme environments are6)_______A)Archaea.B)Bacteria.C)viruses.D)fungi.7)The cyanobacteria are most closely related to the7)_______A)Eukarya.B)gram-negativeBacteria.C)Archaea.D)gram-positiveBacteria.8)Syphilis and Lyme disease are both caused by8)_______A)spirochetes.B)endospores from theBacillusgroup.C)toxins from theStreptomyces.D)mycoplasmas.9)Which of the following organisms lives within the host cell as a meansof avoiding destruction by the host's immune response?9)_______A)Streptococcus sp.B)Chloroflexus sp.C)Deinococcus radioduransD)Mycobacterium tuberculosis10)At the present time, __________ phyla of theArchaeahave beenidentified.10)______A)2B)4C)3D)511)Which statement is true about the genusNatronobacterium?11)______A)They are alkaliphilic but not halophilic.

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B)They are halophilic and alkaliphilic.C)They are acidophilic but not halophilic.D)They are halophilic and acidophilic.12)Which statement is true?12)______A)Both yeasts and molds are fungi.B)Both yeasts and molds are degenerate plants.C)Yeasts are fungi, whereas molds are degenerate plants.D)Yeasts are degenerate plants, whereas molds are fungi.13)In a lichen, the __________ is the phototrophic component and the__________ provides the phototroph with an anchor and with protectionfrom the elements.13)______A)fungus / algaB)fungus / cyanobacteriumC)alga or cyanobacterium / fungusD)alga / cyanobacterium14)The eukaryotic fruiting body is generally associated with the14)______A)yeast.B)slime mold.C)trypanosome.D)Paramecium.15)Early branchingEukaryalack15)______A)genetic material.B)ribosomes.C)mitochondria.D)nuclei.16)In relation to eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells are generally16)______A)smaller.B)about the same size.C)larger.D)There is no general rule about comparative cell size.17)Paired chromosomes are found in the17)______A)eukaryotes.B)Archaea.C)bacteria.D)viruses.18)Mechanisms for controlling gene expression are found18)______A)only in eukaryotes.B)only in prokaryotes.C)in all cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic.D)in some but not all prokaryotes and in some but not all eukaryotes.19)Ribosomal RNA-based studies reveal that19)______A)all eukaryotic organisms are related but that all prokaryoticorganisms are not necessarily related.B)all organisms are thought to have diverged from a commonancestral organism or community of organisms.C)all prokaryotic organisms are related but that all eukaryoticorganisms are not necessarily related.D)theArchaeaare most closely related to the viruses.20)Which statement is true?20)______

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A)Most natural and most synthetic compounds can be broken downby one or more microorganisms.B)All synthetic and most natural compounds can be broken down byone or more microorganisms.C)All natural and all synthetic compounds can be broken down byone or more microorganisms.D)All natural and most synthetic compounds can be broken down byone or more microorganisms.21)According to our present understanding, mitochondria and chloroplastsare probably __________ in origin.21)______A)eukaryoticB)archaealC)viralD)bacterial22)The model organism for microbial physiology, biochemistry, andmolecular biology is22)______A)Candida albicans.B)Azotobacter sp.C)Pseudomonas aeruginosa.D)Escherichia coli.23)Which of the following groups of organisms is not gram-positive?23)______A)ClostridiumB)PseudomonasC)StreptococcusD)Lactobacillus24)RNA-based phylogenies have impacted many subdisciplines ofmicrobiology, including24)______A)clinical diagnostics.B)microbial classification.C)microbial ecology.D)all of the above.25)What type of energy-yielding metabolism is found only in prokaryotes?25)______A)phototrophyB)chemoorganotrophyC)autotrophyD)chemolithotrophy26)In which of the following habitats might an extremophile be isolated?26)______A)boiling hot springsB)garden soil at neutral pHC)a freshwater pondD)human skin27)Which organism has unusual cell walls, can reassemble its chromosomeafter it has been damaged, and has an innate resistance to high levels ofradiation?27)______A)LactobacillusB)ChlamydiaC)DeinococcusD)Pseudomonas28)How was it determined that mitochondria and chloroplasts ofeukaryotes are actually ancestors of specific lineages ofBacteria?28)______A)clinical diagnosisB)molecular sequencingC)evolutionary studiesD)visual inspection29)The ultimate limit of what we are able to see with a microscope isdictated by29)______A)light intensity.B)magnification.C)resolution.D)visual acuity.

