Concepts of Genetics, 11th Edition Test Bank

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Concepts of Genetics, 11e, Global Edition(Klug et al.)Chapter 1Introduction to Genetics1) In the 1600s, William Harvey studied reproduction and development. What is the term given to thetheory which states that an organism develops from the fertilized egg by a succession of developmentalevents that lead to an adult?A) preformationB) sequential pattern formationC) equational transformationD) transductionE) epigenesisAnswer: ESection: 1.12) What is the term given to the theory which states that the fertilized egg contains a complete miniatureadult?A) preformationB) transductionC) transformationD) conjugationE) cell theoryAnswer: ASection: 1.13) What is the term given to the theory that put forth the idea that living organisms could arise byincubating nonliving components?A) spontaneous generationB) natural selectionC) evolutionD) preformationE) collective combinationAnswer: ASection: 1.14) Who, along with Alfred Wallace, formulated the theory of natural selection?A) Gregor MendelB) William HarveyC) Louis PasteurD) Charles DarwinE) James WatsonAnswer: DSection: 1.11

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5) Who was the Augustinian monk that conducted a decade of experiments on the garden pea, eventuallyshowing that traits are passed from parents to offspring in predictable ways?A) Francis CrickB) Alfred WallaceC) HippocratesD) AristotleE) Gregor MendelAnswer: ESection: 1.26) In many species, there are two representatives of each chromosome. In such species, the characteristicnumber of chromosomes is called the ________ number. It is usually symbolized as ________.A) haploid; nB) haploid; 2nC) diploid; 2nD) diploid; nE) None of the answers listed are correct.Answer: CSection: 1.27) Genetics is the study of ________.A) inheritance and variationB) mutation and recessionC) transcription and translationD) diploid and haploidE) replication and recombinationAnswer: ASection: 1.28) Name one of the botanists who, in 1900, rediscovered the work of Gregor Mendel.Answer: Carl Correns, Hugo de Vries, Erich TschermakSection: 1.19) Early in the twentieth century, Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri noted that the behavior ofchromosomes during meiosis is identical to the behavior of genes during gamete formation. Theyproposed that genes are carried on chromosomes, which led to the basis of the ________.Answer: Chromosome Theory of InheritanceSection: 1.210) What is a mutation?Answer: A mutation is an inherited change in a gene.Section: 1.211) What is a simple definition of an allele?Answer: An allele is a variant form of a gene.Section: 1.22

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12) Until the mid-1940s, many scientists considered proteins to be the likely candidates for the geneticmaterial. Why?Answer: Proteins are the most abundant, universally distributed components in cells. They wereconsidered likely candidates because of their great structural and functional diversity.Section: 1.213) Name the individual who, while working with the garden pea in the mid-1850s, demonstratedquantitative patterns of heredity and developed a theory involving the behavior of hereditary factors.Answer: Gregor MendelSection: 1.214) What does the termgeneticsmean?Answer: Genetics is a subdiscipline of biology concerned with the study of heredity and variation at themolecular, cellular, developmental, organismal, and populational levels.Section: 1.215) Name two individuals who provided the conceptual basis for our present understanding that genesare on chromosomes.Answer: Walter Sutton and Theodor BoveriSection: 1.216) What term is used to describe the fact that different genes in an organism often provide differences inobservable features?Answer: phenotypeSection: 1.217) What term refers to the similarity between parents and offspring and what term refers to the lack ofsimilarity between parents and offspring?Answer: Heredity refers to the similarity between parents and offspring and the similarity of members ofthe same species. Variation refers to the lack of similarity between parents and offspring and members ofthe same species.Section: 1.218) Alternative forms of a gene are called ________.Answer: allelesSection: 1.219) The various characteristics of organisms that result from their genetic makeup are collectively referredto as an organism's ________.Answer: phenotypeSection: 1.220) Name the substance that serves as the hereditary material in eukaryotes and prokaryotes.Answer: DNA or deoxyribonucleic acidSection: 1.321) In nonviral systems, what is the nature of the hereditary substance?Answer: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a double-stranded polymer organized as a double helix.Section: 1.33

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22) A fundamental property of DNA's nitrogenous bases that is necessary for the double-stranded natureof its structure is ________.Answer: complementaritySection: 1.323) Distinguish the functions of DNA and RNA in a eukaryote.Answer: DNA is responsible for the storage and replication of genetic information; RNA is involved inthe expression of stored genetic information.Section: 1.324) Name the bases in DNA and their pairing specificities.Answer: adenine:thymine, guanine:cytosineSection: 1.325) What is meant by the termgenetic code?Answer: The genetic code consists of a linear series of three adjacent nucleotides present in mRNAmolecules.Section: 1.326) List the two relatively complex processes in which genetic information is converted into functionalproducts.Answer: transcription and translationSection: 1.327) What is the composition of the genetic material?Answer: polymers of nucleotides making up DNASection: 1.328) What is meant bycomplementarityin terms of the structure of DNA?Answer: base pairing of A with T, and G with CSection: 1.329) Reference is often made toadapter moleculeswhen describing protein synthesis in that they allowamino acids to associate with nucleic acids. To what class of molecules does this term refer?Answer: tRNASection: 1.330) Given that DNA is the genetic material in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, what other general structures(macromolecules) and substances made by the cell are associated with the expression of that geneticmaterial?Answer: RNA (messenger, ribosomal, transfer), ribosomes, enzymes, proteinsSection: 1.331) What is another term for a biological catalyst?Answer: enzymeSection: 1.34

