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Comptia Network+ N10-009 Exam Cram (2024)

Comptia Network+ N10-009 Exam Cram (2024) simplifies exam prep with well-structured content and practice questions.

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Comptia Network+ N10-009 Exam Cram (2024) - Page 4 preview imageCompTIANetwork+N10-009ExamCramCompanionWebsiteandPearsonTestPrepAccessCodeAccessinteractivestudytoolsonthisbook’scompanionwebsite,includingpracticetestsoftware,reviewexercises,KeyTermflashcardapplication,astudyplanner,andmore!Toaccessthecompanionwebsite,simplyfollowthesesteps:1.Gotowww.pearsonITcertification.com/register.2.EntertheprintbookISBN:9780135340837.3.Answerthesecurityquestiontovalidateyourpurchase.4.Gotoyouraccountpage.5.ClickontheRegisteredProductstab.6.Underthebooklisting,clickontheAccessBonusContentlink.Whenyouregisteryourbook,yourPearsonTestPreppracticetestaccesscodewillautomaticallybepopulatedwiththebooklistingundertheRegisteredProductstab.Youwillneedthiscodetoaccessthepracticetestthatcomeswiththisbook.YoucanredeemthecodeatPearsonTestPrep.com.SimplychoosePearsonITCertificationasyourproductgroupandlogintothesitewiththesamecredentialsyouusedtoregisteryourbook.ClicktheActivateNewProductbuttonandentertheaccesscode.Moredetailedinstructionsonhowtoredeemyouraccesscodeforboththeonlineanddesktopversionscanbefoundonthecompanionwebsite.IfyouhaveanyissuesaccessingthecompanionwebsiteorobtainingyourPearsonTestPreppracticetestaccesscode,youcancontactoursupportteambygoingtopearsonitp.echelp.org.+StudyXy
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Comptia Network+ N10-009 Exam Cram (2024) - Page 5 preview imageCompTIA®Network+N10-009ExamCramEmmettDulaney
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Comptia Network+ N10-009 Exam Cram (2024) - Page 6 preview imageCompTIANetwork+N10-009ExamCramCopyright©2025byPearsonEducation,Inc.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookshallbereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwise,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthepublisher.Nopatentliabilityisassumedwithrespecttotheuseoftheinformationcontainedherein.Althougheveryprecautionhasbeentakeninthepreparationofthisbook,thepublisherandauthorassumenoresponsibilityforerrorsoromissions.Norisanyliabilityassumedfordamagesresultingfromtheuseoftheinformationcontainedherein.Pleasecontactuswithconcernsaboutanypotentialbiasathttps://www.pearson.com/report-bias.xhtml.ISBN-13:978-0-13-534083-7ISBN-10:0-13-534083-7LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2024939808ScoutAutomatedPrintCodeTrademarksAlltermsmentionedinthisbookthatareknowntobetrademarksorservicemarkshavebeenappropriatelycapitalized.PearsonITCertificationcannotattesttotheaccuracyofthisinformation.Useofaterminthisbookshouldnotberegardedasaffectingthevalidityofanytrademarkorservicemark.WarningandDisclaimerEveryefforthasbeenmadetomakethisbookascompleteandasaccurateaspossible,butnowarrantyorfitnessisimplied.Theinformationprovidedisonan"asis"basis.Theauthorandthepublishershallhaveneitherliabilitynorresponsibilitytoanypersonorentitywithrespecttoanylossordamagesarisingfromtheinformationcontainedinthisbook.SpecialSalesForinformationaboutbuyingthistitleinbulkquantities,orforspecialsalesopportunities(whichmayincludeelectronicversions;customcoverdesigns;andcontentparticulartoyourbusiness,traininggoals,marketingfocus,orbrandinginterests),pleasecontactourcorporatesalesdepartmentatcorpsales@pearsoned.comor(800)382-3419.Forgovernmentsalesinquiries,pleasecontactgovernmentsales@pearsoned.com.ForquestionsaboutsalesoutsidetheU.S.,pleasecontactintlcs@pearson.com.GMK12,EarlyCareerandProfessionalLearningSooKang+StudyXy
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Comptia Network+ N10-009 Exam Cram (2024) - Page 7 preview imageExecutiveEditorNancyDavisDevelopmentEditorEllieBruManagingEditorSandraSchroederSeniorProjectEditorTonyaSimpsonCopyEditorChuckHutchinsonIndexerProofreaderTechnicalEditorChrisCraytonPublishingCoordinatorCindyTeetersCoverDesignerChutiPrasertsithCompositor
