BS161 Biology Final Exam With Answers (194 Solved Questions)

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BS 161 FINAL EXAM WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS ( 3 VERSIONS)VERSION 1Barbara McClintock, who achieved fame for discovering that genes could move withingenomes,had her meticulous work ignored for nearly four decades, but eventually won the NobelPrize.Why was her work so distrusted?A)She worked only with maize, which was considered "merely" a plant.B)Geneticists did not want to lose their cherished notions of DNA stability.C)She allowed no one else to duplicate her work.D)The work of women scientists was still not allowed to be published.E)There were too many alternative explanations for transposition. - BWhich of the following is a representation of gene density?A)Humans have ~20,000 genes in 2,900 Mb.B)C. elegans has ~20,000 genes.C)Fritillaria has a genome 40 times the size of a human.D)Humans have 27,000 bp in introns.E)Humans have 2,900 Mb per genome. - AIf humans have 2,900 Mb, a specific member of the lily family has 120,000 Mb, and a yeasthas~13 Mb, why can't this data allow us to order their evolutionary significance?A)Size is mostly due to "junk" DNA.B)Size does not vary with gene complexity.C)Size does not compare to gene density.D)Size is comparable only within phyla.E)Size matters less than gene density. - BFragments of DNA have been extracted from the remnants of extinct woolly mammoths,amplified, and sequenced. These can now be used toA)appreciate the reasons why mammoths went extinct.B)introduce into relatives, such as elephants, certain mammoth traits.

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C)clone live woolly mammoths.D)study the relationships among woolly mammoths and other wool-producers.E)understand the evolutionary relationships among members of related taxa - EWhy is it unwise to try to relate an organism's complexity with its size or number of cells?A)A very large organism may be composed of very few cells or very few cell types.B)A simple organism can have a much larger genome.C)A single-celled organism, such as a bacterium or a protist, still has to conduct all thecomplex life functions of a large multicellular organism.D)A complex organism can have a very small and simple genome.E)A single-celled organism that is also eukaryotic, such as a yeast, still reproducesmitotically. - CWhat is metagenomics?A)genomics as applied to an entire phylumB)genomics asapplied to a species that most typifies the average phenotype of its genusC)the sequencing of only the most highly conserved genes in a lineageD)sequencing DNA from a group of species from the same ecosystemE)the sequence of one or two representative genes from several species - DWhich of the following most correctly describes a shotgun technique for sequencing agenome?A)physical mapping followed immediately by sequencingB)cloning large genome fragments into very large vectors such as YACs, followed bysequencingC)cloning the whole genome directly, from one end to the otherD)cloning several sizes of fragments into various size vectors, ordering the clones, and thensequencing themE)genetic mapping followed immediately by sequencing - DWhat is the difference between a linkage map and a physical map?A)For a physical map, the ATCG order and sequence must be achieved; however, it does notfor the linkage map.B)For a linkage map, it is shown how each gene is linked to every other gene.

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C)For a physical map, the distances must be calculable in units such as nanometers.D)For a linkage map, markers are spaced by recombination frequency, whereas for aphysicalmap they are spaced by numbers of base pairs (bp).E)There is no difference between the two except in the type of pictorial representation. - DIn large scale, genome-wide association studies in humans, correlation is sought betweenA)single nucleotide polymorphisms found in families with a particular introns sequence.B)lengthy sequences that might be shared by most members of a population.C)large inversions that displace the centromere.D)single nucleotide polymorphisms found only in persons with a particular disorder.E)single nucleotide polymorphisms in two or more adjacent genes. - DWhich of the following modifications is least likely to alter the rate at which a DNA fragmentmoves through a gel during electrophoresis?A)methylating the cytosine bases within the DNA fragmentB)altering the nucleotide sequence of the DNA fragmentC)increasing the length of the DNA fragmentD)neutralizing the negative charges within the DNA fragmentE)decreasing the length of the DNA fragment - BIn yeast signal transduction, the yeast cellsA)secrete molecules that result in response by other yeast cells.B)must physically and directly interact.C)produce signal molecules that change themselves so they can interact with one another.D)produce response molecules that diffuse to other yeast cells.E)mate, after which the new cells secrete hybrid signals. - AWhich of the following is true for the signaling system in an animal cell that lacks the abilitytoproduce GTP?A)It would employ a transduction pathway directly from an external messenger.B)It could activate only the epinephrine system.C)It would not be able to activate and inactivate the G protein on the cytoplasmic side of the