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32) Research dealing with which human blood disorder was instrumental in linking the genotype to aspecific phenotype, and what conclusion was reached?Answer: The work on sickle-cell anemia was instrumental in showing that a mutant gene produced amutant protein molecule.Section: 1.333) Recombinant DNA technology is dependent on a particular class of enzymes, known as ________ thatcuts DNA at specific nucleotide sequences.Answer: restriction enzymesSection: 1.434) What represents an organism's genome?Answer: An organism's genome can be defined as the complete haploid DNA content of an organism.Section: 1.435) What is a transgenic organism?Answer: A transgenic organism is an organism produced by biotechnology that involves the transfer ofhereditary traits across species.Section: 1.536) In 1996, a cloning experiment produced the sheep named Dolly. Contrary to the more traditionalmethod of cloning by embryo splitting, Dolly was produced by which procedure?Answer: transfer of genetic material from an adult mammary cellSection: 1.537) What term is applied to a variety of projects whereby genome sequences are deposited in databasesfor research purposes?Answer: genomicsSection: 1.638) The human genome sequence was reported in 2003 by two groups, the publicly funded ________ and________.Answer: Human Genome Project; a private, industry-funded projectSection: 1.639) A number of genomes have been sequenced in recent years:Escherichia coli,Saccharomyces cerevisiae,Caenorhabditis elegans,Drosophila melanogaster, andMus musculus. What are the common names for theseorganisms?Answer: bacterium, yeast, roundworm, fruit fly, mouseSection: 1.740) Organisms that are well understood from a scientific standpoint and are often used in basic biologicalresearch are often called ________.Answer: model organismsSection: 1.741)Arabidopsisis a model organism for the study of ________.Answer: plantsSection: 1.75

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42) Genetics is the study of heredity and variation.Answer: TRUESection: 1.243) Complementarity in a genetic sense refers to the polymerization of nucleotides in DNA.Answer: FALSESection: 1.344) Bioinformatics is a discipline involved in the development of both hardware and software forprocessing, storing, and retrieving nucleotide and protein data.Answer: TRUESection: 1.66

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Concepts of Genetics, 11e, Global Edition(Klug et al.)Chapter 2Mitosis and Meiosis1) Living organisms are categorized into two major groups based on the presence or absence of a nucleus.What group is defined by the presence of a nucleus?A) eukaryotic organismB) virusC) bacteriumD) prokaryotic organismE) mitochondrial organismAnswer: ASection: 2.12) What is the name of the membranous structure that compartmentalizes the cytoplasm of eukaryoticorganisms?A) ribosomeB) mitochondriaC) cytosolD) endoplasmic reticulumE) nucleoidAnswer: DSection: 2.13) What hypothesis concerns the evolutionary origin of eukaryotic organelles?A) endosymbiont hypothesisB) homologous hypothesisC) analogous hypothesisD) evolutionary hypothesisE) Darwinian hypothesisAnswer: ASection: 2.14) The diploid chromosome number of an organism is usually represented as 2n. Humans have a diploidchromosome number of 46. What would be the expected haploid chromosome number in a human?A) 92B) 16C) 12D) 24E) 23Answer: ESection: 2.21

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5) What significant genetic function occurs in the S phase of the cell cycle?A) cytokinesisB) karyokinesisC) DNA synthesisD) chromosome condensationE) centromere divisionAnswer: CSection: 2.36) During interphase of the cell cycle, ________.A) DNA recombinesB) sister chromatids move to opposite polesC) the nuclear membrane disappearsD) RNA replicatesE) DNA content essentially doublesAnswer: ESection: 2.37) If a typical somatic cell has 64 chromosomes, how many chromosomes are expected in each gamete ofthat organism?A) 8B) 16C) 32D) 64E) 128Answer: CSection: 2.48) In an organism with 52 chromosomes, how many bivalents would be expected to form during meiosis?A) 13B) 26C) 52D) 104E) 208Answer: BSection: 2.42

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9) The ant,Myrmecia pilosula, is found in Australia and is named bulldog because of its aggressivebehavior. It is particularly interesting because it carries all its genetic information in a single pair ofchromosomes. In other words,2n = 2.(Males are haploid and have just one chromosome.) Which of thefollowing figures would most likely represent a correct configuration of chromosomes in a metaphase Icell of a female?A)B)C)D)E)Answer: ASection: 2.43

