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Chemistry - States of Matter

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    Study Guide Chemistry – States of Matter 1. Quiz: Solids, Liquids, and Gases 1. Question Which of the following is not a common state of matter under ambient conditions? Answer Choices • Solid • Liquid • Plasma Correct Answer Plasma Why This is Corre ct Under normal or ambient conditions (room temperature and normal pressure), matter usually exists as a solid , liquid , or gas . Plasma is a high - energy state of matter that forms only at very high temperatures, such as in stars or lightning. It is not commonly found under everyday conditions . For Example • Ice is a solid • Water is a liquid • The Sun contains plasma 2. Question The term “fluids” collectively refers to

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    Study Guide Answer Choices • Liquids and gases • Solids and liquids • Solids and gases Correct Answer Liquids and gases Why This is Corre ct Fluids are substances that can flow and do not have a fixed shape. Both liquids and gases can flow and take the shape of their container, so they are called fluids. For Example Water (a liquid) and air (a gas) can both flow, but solids like stone cannot. 3. Question A solid can be referred to as having Answer Choices • indefinite volume and definite shape • definite shape and definite volume • indefinite shape and definite volume Correct Answer Definite shape and definite volume Why This is Corre ct A solid has particles that are tightly packed and fixed in position. Because of this, a solid keeps its own shape and does not change its volume regardless of the container. For Example A stone or a book keeps the same shape and size wherever it is placed.

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    Study Guide 4. Question Solids that have an organized, regular repeating structure are Answer Choices • amorphous • crystalline • colloidal Correct Answer crystalline Why This is Corre ct Crystalline solids have particles arranged in a fixed, orderly, and repeating pattern throughout the solid. This regular arrangement gives them definite shapes and characteristic properties. For Example Common salt and sugar are crystalline solids because their particles are arranged in a regular lattice structure. 5. Question Molecules of a liquid have Answer Choices • Strong intermolecular forces of attraction and are in a fixed position • Weak intermolecular forces of attraction and are randomly placed • Moderate to strong intermolecular forces of attraction and are able to shift positions Correct Answer Moderate to strong intermolecular forces of attraction and are able to shift positions

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    Study Guide Why This is Corre ct In liquids, the molecules attract each other more strongly than in gases but not as strongly as in solids. Because of this moderate to strong intermolecular attraction , the molecules stay close together but are not fixed in one place . They can move and slide past one another, which allows liquids to flow and take the shape of their container. For Example Water molecules stay close together in a glass but can move freely, allowing the water to flow when poured. 6. Question Molecules of a gas have Answer Choices • very weak intermolecular forces of attraction between the molecules • strong intermolecular forces of attraction between molecules yet are able to shift positions • weak intermolecular forces of attraction between molecules yet are set in fixed positions Correct Answer very weak intermolecular forces of attraction between the molecules Why This is Corre ct In gases, the molecules are far apart from each other. Because of this large distance, the intermolecular forces of attraction are very weak , allowing gas molecules to move freely and randomly in all directions. For Example Air spreads out to fill the entire room because gas molecules are not strongly attracted to one another. 7. Question What determines the physical state of a substance?

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    Study Guide Answer Choices • the number of moles present in the sample • the pressure placed on it and the temperature • the volume occupied at the time of investigation Correct Answer the pressure placed on it and the temperature Why This is Corre ct The physical state of a substance (solid, liquid, or gas) depends mainly on temperature and pressure . • Temperature affects the kinetic energy of particles. • Pressure affects how closely the particles are packed. Together, these two factors determine whether particles stay tightly packed (solid), move past each other (liquid), or move freely (gas). For Example Water becomes ice at low temperature and steam at high temperature, even though the amount of substance remains the same. 8. Question At room temperature (22°C) and normal atmospheric pressure, water exists as a Answer Choices • solid • liquid • gas

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    Study Guide Correct Answer liquid Why This is Corre ct At 22 °C and normal atmospheric pressure, water has enough energy for its molecules to move freely while still remaining close together. This behavior is characteristic of a liquid state. 9. Question During any phase change, heat energy is Answer Choices • either absorbed or released • held constant always • not a consideration in a physical change Correct Answer either absorbed or released Why This is Corre ct During a phase change (such as melting, freezing, boiling, or condensation), heat energy is either absorbed or released to change the state of matter. The temperature remains constant during the phase change, but energy is still involved in breaking or for ming intermolecular forces. For Example Ice absorbs heat to melt into water, and water releases heat to freeze into ice. 10. Question During any phase change, attractive forces between molecules are Answer Choices • unchanged • not a consideration in a physical change • being broken or being formed

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    Study Guide Correct Answer being broken or being formed Why This is Corre ct During a phase change (such as melting, freezing, boiling, or condensation), the substance does not change its chemical identity. Instead, energy is used to break or form intermolecular attractive forces between molecules. These changes in attraction allow molecules to move closer together or farther apart, resulting in a change of state. For Example When ice melts into water, energy breaks some of the attractive forces holding water molecules tightly in place, allowing them to move more freely. 11. Question In which physical change is heat energy absorbed? Answer Choices • Melting • Freezing • Condensing Correct Answer Melting Why This is Corre ct Heat energy is absorbed during melting because particles gain energy to overcome the attractive forces holding them in a solid structure. For Example When ice melts into water, it absorbs heat from the surroundings to change from a solid to a liquid.

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    Study Guide 12. Question At a pressure of 1.0 atm, when water is heated to 100°C it Answer Choices • freezes • condenses • vaporizes Correct Answer vaporizes Why This is Corre ct At normal atmospheric pressure (1.0 atm), 100°C is the boiling point of water. At this temperature, liquid water changes into water vapor. This process is called vaporization. For Example When water is boiled in an open pot, it turns into steam and escapes into the air. 13. Question In which physical change is heat energy released? Answer Choices • Melting • Vaporizing • Freezing Correct Answer Freezing

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    Study Guide Why This is Corre ct Heat energy is released when a substance changes from a liquid to a solid. During freezing, particles lose energy, move more slowly, and come closer together. The excess energy is given off to the surroundings as heat. For Example When water freezes to form ice, it releases heat energy into the surrounding environment. 2. Phase Diagrams Earlier, you learned that changing temperature can cause water to melt, freeze, or boil. However, pressure can also cause changes of state. In laboratory experiments, temperature and pressure can be changed independently or kept constant. Because scientists control them separately, they are called independent variables . In a graph, these two variables are placed on axes: • The horizontal axis shows temperature • The vertical axis shows pressure , measured in atmospheres (atm) 2.1 What Is a Phase Diagram? A phase diagram is a graph that shows which physical state (or phase) of a substance is stable at different temperatures and pressures. The word phase means a single, uniform physical state , such as: • Solid • Liquid • Gas In the phase diagram for water, all three phases have the same composition (H ₂ O) but exist in different physical states .

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    Study Guide 2.2 Reading the Phase Diagram of Water Figure 1. The phase diagram for water. • Whether water will be solid, liquid, or gas • How changing temperature or pressure affects its state Most combinations of temperature and pressure fall inside regions where only one phase is stable . The lines between regions show conditions where two phases can exist together . 2.3 Changing the Phase of Solid Water (Ice) Figure 2. Changing the phase of solid water.

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