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30)The most common type of microscopy for laboratory courses in biologyand microbiology is done with the30)______A)bright-field microscope.B)electron microscope.C)phase-contrast microscope.D)dark-field microscope.31)When the oil-immersion lens is used,31)______A)light rays are collected to increase clarity.B)objects are held in place on the microscope slide.C)light rays are scattered so unnecessary background material is notseen.D)magnification of objects is increased by about tenfold.32)A tiny stylus positioned so close to a specimen that weak repulsiveforces are established is used in32)______A)dark-field microscopy.B)atomic force microscopy.C)confocal scanning laser microscopy.D)none of the above.33)The cytoplasmic membrane is the33)______A)source of nutrient production.B)primary support structure of the cell.C)structure that identifies a cell as eukaryotic or prokaryotic.D)permeability barrier of the cell.34)If the magnification of an ocular lens of a particular microscope is 10×and the magnification of the objective on the same microscope is 47×, thetotal magnification achieved is34)______A)57×.B)4.7×.C)4,700×.D)470×.35)Fluorescent microscopy is commonly used in35)______A)cancer therapy.B)the detection of chemical contaminants in a solution.C)radiation biology.D)clinical diagnostic microbiology.36)Bacteriastain as gram-positive or gram-negative because of differencesin the cell36)______A)nucleus.B)chromosome.C)wall.D)cytoplasm.37)What type of microscopy has found widespread use in microbialecology because of its ability to resolve the different layeredcomponents of a biofilm?37)______A)dark-field microscopyB)confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM)C)differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopyD)scanning electron microscopy38)Why is the presence of a cell wall significant from a clinical standpoint?38)______A)All types of cells have a cell wall and it makes identification of thecausative agent of disease difficult.

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B)Only gram-negativeBacteriahave cell walls.C)The cell wall protects microorganisms from destruction by theimmune system.D)Animal cells do not have cell walls, so antibiotics that target cellwalls can destroy invading microorganisms.TRUE/FALSE.Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.39)Microorganisms today are probably a degeneration of the earliest lifeforms.39)______40)Ribosomes function primarily in energy production.40)______41)Prokaryotic chromosomes are generally linear.41)______42)Meiosis is the process by which haploid gametes are formed.42)______43)Ribosomal RNAs can be used to study phylogenetic relationshipsbetween organisms.43)______44)Endosymbiosis is an explanation for the origin of mitochondria andchloroplasts in eukaryotic cells.44)______45)Phototrophs use light as an energy source.45)______46)Viruses necessarily cause disease in the organisms they infect.46)______47)Species ofArchaeaare more closely related toEukaryathan toBacteria.47)______48)The waste products of chemoorganotrophs are often used for energy bychemolithotrophs.48)______49)The evolutionary significance of extreme thermophiles may be that theyare modern descendants of very ancient cell lines dating back to a timewhen the planet was very warm.49)______50)Organisms of the genusHalobacteriumcan grow within salt crystals.50)______51)ThePicrophilusare the most alkaliphilic prokaryotes known.51)______52)All knownArchaeaare extremophiles of one sort or another.52)______53)The cyanobacteria were the first oxygenic phototrophs to evolve onEarth.53)______54)The genusChlamydiaharbors respiratory and sexually transmittedpathogens of humans.54)______55)A differential stain is called "differential" because it does not stain allkinds of cells the same color.55)______56)In bright-field microscopy, contrast differences arise because differentcells and cellular components absorb and scatter light in varyingdegrees.

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56)______57)In phase-contrast microscopy, the differences in refractive indicesbetween organisms and their environments are utilized for betterviewing of living specimens.57)______58)Light microscopy is an effective way of viewing objects in threedimensions.58)______SHORT ANSWER.Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answersthe question.59)The distinct feature of the planctomyces group is a(n)__________.59)_____________60)To say that an organism is an "obligate intracellular parasite"means __________.60)_____________61)One major difference between chromosomes and plasmids isthat plasmids generally contain __________ rather than__________ genes.61)_____________62)A eukaryotic, chlorophyll-containing organism that can live inenvironments containing only a few minerals, water, carbondioxide, and light is a(n) __________.62)_____________63)Two major roles of fungi are __________ and __________.63)_____________64)The total number of genes within a cell is called the __________.64)_____________65)The evolutionary relationships between organisms are studiedin the science of __________.65)_____________66)The three options by which an organism may obtain energy are:__________, __________, and __________.66)_____________67)The difference between chemoorganotrophy andchemolithotrophy is __________.67)_____________68)A cell that uses carbon dioxide as its carbon source isa(n)__________.68)_____________69)The largest division (or phylum) ofBacteriais the __________.69)_____________70)The unique feature of the mycoplasmas is the __________.70)_____________71)The function of the chloroplast is to __________.71)_____________72)Lichens are called mutualistic organisms because __________.72)_____________73)The commonality linking theAquifexandThermotogaspecies is__________.73)_____________

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