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plasma membrane.D)It would use ATP instead of GTP to activate and inactivate the G protein on thecytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane.E)It would be able to carry out reception and transduction but would not be able to respondto a signal. - CBecause most receptors are membrane proteins, which of the following is usually true?A)They open and close in response to protein signals.B)They change their conformation after binding with signal polypeptides.C)They are only attached to one membrane surface: exterior or interior.D)They preferentially bind with lipid or glycolipid signal molecules.E)They lead to changes in intracellular ion concentration. - BSince steroid receptors are located intracellularly, which of the following is true?A)The receptor molecules are themselves lipids or glycolipids.B)The steroid/receptor complex can cross the nuclear membrane.C)The receptor molecules are free to move in and out of most organelles.D)The unbound steroid receptors are quickly recycled by lysosomes.E)The concentration of steroid receptors must be relatively high in most cells. - BThe receptors for a group of signaling molecules known as growth factors are oftenA)cyclic AMP.B)ligand-gated ion channels.C)neurotransmitters.D)receptor tyrosine kinases.E)G protein-coupled receptors. - DBinding of a signaling molecule to which type of receptor leads directly to a change in thedistribution of ions on opposite sides of the membrane?A)phosphorylated receptor tyrosine kinase dimerB)ligand-gated ion channelC)G protein-coupled receptorD)intracellular receptorE)receptor tyrosine kinase - B

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If an adult person has a faulty version of the human analog to ced-4 of the nematode, whichofthe following is most likely to result?A)activation of a developmental pathway found in the worm but not in humansB)webbing of fingers or toesC)a form of cancer in which there is insufficient apoptosisD)neurodegenerationE)excess skin exfoliation - CA drug designed to inhibit the response of cells to testosterone would almost certainlyresult inwhich of the following?A)an increase in cytosolic calcium concentrationB)an increase in receptor tyrosine kinase activityC)lower cytoplasmic levels of cAMPD)a decrease in G protein activityE)a decrease in transcriptional activity of certain genes - EWhich of the following is a correct association?A)GTPase activity and hydrolysis of GTP to GDPB)adenylyl cyclase activity and the conversion of cAMP to AMPC)phosphorylase activity and the catabolism of glucoseD)phosphodiesterase activity and the removal of phosphate groupsE)kinase activity and the addition of a tyrosine - AAn inhibitor of which of the following could be used to block the release of calcium from theendoplasmic reticulum?A)tyrosine kinasesB)adenylyl cyclaseC)serine/threonine kinasesD)phosphodiesteraseE)phospholipase C - E

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Which of the following most likely would be an immediate result of growth factor binding toitsreceptor?A)protein kinase activityB)phosphorylase activityC)GTPase activityD)protein phosphataseE)adenylyl cyclas eactivity - APax-6 is a gene that is involved in eye formation in many invertebrates, such as Drosophila.Pax-6is found as well in vertebrates. A Pax-6 gene from a mouse can be expressed in a fly and theprotein (PAX-6) leads to a compound fly eye. This information suggests which of thefollowing?A)PAX-6 proteins have identical amino acid sequences.B)Pax-6 genes are identical in nucleotide sequence.C)Pax-6 is highly conserved and shows shared evolutionary ancestry.D)PAX-6 from a mouse can function in a fly, but a fly's Pax-6 gene cannot function in amouse.E)PAX6 proteins are different for formation of different kinds of eyes. - CThe major advantage of using artificial chromosomes such as YACs and BACs for cloninggenesis thatA)only one copy of a plasmid can be present in any given cell, whereas many copies of aYAC or BAC can coexist in a single cell.B)plasmids are unable to replicate in cells.C)YACs and BACs can carry much larger DNA fragments than ordinary plasmids can.D)YACs and BACs can be used to express proteins encoded by inserted genes, but plasmidscannot.E)All of these are correct. - C