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Comptia Network+ N10-009 Exam Cram (2024) - Page 8 preview imageContentsataGlanceIntroduction1NetworkingModels,Ports,Protocols,andServices2NetworkTopologies,Architectures,andTypes3NetworkAddressing,Routing,andSwitching4NetworkImplementations5CablingSolutionsandIssues6WirelessSolutions7CloudComputingConceptsandOptions8NetworkOperations9NetworkSecurity10NetworkTroubleshootingCramSheetGlossary
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Comptia Network+ N10-009 Exam Cram (2024) - Page 9 preview imageTableofContentsIntroductionAboutNetwork+ExamCramAbouttheNetwork+ExamCompanionWebsiteHowtoAccessthePearsonTestPrep(PTP)AppAssessingExamReadinessChapter1.NetworkingModels,Ports,Protocols,andServicesTheOSINetworkingModelPorts,Protocols,Services,andTrafficTypes‘What’sNext?Chapter2.NetworkTopologies,Architectures,andTypesNetworkTopologies‘What’sNext?Chapter3.NetworkAddressing,Routing,andSwitchingIPv4NetworkAddressingRoutingandSwitchingTechnologiesNetworkServices‘What’sNext?Chapter4.NetworkImplementationsCommonNetworkingDevicesNetworkingUseCases‘What’sNext?Chapter5.CablingSolutionsandIssuesGeneralMediaConsiderationsTroubleshootingCommonCableConnectivityIssuesLimitations,Considerations,andIssuesHardwareIssuesCommonTools‘What’sNext?Chapter6.WirelessSolutionsUnderstandingWirelessBasics‘What’sNext?Chapter7.CloudComputingConceptsandOptionsCloudConcepts‘What’sNext?Chapter8.NetworkOperations
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Comptia Network+ N10-009 Exam Cram (2024) - Page 10 preview imagePhysicalInstallationFactorsOrganizationalProcessesandProceduresMonitoringNetworkPerformanceDisasterRecoveryandHighAvailabilityNetworkAccessandManagementMethods‘What’sNext?Chapter9.NetworkSecurityCommonSecurityConceptsCommonNetworkingAttacksApplyingNetworkSecurity‘What’sNext?Chapter10.NetworkTroubleshootingTroubleshootingStepsandProceduresTroubleshootingCommonNetworkingIssuesTroubleshootingTools‘What’sNext?TheNetwork+CramSheetNetworkingConceptsNetworkImplementationNetworkOperationsNetworkSecurityNetworkTroubleshootingGlossary
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Comptia Network+ N10-009 Exam Cram (2024) - Page 11 preview imageAbouttheAuthorEmmettDulaney(CompTIANetwork+,Cloud+,Security+,A+,andothers)hasbeentheauthorofseveralbooksoncertificationsandoperatingsystemsoverthepast25years.HeisacolumnistforCertificationMagazineandaprofessoratasmalluniversityinIndiana.Heiscurrentlytheeditorofajournaldevotedtobusinesseducation(andthebusinessofeducation).+StudyXy
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Comptia Network+ N10-009 Exam Cram (2024) - Page 12 preview imageDedicationForHarrison,Teresea,Wolfgang,andElijah:neverstopnetworking—EmmettDulaney+StudyXy
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Comptia Network+ N10-009 Exam Cram (2024) - Page 13 preview imageAcknowledgmentsThanksareduetoEleanor(Ellie)Bruforworkingonthistitleoncemoreandmakingitasstrongasitcanbe.AnenormousamountofcreditforthisbookalwaysgoestoChrisCrayton,whogoesaboveandbeyondwhatisexpectedandwithoutwhomtheresultingtextwouldonlybeashadowofwhatitis.Itisanhonortoworkwithhim.ThankscontinuetobeduetoMikeHarwood,whowrotethefirstfeweditions,andtotheteamoftalentedindividualsatPearsonwhoworkbehindthescenesandmakeeachtitlethebestitcanbe.+StudyXy
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Comptia Network+ N10-009 Exam Cram (2024) - Page 14 preview imageAbouttheTechnicalReviewerChrisCrayton,MCSE,CISSP,CASP+,PenTest+,Project+,CySA+,Cloud+,S+,N+,A+,ITF+isatechnicalconsultant,trainer,author,andindustry-leadingtechnicaleditor.Hehasworkedasacomputertechnologyandnetworkinginstructor,informationsecuritydirector,networkadministrator,networkengineer,andPCspecialist.Chrishasservedastechnicaleditorandcontentcontributoronnumeroustechnicaltitlesforseveraloftheleadingpublishingcompanies.Hehasalsobeenrecognizedwithmanyprofessionalandteachingawards,andhasservedasastate-levelSkillsUSAfinalcompetitionjudge.
