Test Bank for Concepts of Genetics, 12th edition

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ExamName___________________________________MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers thequestion.1)1)CRISPR-Cas functions in bacteria to ________.A)replicate viral DNAB)edit genomesC)code for restriction enzymesD)fight viruses2)2)Mechanisms of adaptive immunity include ________.A)blocking phage DNA insertionB)blocking phage adsorptionC)learning from past exposuresD)restriction enzymes3)3)casgenes code for a variety of proteins, including ________.A)lysozymesB)crRNAsC)RNasesD)polysaccharides4)4)Which of the following is the correct order of steps for the CRISPR-Cas mechanism?A)cleavage, target interference, biogenesisB)transcription, cleavage, spacer acquisitionC)spacer acquisition, biogenesis, target interferenceD)target interference, transcription, biogenesis5)5)Type II CRISPR-Cas systems are the most widely used systems because ________.A)they were discovered firstB)they only require a single protein, Cas9C)Streptococcus pyogenesis an important research organismD)they use a nuclease complex6)6)Which of the following is required to efficiently target DNAin vitrousing CRISPER-Cas9?A)target RNAB)native crRNAC)Cas9D)tRNA7)7)Genome editing is based on ________.A)transcribing specific DNA sequences with specific proteinsB)methylating specific DNA sequences with specific proteinsC)acetylating specific DNA sequences with specific nucleasesD)targeting and manipulating specific DNA sequences with specific nucleases8)8)Which of the following is a pathway available to cells to repair double-stranded DNA breaks?A)nonhomologous directed repairB)homologous end-joiningC)nonhomologous end-joiningD)homologous directed end joining1

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9)9)The promiscuity of the CRISPER-Cas9 system likely benefits bacteria by ________.A)enabling faster search of large genomesB)facilitating defense against new viral attacksC)continuing the evolutionary processD)increasing the safety of medical applications10)10)The primary benefit of CRISPR-Cas over TALENs and ZFNs is ________.A)the speed of the processB)the ability of Cas9 to bind engineered sgRNAC)the costD)the specificity of the nuclease11)11)A strategy to induce random indels in a target sequence might use ________.A)NHEJ and Cas9B)HDR and a donor templateC)NHEJ to ligate fragmentsD)HDR to match damaged and undamaged chromosomes12)12)Reverse genetics is a strategy with which researchers ________.A)delete genes and monitor the effectsB)turn on a gene and monitor the effectsC)investigate the function of proteinsD)delete a genome and investigate the function of plasmids13)13)dCas9 is a useful tool in the CRISPER-Cas toolkit because it can ________.A)deactivate the transcription of a geneB)bind DNA, but it cannot cut DNAC)fluoresce and help researchers locate target sequencesD)bind DNA, but it cannot travel down the template strand14)14)All of the following are challenges in gene therapyEXCEPT________.A)inaccessible tissuesB)unknown cell typesC)unknown specific mutationsD)designing a strategy15)15)Examples of modifications to Cas9 include all of the followingEXCEPT________.A)repression domainsB)promotor domainsC)fluorescent proteinsD)epigenetic modifiers16)16)The primary value of the CRISPER-Cas system in biotechnology is ________.A)the removal of ineffective genesB)rapid and cost-effective production of genetically modified organismsC)simple modifications of genomesD)addition of random indels2

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17)17)Applications of CRISPER-Cas in biotechnology include all of the followingEXCEPT________.A)modulating epigenetic regulationB)engineering pigs that are resistance to PRRSC)creating bioreactors to manufacture human proteinsD)increasing drought resistance of crops18)18)An advantage of base editor technology is that ________.A)specific basic sequences are edited, leading to a more specific productB)uracil is more specific than cytosine and enables greater fidelityC)DNA is not cut, so there are no indelsD)the hybrid protein changes A to T for greater variability19)19)A major limitation of CRISPER-Cas to treat human diseasein vivois modifying millions of cells.What are the characteristics of successful delivery vehicles?A)They induce an immune response.B)They are carried by erythrocytes.C)They are encapsulated in target cells (via endosomes).D)They bind to target proteins.20)20)A strategy to reduce off target effects of the CRISPER-Cas system is to limit homology with otherregions of the genome. This principle capitalizes on the specificity of which step of themechanism?A)target interferenceB)crRNA biogenesisC)spacer acquisitionD)leader sequence determination3