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10) For the purposes of this question, assume that a G1 somatic cell nucleus in a femaleMyrmecia pilosulacontains 2 picograms of DNA. How much DNA would be expected in a metaphase I cell of a female?A) 16 picogramsB) 32 picogramsC) 8 picogramsD) 4 picogramsE) Not enough information is provided to answer the question.Answer: DSection: 2.411)Myrmecia pilosulaactually consists of several virtually identical, closely related species, with femaleshaving chromosome numbers of 18, 20, 32, 48, 60, 62, and 64. Assume one crossed a female of species (A)with 32 chromosomes and a male of species (B) with 9 chromosomes (males are haploid, and each gametecontains thencomplement). How many chromosomes would one expect in the body (somatic) cells of thefemale offspring?A) 4.5B) 9C) 25D) 32E) 41Answer: CSection: 2.412) What is the outcome of synapsis, a significant event in meiosis?A) side-by-side alignment of nonhomologous chromosomesB) dyad formationC) monad movement to opposite polesD) side-by-side alignment of homologous chromosomesE) chiasma segregationAnswer: DSection: 2.413) In a healthy female, how many secondary oocytes would be expected to form from 100 primaryoocytes? How many first polar bodies would be expected from 100 primary oocytes?A) 200; 50B) 100; 50C) 200; 300D) 100; 100E) 50; 50Answer: DSection: 2.54

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14) In a healthy male, how many sperm cells would be expected to be formed from (a) 400 primaryspermatocytes? (b) 400 secondary spermatocytes?A) (a) 800; (b) 800B) (a) 1600; (b) 1600C) (a) 1600; (b) 800D) (a) 400; (b) 400E) (a) 100; (b) 800Answer: CSection: 2.515) Electron microscopy of metaphase chromosomes demonstrated various degrees of coiling. What wasthe name of the model that depicted this process?A) folded-fiberB) double-strandedC) chromatid foldingD) packingE) condensationAnswer: ASection: 2.716) Name two cellular organelles, each containing genetic material, which are involved in eitherphotosynthesis or respiration.Answer: chloroplasts and mitochondriaSection: 2.117) The nucleolus organizer (NOR) is responsible for production of what type of cell structure?Answer: ribosomeSection: 2.118) List four terms used to describe the normal morphologies, with respect to arm ratio, of eukaryoticchromosomes.Answer: metacentric, submetacentric, acrocentric, telocentricSection: 2.219) Homologous chromosomes are those that can be matched by virtue of their similar structure andfunction within a nucleus. Which chromosomes making up a genome do not follow the samecharacteristics of homology?Answer: sex-determining chromosomesSection: 2.220) In which stage of the cell cycle is G0 located?Answer: G1Section: 2.321) When cells withdraw from the continuous cell cycle and enter a "quiescent" phase, they are said to bein what stage?Answer: G0Section: 2.35

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22) The house fly,Musca domestica, has a haploid chromosome number of 6. How many chromatidsshould be present in a diploid, somatic, metaphase cell?Answer: 24Section: 2.323) How many haploid sets of chromosomes are present in a diploid individual cell with a chromosomenumber of 46? 32?Answer: 2; 2Section: 2.324) How many haploid sets of chromosomes are present in an individual cell that is tetraploid(4n)?Answer: 4Section: 2.325) You may have heard through various media of an animal alleged to be the hybrid of a rabbit and acat. Given that the cat (Felis domesticus) has a diploid chromosome number of 38 and a rabbit (Oryctolaguscuniculus) has a diploid chromosome number of 44, what would be the expected chromosome number inthe somatic tissues of this alleged hybrid?Answer: 41Section: 2.326) Regarding the mitotic cell cycle, what is meant by a checkpoint?Answer: A checkpoint is the portion of a cell cycle that is sensitive to a variety of conditions that impactthe eventual health of the cell or individual. Such checkpoints often restrict passage to the next event inthe cell cycle.Section: 2.327) Assume that the somatic cells of a male contain one pair of homologous chromosomes (e.g., AaAb),and an additional chromosome without a homolog (e.g., W). What chromosomal combinations would beexpected in the meiotic products (spermatids) of a single primary spermatocyte? (There may be morethan one answer.)Answer: AaW, AaW, Ab, Abor Aa, Aa, AbW, AbWSection: 2.428) Trisomy 21, or Down syndrome, occurs when there is a normal diploid chromosomal complement of46 chromosomes plus one (extra) chromosome #21. Such individuals therefore have 47 chromosomes.Assume that a mating occurs between a female with Down syndrome and a normal 46-chromosomemale. What proportion of the offspring would be expected to have Down syndrome? Justify your answer.Answer: One-half of the offspring would be expected to have Down syndrome because of 2 × 1segregation of chromosome #21 at anaphase I.Section: 2.46