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Comptia Network+ N10-009 Exam Cram (2024) - Page 15 preview imageWeWanttoHearfromYou!Asthereaderofthisbook,youareourmostimportantcriticandcommentator.Wevalueyouropinionandwanttoknowwhatwe'redoingright,whatwecoulddobetter,whatareasyou'dliketoseeuspublishin,andanyotherwordsofwisdomyou'rewillingtopassourway.Wewelcomeyourcomments.Youcanemailorwritetoletusknowwhatyoudidordidn'tlikeaboutthisbook—aswellaswhatwecandotomakeourbooksbetter.Pleasenotethatwecannothelpyouwithtechnicalproblemsrelatedtothetopicofthisbook.Whenyouwrite,pleasebesuretoincludethisbookstitleandauthoraswellasyournameandemailaddress.Wewillcarefullyreviewyourcommentsandsharethemwiththeauthorandeditorswhoworkedonthebook.Email:community@informit.com+StudyXy
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Comptia Network+ N10-009 Exam Cram (2024) - Page 16 preview imageReaderServicesRegisteryourcopyofCompTIANetwork+N10-009ExamCramforconvenientaccesstodownloads,updates,andcorrectionsastheybecomeavailable.Tostarttheregistrationprocess,gotowww.pearsonitcertification.com/registerandloginorcreateanaccount®.EntertheproductISBN9780135340837andclickSubmit.Whentheprocessiscomplete,youwillfindanyavailablebonuscontentunderRegisteredProducts.*Besuretochecktheboxthatyouwouldliketohearfromustoreceiveexclusivediscountsonfutureeditionsofthisproduct.+StudyXy
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Comptia Network+ N10-009 Exam Cram (2024) - Page 17 preview imageIntroductionWelcometoCompTIANetwork+N10-009ExamCram.Thisbookisdesignedtoprepareyoutotake—andpass—theCompTIANetwork+exam.TheNetwork+examhasbecometheleadingintroductory-levelnetworkcertificationavailabletoday.Itisrecognizedbybothemployersandindustrygiantsasprovidingcandidateswithasolidfoundationofnetworkingconcepts,terminology,andskills.TheNetwork+examcoversabroadrangeofnetworkingconceptstopreparecandidatesforthetechnologiestheyarelikelytoworkwithintoday’snetworkenvironments.AboutNetwork+ExamCramExamCramsaredesignedtogiveyoutheinformationyouneedtoknowtoprepareforacertificationexam.Theycutthroughtheextrainformation,focusingontheareasyouneedtogetthroughtheexam.Withthisinmind,theelementswithintheExamCramtitlesareaimedatprovidingtheexaminformationyouneedinthemostsuccinctandaccessiblemanner.Inthislight,thisbookisorganizedtocloselyfollowtheactualCompTIAobjectivesforexamN10-009.Assuch,itiseasytofindtheinformationrequiredforeachofthespecifiedCompTIANetwork+objectives.TheobjectivefocusdesignusedbythisExamCramisanimportantfeaturebecausetheinformationyouneedtoknowiseasilyidentifiableandaccessible.Toseewhatwemean,comparetheCompTIAobjectivestothebook’slayout,andyoucanseethatthefactsarerightwhereyouwouldexpectthemtobe.Withinthechapters,potentialexamhotspotsareclearlyhighlightedwithExamAlerts.Theyhavebeencarefullyplacedtoletyouknowthatthesurroundingdiscussionisanimportantareafortheexam.Tofurtherhelpyoupreparefortheexam,aCramSheetisincludedthatyoucanuseinthefinalstagesoftestpreparation.BesuretopaycloseattentiontothebulletedpointsontheCramSheetbecausetheypinpointthetechnologiesandfactsyouprobablywillencounteronthetest.Finally,greatefforthasgoneintothequestionsthatappearthroughoutthechapterandthepracticeteststoensurethattheyaccuratelyrepresentthelookandfeeloftheonesyouwillseeontherealNetwork+exam.Besure,beforetakingtheexam,thatyouarecomfortablewithboththeformatandcontentofthequestionsprovidedinthisbook.AbouttheNetwork+ExamTheNetwork+(N10-009Edition)examisthenewestiterationofseveralversionsoftheexam.ThenewNetwork+objectivesareaimedtowardthosewhohaveatleastninetotwelvemonthsofexperienceintheITnetworkingfield.Whileitis
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Comptia Network+ N10-009 Exam Cram (2024) - Page 18 preview imagehelpfulifNetwork+candidatesshouldhaveA+certification(oritsequivalent),itisnotrequired,andthisshouldnotdiscouragethosewhodonot.Youwillhaveamaximumof90minutestoanswerthe90questionsontheexam.Theallottedtimeisquitegenerous,sowhenyoufinish,youprobablywillhavetimetodouble-checkafewoftheanswersyouwereunsureof.Bythetimethedustsettles,youneedaminimumscoreof720topasstheNetwork+exam.Thisisonascaleof100to900.FormoreinformationonthespecificsoftheNetwork+exam,refertoCompTIA’smainwebsiteathttp://certification.comptia.org/.CompTIANetwork+ExamTopicsTableI-1listsgeneralexamtopics(thatis,objectives)andspecifictopicsundereachgeneraltopic(thatis,subobjectives)fortheCompTIANetwork+N10-009exam.Thistablealsoliststhechapterinwhicheachexamtopiciscovered.TableI.1CompTIANetwork+ExamTopicsBookingandTakingtheNetwork+CertificationExamUnfortunately,testingisnotfree.You'rechargedforeachtestyoutake,whetheryoupassorfail.IntheUnitedStatesandCanada,testsareadministeredbyPearsonVUEtestingservices.ToaccesstheVUEcontactinformationandbookanexam,refertothewebsiteathttp://www.pearsonvue.comorcall1-877-551-7587.Whenbookinganexam,youneedtoprovidethefollowinginformation:*Yournameasyouwouldlikeittoappearonyourcertificate.«YourSocialSecurityorSocialInsurancenumber.«Contactphonenumbers(tobecalledincaseofaproblem).*Mailingaddress,whichidentifiestheaddresstowhichyouwantyourcertificatemailed.«Examnumberandtitle.+Emailaddressforcontactpurposes.Thisoftenisthefastestandmosteffectivemeanstocontactyou.Testvendorsrequireitforregistration.«Creditcardinformationsothatyoucanpayonline.Youcanredeemvouchersbycallingtherespectivetestingcenter.WhattoExpectfromtheExamIfyouhaven’ttakenacertificationtest,theprocesscanbealittleunnerving.Evenifyou’vetakennumeroustests,itisnotmuchbetter.Masteringtheinnermentalgameoftencanbeasmuchofabattleasknowingthematerial.Knowingwhattoexpectbeforeheadingincanmaketheprocessalittlemorecomfortable.+StudyXy
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Comptia Network+ N10-009 Exam Cram (2024) - Page 19 preview