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Answer KeyTestname: UNTITLED271)D2)C3)C4)C5)B6)C7)D8)C9)B10)B11)C12)A13)B14)D15)B16)B17)A18)C19)C20)A4

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ExamName___________________________________MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers thequestion.1)1)In the 1600s, William Harvey studied reproduction and development. What is the term given tothe theory that states that an organism develops from the fertilized egg by a succession ofdevelopmental events that lead to an adult?A)equational transformationB)sequential pattern formationC)preformationD)epigenesisE)transduction2)2)What is the term given to the theory that states that the fertilized egg contains a completeminiature adult?A)cell theoryB)preformationC)conjugationD)transformationE)transduction3)3)What is the term given to the theory that put forth the idea that living organisms could arise byincubating nonliving components?A)spontaneous generationB)collective combinationC)natural selectionD)preformationE)evolution4)4)What is a homunculus?A)a sperm or egg containing a miniature adult, perfect in size and proportionB)a large cyst or growth on a plant due to viral infectionC)when the mitochondrion grows in size before splitting into two via fissionD)the intermediate stage of the DNA after CRISPR-Cas treatmentE)during development sometimes a growing individual's cell can become mutated and onepart of the child has different characteristics than the other5)5)Who, along with Alfred Wallace, formulated the theory of natural selection?A)William HarveyB)Charles DarwinC)Gregor MendelD)Louis PasteurE)James Watson1

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6)6)Who was the Augustinian monk that conducted a decade of experiments on the garden pea,eventually showing that traits are passed from parents to offspring in predictable ways?A)AristotleB)Gregor MendelC)HippocratesD)Alfred WallaceE)Francis Crick7)7)In many species, there are two representatives of each chromosome. In such species, thecharacteristic number of chromosomes is called the ________ number. It is usually symbolized as________.A)haploid; nB)haploid; 2nC)monoploid; nD)diploid; 2nE)diploid; n8)8)Genetics is the study of ________.A)mutation and recessionB)replication and recombinationC)inheritance and variationD)diploid and haploidE)transcription and translation9)9)Early in the twentieth century, Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri noted that the behavior ofchromosomes during meiosis is identical to the behavior of genes during gamete formation. Theyproposed that genes are carried on chromosomes, which led to the basis of the ________.A)Law of SegregationB)Law of Independent AssortmentC)First Law of ThermodynamicsD)Chromosome Theory of InheritanceE)Chromosomal Maintenance Theory10)10)What is a mutation?A)an inherited change in a DNA sequenceB)an inherited changed in DNA sequence that is always bad for an organismC)a change in DNA that leads to deathD)an inherited change in DNA sequences that is the source of all genetic variationE)the source of all genetic variation2

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11)11)Which of the following is TRUE about alleles?A)Alleles come in two forms, the good form and the bad form.B)An allele is a variant form of a gene.C)Individuals carry both forms of each allele.D)An individual will only carry one version of an allele.E)The phenotype of the individual will always indicate with certainty the alleles of theindividual.12)12)Until the mid-1940s, many scientists considered proteins to be the likely candidates for the geneticmaterial. Which of the following characteristics led scientist to believe DNA was NOT the geneticmaterial?A)DNA has less variation than protein.B)DNA is more stable than protein.C)DNA is less abundant than protein.D)DNA is less abundant than protein and DNA has less variation than protein.E)Protein can fold into may shapes.13)13)Name the individual who, while working with the garden pea in the mid-1850s, demonstratedquantitative patterns of heredity and developed a theory involving the behavior of hereditaryfactors.A)Barbara McClintockB)George WallaceC)Walter SuttonD)Gregor MendelE)Theodor Boveri14)14)Which of the following is the subdiscipline of biology concerned with the study of heredity andvariation at the molecular, cellular, developmental, organismal, and populational levels?A)biochemistryB)molecular biologyC)cytogeneticsD)geneticsE)cell biology15)15)Which of the following is an example of natural selection?A)a bird's beak is able to effectively crack the seeds it encountersB)bacteria can be effectively killed by treatment with bleachC)depending on the food a turtle eats, it shell may grow faster or slowerD)sometime during human's life they break a bone and it healsE)human beings develop freckles from being out in the sun3

