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Covalent Bonds (Gizmo)

Students learn about covalent bonds where atoms share electrons to complete their outer shells, using examples like exchanging markers to understand electron sharing for stability.

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    Name: Soha Dale: FEB/15/24 Student Exploration: Covalent Bonds Vocabulary: covalent bond diatomic molecule Lewis diagram, molecule noble gasses, nonmetal, octet rule, shell, valence, valence electron Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) 1. There are eight markers in a lull set. but Flora and Frank each only have seven markers. Flora is missing the red marker and Frank is missing the blue marker. What can they do so that each has a full set of markers? a. flora can give frank her blue marker and frank can give flora his red marker 2. Otto and Olivia each have six markers. Otto is missing the purple and green markers, and Olivia is missing the black and brown markers. What can they do so that each has a full set? a. oliva can give both his purple and green marker to otto, while otto can give her brown and black marker to oliva Gizmo Warm-up Just like the students described above, nonmetal atoms can share electrons. As you will see in the Covafenf Bonds Gizmo, atoms form bonds in this way. To begin, check that Fluorine is selected from the Select a substance menu. Click Play ( * ) Io see the electrons orbiting the nucleus of each atom. 1. The outermost electrons in each atom are called valence electrons. How many valence electrons does each fluorine atom have? a. 7. 2. Click Pause ( " ). Drag a valence electron from the left atom Io the right atom. Click Play. What happens? a. The electron shells spin clockwise in a synchronous motion 3. Click Pause, drag a valence electron from the right atom to the left, and then click Play. a. What happens now? i. The motion remains the same, except now there is another oval-like shell overlapping both of the atoms, the valence atom spirals on the circumference of the oval.

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    Activity A: Sharing electrons Get Ihe Gizmo re a d y: • Click Reset. • Select Hydrogen. 0 Introduction: The eleclrons that orbit Ihe nucleus of an alom are arranged into shells. The first shell contains up to two electrons and the second contains up Io eight electrons. Most elements are stable when they have eight valence eleclrons—a rule of thumb known as Ihe octet rule. (Elements with less than five eleclrons are stable with two valence electrons.) Question: What happens when atoms share electrons? 1. Predict: Each hydrogen alom has one valence electron, but it needs two electrons to be stable. How can both hydrogen atoms each achieve a stable configuration? • They both would have to share one altogether 2. Form a bond: Drag Ihe electrons so that they move around both hydrogen atoms. Click Play to observe them in orbil. and then click Check You have created a covalent bond. Congratulations, you have completed a molecule of hydrogen! Because Ihe molecule has two atoms, it is a diatomic molecule Click Ihe camera ( O i icon Io take a snapshot of your completed molecule. Right-click Ihe image, and click Copy Image. Paste Ihe image inlo a blank document and label the image 'TV Hydrugun

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    3. Draw a diagram: Covalent bonds are shown in Lewis diagrams. In a Lewis diagram, dots represent unshared valence electrons and dashes represent pairs of shared electrons. Turn on Show Lewis diagram. Whal is the Lewis diagram for hydrogen H 2 ? H-H 4. Form a bond: Selecl Fluorine and turn on Highlight shared electrons Creale a molecule of fluorine, F 2 . Take a snapshot of this molecule and add il to your document (Be sure to label each molecule you add.) Whal is the Lewis diagram for fluorine. F 2 ? Fluorine 5. Think and discuss: How is lhe formation of covalent bonds similar to kids sharing markers? How is il different? If possible discuss your answer with your classmates and teacher. • similarities: both involve an exchange of some sorts, the goal is to insure lhat each atom (or person) has an equal share for stability • difference: covalent bonds are permanent, and specific when il comes to form bonds, whereas marker sharing can be temporary and more flexible.

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