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29) The accompanying sketch depicts a cell from an organism in which2n = 2and each chromosome ismetacentric.a)Circle the correct stage for the cell in this sketch:anaphase of mitosisanaphase of meiosis Ianaphase of meiosis IItelophase of mitosisb)Given that each G1 nucleus from this organism contains 16 picograms of DNA, how many picogramsof chromosomal DNA would you expect in the cell shown below?Answer: (a) anaphase of meiosis II (b) 16Section: 2.430) The horse (Equus caballus) has 32 pairs of chromosomes, whereas the donkey (Equus asinus) has 31pairs of chromosomes. How many chromosomes would be expected in the somatic tissue of a mule?Answer: 63Section: 2.431) Name two evolutionarily significant benefits of meiosis that are not present in mitosis.Answer: reshuffling of homologous chromosomes and crossing overSection: 2.432) What is meant by the termchiasma?Answer: areas where chromatids intertwine during meiosisSection: 2.433) After which meiotic stage (meiosis I or II) would one expect monads to be formed?Answer: meiosis IISection: 2.434) List in order of occurrence the phases of (a) mitosis and (b) prophase I of meiosis.Answer:(a) prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase(b) leptonema, zygonema, pachynema, diplonema, diakinesisSection: 2.435) Two terms,reductionalandequational, generally refer to which stages of meiosis (I or II)?Answer: meiosis I and meiosis II, respectivelySection: 2.47

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36) Normal diploid somatic (body) cells of the mosquitoCulex pipienscontain six chromosomes. Assignthe symbols AmAp, BmBp, and CmCpto the three homologous chromosomal pairs. The "m" superscriptindicates that the homolog is maternally derived; the "p" indicates a paternally derived homolog. Assumethat in the genusCulex, the sex chromosomes are morphologically identical.a)For each of the cell types given below, draw and label (with reference to the symbols defined above)an expected chromosomal configuration.Mitotic metaphaseMetaphase of meiosis IMetaphase of meiosis IIb)The stage at which "sister chromatids go to opposite poles" immediately follows which of the stageslisted in (a)?c)Assuming that all nuclear DNA is restricted to chromosomes and that the amount of nuclear DNAessentially doubles during the S phase of interphase, how much nuclear DNA would be present in eachcell listed above? Note: Assume that the G1 nucleus of a mosquito cell contains 3.0 × 10-12 grams of DNA.d)Given that the sex ofCulexis determined by alleles of one gene, males heterozygous,Mm, andfemales homozygous,mm, illustrate a labeled chromosomal configuration (involving the symbols AmAp,BmBp, and CmCpand theMlocus) in a primary spermatocyte at metaphase. Assume that the M locus ison the AmApchromosome and that crossing over has not occurred between theMlocus and thecentromere.Answer:(a)(b) Metaphase of meiosis II and mitotic metaphase(c) 6, 6, 38

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(d)Section: 2.59

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37)Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, has a2nchromosome number of 8. Assume that you aremicroscopically examining the mitotic and meiotic cells of this organism. You note that in the female, twochromosomal pairs are metacentric and that two pairs are acrocentric.a)Draw the chromosomal configurations as you would expect to see them at the stages listed:Mitotic metaphaseFirst polar body (metaphase)Primary oocyte (metaphase)Ootid (G1)Secondary oocyte (metaphase)b)Given that the above-mentioned cells are from individuals heterozygous for two independentlysegregating, autosomal loci, plum eyes and curled wings, place appropriate symbols (of yourdesignation) on chromosomes in the drawings you made in part (A) above. Assume no crossing over, andthere may be more than one correct answer in some cases.c)Assuming that a somatic G2 nucleus from one of the individuals in this scenario contains about 8.0picograms of DNA, how much nuclear DNA would you expect in each of the cells mentioned above?Answer:(a) & (b)(c) 8, 8, 4, 4, 2Section: 2.510

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38) Down syndrome, or trisomy 21, in humans is caused by an extra copy of the relatively small,acrocentric chromosome #21. Including only chromosome #21, the X chromosome (medium in size andsomewhat metacentric), and the Y chromosome (small and acrocentric), draw one possible array ofchromosomes in the four sperm cells produced by the complete meiosis of one primary spermatocyte. Forthe purposes of this question, assume that males with Down syndrome produce normal ratios of spermcells. (More than one answer is possible.)Answer:Section: 2.539) Assume that an organism has a diploid chromosome number of six. Two chromosomal pairs aretelocentric, and the other pair is metacentric. Assume that the sex chromosomes are morphologicallyidentical. Draw chromosomes as you would expect them to appear at the following stages:Primary oocyte (metaphase)Secondary spermatocyte (metaphase)First polar body (metaphase)Answer:Section: 2.511