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A student wishes to clone a sequence of DNA of ~200 kb. Which vector would beappropriate?A)a BACB)a plant virusC)a typical bacteriophageD)a large polypeptideE)a plasmid - AThe DNA fragments making up a genomic library are generally contained inA)BACs.B)recombinant viral RNA.C)radioactive eukaryotic cells.D)DNA-RNA hybrids.E)individual wells. - AA gene that contains introns can be made shorter (but remain functional) for geneticengineeringpurposes by usingA)a restriction enzyme to cut the gene into shorter pieces.B)DNA ligase to put together fragments of the DNA that code for a particular polypeptide.C)reverse transcriptase to reconstruct the gene from its mRNA.D)RNA polymerase to transcribe the gene.E)DNA polymerase to reconstruct the gene from its polypeptide product. - CIn a cell-free system, what other components would you have to provide for this virus toexpressits genes?A)ribosomes, tRNAs, amino acids, and GTPB)bean cell enzymesC)RNA nucleotides and GTPD)RNA nucleotides, RNA polymerase, and GTPE)ribosomes, tRNAs and amino acids - ATo cause a human pandemic, the H5N1 avian flu virus would have to

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A)develop into a virus with a different host range.B)become capable of human-to-human transmission.C)spread to primates such as chimpanzees.D)become much more pathogenic.E)arise independently in chickens in North and South America. - BIn the figure, at the arrow marked II (pointing at viral DNA before its being reproduced),what enzyme(s) are being utilized?A)host cell RNA polymeraseB)viral DNA polymeraseC)host cell DNA and RNA polymerasesD)reverse transcriptaseE)host cell DNA polymerase - EMost molecular biologists think that viruses originated from fragments of cellular nucleicacid.Which of the following observations supports this theory?A)Viruses are enclosed in protein capsids rather than plasma membranes.B)Viral genomes are usually similar to the genome of the host cell.C)Viruses can infect both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.D)Viruses contain either DNA or RNA.E)Viruses can reproduce only inside host cells. - BWhy do RNA viruses appear to have higher rates of mutation?A)RNA viruses can incorporate a variety of nonstandard bases.B)RNA viruses replicate faster.C)Replication of their genomes does not involve proofreading.D)RNA nucleotides are more unstable than DNA E)RNA viruses are more sensitive tomutagens. - CMost human-infecting viruses are maintained in the human population only. However, azoonosis is a disease that is transmitted from other vertebrates to humans, at leastsporadically,without requiring viral mutation. Which of the following is the best example of a zoonosis?

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A)HIVB)rabiesC)smallpoxD)hepatitis virusE)herpesvirus - BBy which of the following processes is insulin synthesized?A) transcriptionB) hydrolysisC) translationD) decarboxylationE) phosphorylation - CThe subunits of insulin areA) monosaccharidesB) nucleotidesC) fatty acidsD) amino acidsE) phospholipids - DFollowing synthesis, the insulin polypeptide undergoes disulfide bond formation. This is anexample of a______________ that affects _____________.A) posttranslational process; primary structure B) posttranslational process; tertiarystructureC) transcriptional process; primary structure D) posttranscriptional process; tertiarystructure - BAs a secreted protein, the route traveled by insulin to the outside of the pancreatic cells isA) rough ER→Golgi→plasma membraneB) Golgi→rough ER→plasma membraneC) Golgi→lysosomes→plasma membraneD) Golgi→smooth ER→plasma membraneE) rough ER→Golgi→lysosomes - A

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The hormone epinephrine (also called adrenaline) is secreted from cells of the adrenal glandin response to a threatening or excitingcondition. The hormone binds to G protein-coupled receptors on the plasma membrane ofliver cells, stimulating the breakdown ofglycogen, a polymer of glucose. The glucose diffuses out of the liver cells, is circulated in thebloodstream, and is subsequently taken upinto muscle cells, where it is used in respiration. The ATP produced by respiration is usedfor muscle contraction, allowing the organismto run for safety in response to the threat. Use all of this information to answer thefollowing four questions.8) Once epinephrine binds to the liver cells, the signal transduction pathway occurs in theorder epinephrine→Gprotein-coupled receptor→G protein→adenylyl cyclase→cAMP. Which of the followingis the secondmessenger?A) G protein-coupled receptorB) G - EThe hormone epinephrine (also called adrenaline) is secreted from cells of the adrenal glandin response to a threatening or excitingcondition. The hormone binds to G protein-coupled receptors on the plasma membrane ofliver cells, stimulating the breakdown ofglycogen, a polymer of glucose. The glucose diffuses out of the liver cells, is circulated in thebloodstream, and is subsequently taken upinto muscle cells, where it is used in respiration. The ATP produced by respiration is usedfor muscle contraction, allowing the organismto run for safety in response to the threat. Use all of this information to answer thefollowing four questions.Glycogen is a __________ and is broken down to glucose by_________.A) polypeptide; dehydrationB) protein; translationC) polysaccharide; hydrolysisD) lipid; decarboxylation