imageCertificationtestsareadministeredonacomputersystemataVUEauthorizedtestingcenter.Theformatoftheexamsisstraightforward:eachquestionhasseveralpossibleanswerstochoosefrom.Thequestionsinthisbookprovideagoodexampleofthetypesofquestionsyoucanexpectontheexam.Ifyouarecomfortablewiththem,thetestshouldholdfewsurprises.Manyofthequestionsvaryinlength.Someofthemarelongerscenarioquestions,whereasothersareshortandtothepoint.Carefullyreadthequestions;thelongerquestionsoftenhaveakeypointthatwillleadyoutothecorrectanswer.MostofthequestionsontheNetwork+examrequireyoutochooseasinglecorrectanswer,butafewrequiremultipleanswers.Whentherearemultiplecorrectanswers,amessageatthebottomofthescreenpromptsyouto“Chooseallthatapply.”Besuretoreadthesemessages.AFewExam-DayDetailsItisrecommendedthatyouarriveattheexaminationroomatleast15minutesearly,althoughafewminutesearliercertainlywouldnothurt.Thiswillgiveyoutimetoprepareandwillgivethetestadministratortimetoansweranyquestionsyoumighthavebeforethetestbegins.Manypeoplesuggestthatyoureviewthemostcriticalinformationaboutthetestyou'retakingjustbeforethetest.(ExamCrambooksprovideareference—theCramSheet,locatedinsidethefrontofthisbook—thatliststheessentialinformationfromthebookindistilledform.)Arrivingafewminutesearlywillgiveyousometimetocomposeyourselfandmentallyreviewthiscriticalinformation.YouwillbeaskedtoprovidetwoformsofID,oneofwhichmustbeaphotoID.Bothoftheidentificationsyouchooseshouldhaveasignature.Youalsomightneedtosigninwhenyouarriveandsignoutwhenyouleave.Bewarned:Therulesareclearaboutwhatyoucanandcannottakeintotheexaminationroom.Books,laptops,notesheets,andsoonarenotallowedintheexaminationroom.Thetestadministratorwillholdtheseitems,tobereturnedafteryoucompletetheexam.Youmightreceiveeitherawipeboardorapenandasinglepieceofpaperformakingnotesduringtheexam.Thetestadministratorwillensurethatnopaperisremovedfromtheexaminationroom.AftertheTestWhetheryouwantitornot,assoonasyoufinishyourtest,yourscoredisplaysonthecomputerscreen.Inadditiontotheresultsappearingonthecomputerscreen,ahardcopyofthereportprintsforyou.Liketheonscreenreport,thehardcopydisplaystheresultsofyourexamandprovidesasummaryofhowyoudidoneachsectionandoneachtechnology.Ifyouwereunsuccessful,thissummarycanhelpyoudeterminetheareasyouneedtobrushupon.WhenyoupasstheNetwork+exam,youwillhaveearnedtheNetwork+certification,andyourcertificatewillbemailedtoyouwithinafewweeks.Shouldyounotreceiveyourcertificateandinformationpacketwithinfiveweeksof
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Comptia Network+ N10-009 Exam Cram (2024) - Page 20 preview imagepassingyourexam,contactCompTIAatfulfillment@comptia.org,orcall1-630-678-8300andaskforthefulfillmentdepartment.Last-MinuteExamTipsStudyingforacertificationexamisnodifferentthanstudyingforanyotherexam,butafewhintsandtipscangiveyoutheedgeonexamday:«Readallthematerial:CompTIAhasbeenknowntoincludematerialnotexpresslyspecifiedintheobjectives.Thisbookhasincludedadditionalinformationnotreflectedintheobjectivestogiveyouthebestpossiblepreparationfortheexamination.«WatchfortheExamTipsandNotes:TheNetwork+objectivesincludeawiderangeoftechnologies.ExamAlerts,Tips,andNotesfoundthroughouteachchapteraredesignedtopulloutexam-relatedhotspots.Thesecanbeyourbestfriendswhenpreparingfortheexam.«Usethequestionstoassessyourknowledge:Don’tjustreadthechaptercontent;usetheexamquestionstofindoutwhatyouknowandwhatyoudon’t.Ifyoustruggle,studysomemore,review,andthenassessyourknowledgeagain.