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40) There is about as much nuclear DNA in a primary spermatocyte as in ________ [number] spermatids?Answer: 4Section: 2.541) List, in order of appearance, all the cell types expected to be formed during (a) spermatogenesis and(b) oogenesis.Answer:(a) spermatogonia, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, spermatid, spermatozoa (b)oogonium, primary oocyte, secondary oocyte and first polar body, ootid and second polar bodySection: 2.542) If a typical G1 nucleus is 2n and contains 2C (two complements) of DNA, a prophase I cell is 2n andcontains 4C of DNA.Answer: TRUESection: 2.343) S phase is the part of interphase when DNA duplication takes place.Answer: TRUESection: 2.344) The centromere of a chromosome separates during anaphase.Answer: TRUESection: 2.345) A chromosome may contain one or two chromatids in different phases of the mitotic or meiotic cellcycle.Answer: TRUESection: 2.446) If a typical G1 nucleus contains 2C (two complements) of DNA, a gamete that is haploid (n) contains1C of DNA.Answer: TRUESection: 2.447) During meiosis, chromosome number reduction takes place in anaphase II.Answer: FALSESection: 2.448) A bivalent at pachytene contains four chromatids.Answer: TRUESection: 2.449) The meiotic cell cycle involves two cell divisions but only one DNA replication.Answer: TRUESection: 2.450) An organism with a haploid number of 10 will produce 1024 combinations of chromosomes at the endof meiosis.Answer: TRUESection: 2.412

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51) An organism with a diploid chromosome number of 46 will produce 223 combinations ofchromosomes at the end of meiosis.Answer: TRUESection: 2.413

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Concepts of Genetics, 11e, Global Edition(Klug et al.)Chapter 3Mendelian Genetics1) Name the single individual whose work in the mid-1800s contributed to our understanding of theparticulate nature of inheritance as well as the basic genetic transmission patterns. With what organismdid this person work?A) Gregor Mendel;Pisum sativumB) George Beadle;NeurosporaC) Thomas Hunt Morgan;DrosophilaD) Calvin Bridges;DrosophilaE) Boris Ephrussi;EphestiaAnswer: ASection: 3.12) A recessive allele in tigers causes the white tiger. If two normally pigmented tigers are mated andproduce a white offspring, what percentage of their remaining offspring would be expected to havenormal pigmentation?A) 25%B) 50%C) about 66%D) 75%E) about 90%Answer: DSection: 3.23) Polydactyly is expressed when an individual has extra fingers and/or toes. Assume that a man with sixfingers on each hand and six toes on each foot marries a woman with a normal number of digits. Havingextra digits is caused by a dominant allele. The couple has a son with normal hands and feet, but thecouple's second child has extra digits. What is the probability that their next child will have polydactyly?A) 1/32B) 1/8C) 7/16D) 1/2E) 3/4Answer: DSection: 3.24) Tightly curled or wooly hair is caused by a dominant gene in humans. If a heterozygous curly-hairedperson marries a person with straight hair, what percentage of their offspring would be expected to havestraight hair?A) 25% curlyB) 50% straightC) 75% curlyD) 100% straightE) It is impossible to predict the outcome.Answer: BSection: 3.21

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5) Which types of phenotypic ratios are likely to occur in crosses when dealing with a single gene pair forwhich all the genotypic combinations are of equal viability?A) 9:3:3:1, 27:9:9:9:3:3:3:1B) 1:2:1, 3:1C) 1:4:6:4:1, 1:1:1:1D) 12:3:1, 9:7E) 2:3, 1:2Answer: BSection: 3.26) Assume that a black guinea pig crossed with an albino guinea pig produced 5 black offspring. Whenthe albino was crossed with a second black guinea pig, 4 black and 3 albino offspring were produced.What genetic explanation would apply to these data?A) albino = recessive; black = recessiveB) albino = dominant; black = incompletely dominantC) albino and black = codominantD) albino = recessive; black = dominantE) None of the answers listed are correct.Answer: DSection: 3.27) The fundamental Mendelian process that involves the separation of contrasting genetic elements at thesame locus would be called ________.A) segregationB) independent assortmentC) continuous variationD) discontinuous variationE) dominance or recessivenessAnswer: ASection: 3.28) Which types of phenotypic ratios are likely to occur in crosses when dealing with two gene pairs forwhich all the genotypic combinations are of equal viability?A) 9:3:3:1B) 1:2:1, 3:1C) 6:6:2D) 12:2:2E) 2:3, 1:2Answer: ASection: 3.32

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9) Which types of phenotypic ratios are likely to occur in testcrosses when dealing with two gene pairsfor which all the genotypic combinations are of equal viability?A) 9:3:3:1, 27:9:9:9:3:3:3:1B) 1:2:1, 3:1C) 1:1:1:1D) 12:3:1, 9:7E) 2:3, 1:2Answer: CSection: 3.310) Which types of phenotypic ratios are likely to occur in crosses when dealing with three gene pairs forwhich all the genotypic combinations are of equal viability?A) 27:9:9:9:3:3:3:1B) 1:2:1, 3:1C) 1:4:6:4:1, 1:1:1:1D) 12:3:1, 9:7E) 2:3, 1:2Answer: ASection: 3.411) According to Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace, variations followed a more continuous pattern.According to Mendel's model, variation due to dominance-recessive relationships followed a more___________ form.A) abstractB) smoothC) discontinuousD) normalizedE) transferredAnswer: CSection: 3.512) Which of the following groups of scientists were influential around the year 1900 in setting the stagefor our present understanding of transmission genetics?A) Beadle, Tatum, LederbergB) Watson, Crick, Wilkins, FranklinC) de Vries, Correns, Tschermak, Sutton, BoveriD) Darwin, Mendel, LamarckE) Hippocrates, Aristotle, KölreuterAnswer: CSection: 3.53