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E) nucleic acid; denaturation - CThe hormone epinephrine (also called adrenaline) is secreted from cells of the adrenal glandin response to a threatening or excitingcondition. The hormone binds to G protein-coupled receptors on the plasma membrane ofliver cells, stimulating the breakdown ofglycogen, a polymer of glucose. The glucose diffuses out of the liver cells, is circulated in thebloodstream, and is subsequently taken upinto muscle cells, where it is used in respiration. The ATP produced by respiration is usedfor muscle contraction, allowing the organismto run for safety in response to the threat. Use all of this information to answer thefollowing four questions.Which of the following regarding glucose export from the liver cells into the bloodstream istrue?A) It requires a membrane proteinB) It occurs by osmosisC) It requires energyD) It occurs by active transportE) It is endergonic - AThe hormone epinephrine (also called adrenaline) is secreted from cells of the adrenal glandin response to a threatening or excitingcondition. The hormone binds to G protein-coupled receptors on the plasma membrane ofliver cells, stimulating the breakdown ofglycogen, a polymer of glucose. The glucose diffuses out of the liver cells, is circulated in thebloodstream, and is subsequently taken upinto muscle cells, where it is used in respiration. The ATP produced by respiration is usedfor muscle contraction, allowing the organismto run for safety in response to the threat. Use all of this information to answer thefollowing four questions.Following glucose uptake from the bloodstream, the muscele cells generate the ATP neededfor musclecontraction through the process of respiration, which __________ glucose to ___________.A) oxidizes ... O2B) oxidizes ... NADH

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C) reduces ... CO2D) oxidizes ... CO2 - DBased on the polarity of water molecules, the solute above is most likelyA)hydrophobic.B)nonpolar.C)uncharged.D)a cation.E)an anion - Dwhat is a hydroxyl group? - -OHWhich of the following hydrocarbons has a double bond in its carbon skeleton?A)C2H4 B)C3H8 C)CH4 D)C2H6 E)C2H2 - AAnswers may be used once, more than once, or not at all.A. applies to nucleic acidsB. applies to proteinsC. applies to polysaccharidesD. applies to lipidsE. applies to all macromolecules4)synthesis involves dehydration reactions - EAnswers may be used once, more than once, or not at all.A. applies to nucleic acidsB. applies to proteinsC. applies to polysaccharidesD. applies to lipidsE. applies to all macromolecules5)monomers are linked in peptide bonds - BWhat is a functional group on it side chain that is likely to be ionized at the pH of the cell? - A

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What is a functional group on it side chain that can contribute to tertiary structure byforming a coavlent bond? - DWhich of the following occurs by hydrolysis?A)the breakdown of polypeptides to monosaccharidesB)the synthesis of polysaccharides from monosaccharidesC)the breakdown of nucleic acids to nucleotidesD)the formation of peptide bondsE)the addition of a fatty acid to glycerol - CWhich of the following involves the formation of hydrogen bonds?A)disulfide bridge formation in proteinsB)α-helix formation in proteinsC)interaction between carboxyl and amino groups in side chains of proteinsD)interaction between fatty acid tails in phospholipid bilayersE)the attachment of an amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain - BTwo DNA molecules have the following base pair compositions:A. ATGGTAA B. GGAACCCTACCATT CCTTGGGWhich one would have to be heated to a higher temperature to completely separate the twostrands?A) AB) BC) Neither; they would be completely separated at the same temperature - BWhich of the following best describes the flow of genetic information in a eukaryotic cell?A)transcription in the nucleus→transport of mRNA to the cytosol→translation onribosomesB)transport of mRNA to the cytosol→translation on ribosomes→transcription in thenucleusC)transport of mRNA to the cytosol→transcription in the nucleus→translation onribosomes

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