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16)16)What term is used to describe the fact that different genes in an organism often providedifferences in observable features?A)phenotypeB)inheritanceC)natural selectionD)genotypeE)alleles17)17)Which of the following is an example of heredity?A)Flies and molluscs both have eyes.B)Dalmation dogs all have spots.C)Both moths and birds have wings and can fly.D)Flying squirrels have a different mechanism of flight than mosquitos.E)Doberman pinschers and boxers have similar body shapes.18)18)Which of the following is NOT an example of variation?A)both monocotyledons and dicotyledons perform the dark reactionB)a child does not have her mother's hair colorC)cats can have long or short furD)lobsters can come in many colors including blue, read, and brownE)giraffes have not been seen in an albino form19)19)What would happen if, during meiosis, the chromosome number was not halved before egg andsperm formation?A)n would become halvedB)each offspring would have different phenotypes than their parentsC)the spindle would be compromisedD)nothingE)in each successive generation, the offspring would double their chromosome number20)20)Alternative forms of a gene are called ________.A)phenotypesB)mutantsC)genotypesD)allelesE)meiotic products21)21)The various characteristics of organisms that result from their genetic makeup are collectivelyreferred to as an organism's ________.A)phenotypeB)genomeC)proteomeD)allelesE)genotype4

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22)22)Name the substance that serves as the hereditary material in eukaryotes and prokaryotes.A)carbohydrateB)proteinC)RNA or ribonucleic acidD)DNA or deoxyribonucleic acidE)lipid23)23)Which of the following contains all the others?A)DNA strandB)double helixC)hydrogen bondD)nucleotideE)sugar24)24)A fundamental property of DNA's nitrogenous bases that is necessary for the double-strandednature of its structure is ________.A)ring structureB)anti-parallelC)sugar phosphate backboneD)complementarityE)deoxyribose versus ribose25)25)Which of the following is the function of DNA?A)DNA is responsible for the storage and replication of genetic information.B)DNA is involved in the expression of stored genetic information.C)DNA serves to hold the information for protein, lipid, and carbohydrate storage.D)DNA is used structurally to hold the nucleus together.E)DNA is required when cells are using their ribosomes to translate a protein.26)26)Which of the following molecules serves the function to express the genetic material by beingtranslated to protein?A)RNAB)cholesterolC)lipidD)DNAE)carbohydrate27)27)Name the bases in DNA and their pairing specificities.A)adenine:cytosine, guanine:uracilB)adenine:guanine, guanine:uracilC)adenine:thymine, guanine:cytosineD)adenine:uracil, guanine:cytosineE)adenine:guanine, thymine:cytosine5

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28)28)The ________ consists of a linear series of three adjacent nucleotides present in mRNA molecules.A)law of segregationB)genetic codeC)Watson—Crick base pairingD)messenger RNAE)chromosomal theory of inheritance29)29)Which of the following processes describes the formation of a complementary RNA molecule?A)translationB)transcriptionC)mosaicismD)replicationE)mutation30)30)If a scientist changed a cell's ionic composition and complementarity between DNA strands couldno longer occur, what would the scientist first detect?A)RNA would start binding to DNAB)DNA strands become shorterC)cell membranes would become less permeableD)ribosomes would move into the nucleusE)DNA becomes single stranded31)31)Reference is often made toadapter moleculeswhen describing protein synthesis in that they allowamino acids to associate with nucleic acids. To what class of molecules does this term refer?A)amino acidsB)proteinC)mRNAD)tRNAE)DNA32)32)Given that DNA is the genetic material in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, what other generalstructures (macromolecules) and substances made by the cell are associated with the expression ofthat genetic material?A)DNA and RNAB)RNA (messenger, ribosomal, and transfer), ribosomes, enzymes, and proteinsC)chromosomesD)lipids and carbohydratesE)DNA and protein6