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13) What meiotic process, relative to the number of chromosomes of a given species, accounts for asignificant amount of genetic variation in gametes?A) independent assortment of chromosomesB) trivalent formationC) bivalent formationD) pairing of homologous chromosomesE) formation of the meiotic spindle during chromosome segregationAnswer: ASection: 3.614) The Chi-square test involves a statistical comparison between measured (observed) and predicted(expected) values. One generally determines degrees of freedom as ________.A) the number of categories being comparedB) one less than the number of classes being comparedC) one more than the number of classes being comparedD) ten minus the sum of the two categoriesE) the sum of the two categoriesAnswer: BSection: 3.815) According to Mendel's model, because of the ________ of chromosomes during meiosis, all possiblecombinations of gametes will be formed in equal frequency.Answer: independent assortmentSection: 3.116) Assume that in a series of experiments, plants with round seeds were crossed with plants withwrinkled seeds and the following offspring were obtained: 220 round and 180 wrinkled.a)What is the most probable genotype of each parent?b)What genotypic and phenotypic ratios are expected?c)Based on the information provided in part (b), what are the expected (theoretical) numbers ofprogeny (400 total) of each phenotypic class?Answer: (a) assuming that round (W) is dominant to wrinkled (w):Ww×ww(b) 1:1 (c) 200Section: 3.217) In peas, gray seed color is dominant to white. For the purposes of this question, assume that Mendelcrossed plants with gray seeds with each other and the following progeny were produced: 320 gray and80 white.a)What is the most probable genotype of each parent?a)What genotypic and phenotypic ratios are expected in the progeny of such a cross?Answer:(a) assuming the following symbols:G= gray andg= white,Gg×Gg(b) genotypic = 1:2:1, phenotypic = 3:1Section: 3.24

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18) Assume that you have a garden and some pea plants have solid leaves and others have striped leaves.You conduct a series of crosses [(a) through (e)] and obtain the results given in the table. Define genesymbols and give the possible genotypes of the parents of each cross.Answer: (a) From cross (d), assume that solid(S)is dominant to striped(s):Ss×ss.(b)SS×SSorSS×Ss(c)ss×ss(d)Ss×Ss(e)SS×ssSection: 3.219) Albinism, lack of pigmentation in humans, results from an autosomal recessive gene(a). Two parentswith normal pigmentation have an albino child.a)What is the probability that their next child will be albino?b)What is the probability that their next child will be an albino girl?c)What is the probability that their next three children will be albino?Answer: (a) 1/4 (b) 1/4 × 1/2 = 1/8 (c) 1/4 × 1/4 × 1/4 = 1/64Section: 3.220)Dentinogenesis imperfectais a rare, autosomal, dominantly inherited disease of the teeth that occurs inabout one in 8000 people (Witkop 1957). The teeth are somewhat brown in color, and the crowns weardown rapidly. Assume that a male withdentinogenesis imperfectaand no family history of the diseasemarries a woman with normal teeth. What is the probability thata)their first child will havedentinogenesis imperfecta?b)their first two children will havedentinogenesis imperfecta?c)their first child will be a girl withdentinogenesis imperfecta?Answer: (a) 1/2 (b) 1/2 × 1/2 = 1/4 (c) 1/2 × 1/2 = 1/4Section: 3.221) A certain type of congenital deafness in humans is caused by a rare autosomal (not X-linked)dominant gene.a)In a mating involving a deaf man and a deaf woman (both heterozygous), would you expect all thechildren to be deaf? Explain your answer.b)In a mating involving a deaf man and a deaf woman (both heterozygous), could all the children havenormal hearing? Explain your answer.c)Another form of deafness is caused by a rare autosomal recessive gene. In a mating involving a deafman and a deaf woman, could some of the children have normal hearing? Explain your answer.Answer: (a) No. In a mating involving heterozygotes, three genotypic classes are expected in theoffspring: fully dominant, fully recessive, and heterozygous. (b) Assuming that the parents areheterozygotes (because the gene is rare), it is possible that all of the children could have normal hearing.(c) Since the gene in question is recessive, both of the parents are homozygous and one would not expectnormal hearing in the offspring.Section: 3.25

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22) Assuming no crossing over between the gene in question and the centromere, when do allelessegregate during meiosis?Answer: meiosis I, when homologous chromosomes go to opposite polesSection: 3.223) Assuming a typical monohybrid cross in which one allele is completely dominant to the other, whatratio is expected if the F1s are crossed?Answer: 3:1Section: 3.224) Albinism, lack of pigmentation in humans, results from an autosomal recessive gene(a). Two parentswith normal pigmentation have an albino child. What is the probability that their next child will bealbino?Answer: 1/4Section: 3.225) Albinism, lack of pigmentation in humans, results from an autosomal recessive gene(a). Two parents with normal pigmentation have an albino child. What is the probabilitythat their next child will be an albino girl?Answer: 1/4 × 1/2 = 1/8Section: 3.226) Albinism, lack of pigmentation in humans, results from an autosomal recessive gene(a). Two parentswith normal pigmentation have an albino child. What is the probability that their next three children willbe albino?Answer: 1/4 × 1/4 × 1/4 = 1/64Section: 3.227) The autosomal (not X-linked) gene for brachydactyly, short fingers, is dominant to normal fingerlength. Assume that a female with brachydactyly in the heterozygous condition is married to a man withnormal fingers. What is the probability thata)their first child will have brachydactyly?b)their first two children will have brachydactyly?c)their first child will be a brachydactylous girl?Answer: (a) 1/2 (b) 1/2 × 1/2 = 1/4 (c) 1/2 × 1/2 = 1/4Section: 3.228) Tightly curled hair is caused by a dominant autosomal gene in humans. If a heterozygous curly-haired person marries a person with straight hair, what phenotypes (and in what proportions) areexpected in the offspring?Answer: 1/2 curly (because the curly-haired individual is most likely heterozygous);1/2 straight hairSection: 3.229) A certain type of congenital deafness in humans is caused by a rare autosomal dominant gene. In amating involving a deaf man and a deaf woman (both heterozygous), would you expect all the childrento be deaf? Explain your answer.Answer: No. In a mating involving heterozygotes, three genotypic classes are expected in the offspring:fully dominant, fully recessive, and heterozygous.Section: 3.26

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30) A certain type of congenital deafness in humans is caused by a rare autosomal dominant gene. In amating involving a deaf man and a deaf woman, could all the children have normal hearing? Explainyour answer.Answer: Assuming that the parents are heterozygotes (because the gene is rare), it is possible that all ofthe children could have normal hearing.Section: 3.231) A certain type of congenital deafness in humans is caused by a rare autosomal recessive gene. In amating involving a deaf man and a deaf woman, could some of the children have normal hearing?Explain your answer.Answer: Since the gene in question is recessive, both of the parents are homozygous and one would notexpect normal hearing in the offspring.Section: 3.232) What are two typical testcross ratios?Answer: 1:1 and 1:1:1:1Section: 3.233) The phenotype of vestigial (short) wings(vg)inDrosophila melanogasteris caused by a recessivemutant gene that independently assorts with a recessive gene for hairy(h)body. Assume that a cross ismade between a fly with normal wings and a hairy body and a fly with vestigial wings and normal bodyhair. The wild-type F1flies were crossed among each other to produce 1024 offspring. Which phenotypeswould you expect among the 1024 offspring, and how many of each phenotype would you expect?Answer: Phenotypes: wild, vestigial, hairy, vestigial hairy; Numbers expected: wild (576), vestigial (192),hairy (192), vestigial hairy (64)Section: 3.334) Which phenotypic ratio is likely to occur in crosses of two completely dominant, independentlysegregating gene pairs when both parents are fully heterozygous?Answer: 9:3:3:1Section: 3.335) Provide simple definitions that distinguish segregation and independent assortment.Answer: Segregation is the separation of alleles during meiosis; independent assortment states that amember of one gene pair has an equal and independent opportunity of segregating with either memberof another gene pair.Section: 3.336) Under what conditions does one expect a 9:3:3:1 ratio?Answer: dihybrid cross (F2) with independently assorting, completely dominant genesSection: 3.337) Under what conditions does one expect a 1:1:1:1 ratio?Answer: This occurs in a cross involving doubly heterozygous individuals crossed to fully recessiveindividuals. The genes involved assort independently.Section: 3.37