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33)33)Which of the following are true about codons?A)They are placed at random in the RNA.B)They are complementary to DNA and are a two-nucleotide code for an amino acid.C)They are complementary to DNA and specify amino acids at the ribosome.D)They are complementary to RNA and specify amino acids at the ribosome.E)They are a circular series of nucleotide triplets.34)34)What is another term for a biological catalyst?A)proteinB)lipidC)codonD)ribosomeE)enzyme35)35)A protein's shape and chemical behavior are determined by ________.A)the type of cell in which it residesB)the cell's ageC)its linear sequence of amino acidsD)the cholesterol makeup of the lipid membraneE)the environment of an organism36)36)Once a protein is made, its biochemical or structural properties play a role in producing ________.A)DNAB)mutantC)chromosomeD)genotypeE)phenotype37)37)When mutation alters a gene, it may modify or even eliminate the encoded protein's usual________ and cause an altered ________.A)function; phenotypeB)cell type; genotypeC)function; genotypeD)ribosome; phenotypeE)structure; genotype38)38)Recombinant DNA technology is dependent on a particular class of enzymes, known as ________that cuts DNA at specific nucleotide sequences.A)genomesB)clonesC)recombinant DNA technologyD)restriction enzymesE)vectors7

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39)39)What represents an organism's genome?A)an organism's genome can be defined as the complete haploid nuclear DNA content of anorganism.B)a catalog of mutations in a cellC)the nuclear and mitochondrial DNAsD)all the RNA in a cellE)all the protein in a cell40)40)A ________ is an organism produced by biotechnology that involves the transfer of hereditarytraits across species.A)transgenic organismB)frankenfoodC)mutantD)vectorE)clone41)41)What term is applied to a variety of projects whereby genome sequences are deposited indatabases for research purposes?A)cloningB)genomicsC)proteomicsD)geneticsE)bioinformatics42)42)Organisms that are well understood from a scientific standpoint and are often used in basicbiological research are often called ________.A)model organismsB)restriction enzymesC)clonesD)vectorsE)recombinant DNA technology43)43)________ is a discipline involved in the development of both hardware and software forprocessing, storing, and retrieving nucleotide and protein data.A)BioinformaticsB)CloningC)ProteomicsD)Recombinant DNA technologyE)Genomics8

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Answer KeyTestname: UNTITLED11)D2)B3)A4)A5)B6)B7)D8)C9)D10)D11)B12)D13)D14)D15)A16)A17)B18)A19)E20)D21)A22)D23)B24)D25)A26)A27)C28)B29)B30)E31)D32)B33)C34)E35)C36)E37)A38)D39)A40)A41)B42)A9

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Answer KeyTestname: UNTITLED143)A10

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ExamName___________________________________MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers thequestion.1)1)Living organisms are categorized into two major groups based on the presence or absence of anucleus. What group is defined by the presence of a nucleus?A)virusB)eukaryotic organismC)prokaryotic organismD)mitochondrial organismE)bacterium2)2)What is the name of the membranous structure that compartmentalizes the cytoplasm ofeukaryotic organisms?A)cytosolB)ribosomeC)nucleoidD)mitochondriaE)endoplasmic reticulum3)3)You have identified a mutant in human cells that when shifted to 37°C, the microfilamentsdepolymerize (fall apart). Which of the following would be true about this mutant at 37°C?A)The cells would no longer be able to produce ATP.B)The mitochondria would no longer work.C)The cells would change shape.D)The endoplasmic reticulum could still import polypeptides but could no longer synthesizelipids.E)The sister chromatids would no longer be attached to each other.4)4)Name two cellular organelles, each containing genetic material, which are involved in eitherphotosynthesis or respiration.A)chloroplast and endoplasmic reticulumB)chloroplasts and mitochondriaC)rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulaD)lysosome and chloroplastE)peroxisomes and mitochondria5)5)The nucleolus organizer region (NOR) is responsible for production of what type of cell structure?A)chromatidsB)mitochondriaC)endoplasmic reticulumD)nucleolusE)ribosome1

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