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38) What conditions are likely to apply if the progeny from the crossAaBb×AaBbappear in the 9:3:3:1ratio?Answer: complete dominance, independent assortment, no gene interactionSection: 3.339) How many kinds of gametes will be expected from an individual with the genotypePpCcTTRr?Answer: 8Section: 3.440) For the purposes of this question, assume that being Rh+is a consequence ofDand that Rh-individuals aredd. The ability to taste phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) is determined by the gene symbolizedT(ttare nontasters). A female whose mother was Rh-has the MN blood group, is Rh+and a nontaster ofPTC, and is married to a man who is MM, Rh-, and a nontaster. List the possible genotypes of thechildren. Assume that all the loci discussed in this problem are autosomal and independently assorting.Answer:MMDdtt, MMddtt, MNDdtt, MNddttSection: 3.441) Two organisms,AABBCCDDEEandaabbccddee, are mated to produce an F1that is self-fertilized. If thecapital letters represent dominant, independently assorting alleles:a)How many different genotypes will occur in the F2?b)What proportion of the F2genotypes will be recessive for all five loci?c)Would you change your answers to (a) and/or (b) if the initial cross occurred betweenparents?d)Would you change your answers to (a) and/or (b) if the initial cross occurred betweenparents?Answer: (a) 35= 243 (b) 1/243 (c) no (d) yesSection: 3.442) Assuming independent assortment, what proportion of the offspring of the crosswill have theaabbccddgenotype?Answer: zeroSection: 3.443) How many different kinds of gametes can be produced by an individual with the genotypeAABbCCddEeFf?Answer: 23= 8Section: 3.444) What is the probability of flipping a penny and a nickel and obtaining one head and one tail?Answer: 1/2 (apply the "sum law")Section: 3.78

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45) Among dogs, short hair is dominant to long hair and dark coat color is dominant to white (albino)coat color. Assume that these two coat traits are caused by independently segregating gene pairs. Foreach of the crosses given below, write the most probable genotype (or genotypes if more than one answeris possible) for the parents. It is important that you select a realistic symbol set and define each symbolbelow.Assume that for cross (d), you were interested in determining whether fur color follows a 3:1 ratio. Set up(but do not complete the calculations) a Chi-square test for these data [fur color in cross (d)].Answer: LetA= dark,a= albino andL= short,l= longa)AALl×AAllorAALl×Aallb)aaLl×aaLlc)AaLL ×aaLLorAaLl×aaLLorAaLL×aaLld)AaLl×AaLlχ2= Σ= (242 - 243)2/243 + (82 - 81)2/81Section: 3.846) In what ways is sample size related to statistical testing?Answer: By increasing sample size, one increases the reliability of the statistical test and decreases thelikelihood of erroneous conclusions from chance fluctuations in the data.Section: 3.847) In a Chi-square analysis, what condition causes one to reject (fail to accept) the null hypothesis?Answer: usually when the probability value is less than 0.05Section: 3.848) If one is testing a goodness of fit to a 9:3:3:1 ratio, how many degrees of freedom would be associatedwith the Chi-square analysis?Answer: number of classes minus 1 = 3Section: 3.849) Assume that a Chi-square test was conducted to test the goodness of fit to a 9:3:3:1 ratio and a Chi-square value of 10.62 was obtained. Should the null hypothesis be accepted?Answer: noSection: 3.850) Assume that a Chi-square test was conducted to test the goodness of fit to a 3:1 ratio and that a Chi-square value of 2.62 was obtained. Should the null hypothesis be accepted? How many degrees offreedom would be associated with this test of significance?Answer: yes; 1Section: 3.89

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51) Assume that a Chi-square test provided a probability value of 0.02. Should the null hypothesis beaccepted?Answer: noSection: 3.852) Assume that a cross is made between a heterozygous tall pea plant and a homozygous short peaplant. Fifty offspring are produced in the following frequency:30 = tall20 = shorta)What frequency of tall and short plants is expected?b)To test the goodness of fit between the observed and expected values, provide the needed statementof the null hypothesis.c)Compute a Chi-square value associated with the appropriate test of significance.d)How many degrees of freedom are associated with this test of significance?Answer: (a) 1:1 (25 tall and 25 short) (b) The deviations from a 1:1 ratio (25 tall and 25 short) are due tochance. (c)χ2= 2 (d) 1Section: 3.853) In a Chi-square test, as the value of the χ2increases, the likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis________. [one word]Answer: increasesSection: 3.854) In studies of human genetics, usually a single individual brings the condition to the attention of ascientist or physician. When pedigrees are developed to illustrate transmission of the trait, what termdoes one use to refer to this individual?Answer: probandSection: 3.955) Mendel's Law of Segregation is supported by a 1:1 testcross ratio.Answer: TRUESection: 3.256) To test Mendel's Law of Segregation, the experimenter needs a minimum of two contrasting forms ofa gene.Answer: TRUESection: 3.257) A 1:1 phenotypic ratio is expected from a monohybrid testcross with complete dominance.Answer: TRUESection: 3.258) Assuming complete dominance, a 3:1 phenotypic ratio is expected from a monohybrid sib or self-cross.Answer: TRUESection: 3.210

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59) A 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio is expected from a dihybrid testcross.Answer: FALSESection: 3.360) Mendel's postulate of independent assortment is supported by a 1:1:1:1 testcross ratio.Answer: TRUESection: 3.361) Mendel's discoveries were well received and understood by his contemporaries.Answer: FALSESection: 3.562) The nonfunctional form of a gene is called a wild-type allele.Answer: FALSESection: 3.563) A gene can have a maximum of two alleles.Answer: FALSESection: 3.511

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