*Reviewtheexamobjectives:Developyourownquestionsandexamplesforeachtopiclisted.Ifyoucandevelopandanswerseveralquestionsforeachtopic,youshouldnotfinditdifficulttopasstheexam.Goodluck!CompanionWebsiteRegisterthisbooktogetaccesstothePearsonTestPreppracticetestsoftwareandotherstudymaterialsplusadditionalbonuscontent.Checkthissiteregularlyfornewandupdatedpostingswrittenbytheauthorthatprovidefurtherinsightintothemoretroublesometopicsontheexams.Besuretochecktheboxthatyouwouldliketohearfromustoreceiveupdatesandexclusivediscountsonfutureeditionsofthisproductorrelatedproducts.Toaccessthiscompanionwebsite,followthesesteps:1.Gotowww.pearsonlTcertification.com/registerandloginorcreateanewaccount.2.EntertheISBN:9780135340837.3.Answerthechallengequestionasproofofpurchase.4.ClicktheAccessBonusContentlinkintheRegisteredProductssectionofyouraccountpage,tobetakentothepagewhereyourdownloadablecontentisavailable.Pleasenotethatmanyofourcompanioncontentfilescanbeverylarge,especiallyimageandvideofiles.+StudyXy
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Comptia Network+ N10-009 Exam Cram (2024) - Page 21 preview imageIfyouareunabletolocatethefilesforthistitlebyfollowingthesesteps,pleasevisitwww.pearsonlTcertification.com/contactandselecttheSiteProblems/Commentsoption.Ourcustomerservicerepresentativeswillassistyou.HowtoAccessthePearsonTestPrep(PTP)AppYouhavetwooptionsforinstallingandusingthePearsonTestPrepapplication:awebappandadesktopapp.TousethePearsonTestPrepapplication,startbyaccessingtheregistrationcodethatcomeswiththebook.Youcanaccessthecodeintheseways:«YoucangetyouraccesscodebyregisteringtheprintISBN9780135340837onhttps://www.pearsonitcertification.com/register.MakesuretousetheprintbookISBN,regardlessofwhetheryoupurchasedaneBookortheprintbook.Afteryouregisterthebook,youraccesscodewillbepopulatedonyouraccountpageundertheRegisteredProductstab.Instructionsforhowtoredeemthecodeareavailableonthebook’scompanionwebsitebyclickingtheAccessBonusContentlink.«IfyoupurchasethePremiumEditioneBookandPracticeTestdirectlyfromthePearsonITCertificationwebsite,thecodewillbepopulatedonyouraccountpageafterpurchase.Justloginathttps://www.pearsonitcertification.com,clickAccounttoseedetailsofyouraccount,andclicktheDigitalPurchasestab.NoteAfteryouregisteryourbook,yourcodecanalwaysbefoundinyouraccountundertheRegisteredProductstab.Onceyouhavetheaccesscode,tofindinstructionsaboutboththePTPwebappandthedesktopapp,followthesesteps:Step1.Openthisbook’scompanionwebsiteasshownonthefirstpageofthebook.Step2.ClickthePracticeExamsbutton.Step3.Followtheinstructionslistedthereforbothinstallingthedesktopappandusingthewebapp.Notethatifyouwanttousethewebapponlyatthispoint,justnavigatetohttps://www.pearsontestprep.com,loginusingthesamecredentialsusedtoregisteryourbookorpurchasethePremiumEdition,andregisterforthisbook’spracticetestsusingtheregistrationcodeyoujustfound.Theprocessshouldtakeonlyacoupleofminutes.CustomizingYourExamsAfteryouareintheexamsettingsscreen,youcanchoosetotakeexamsinoneofthreemodes:+StudyXy
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Comptia Network+ N10-009 Exam Cram (2024) - Page 22 preview image«StudyMode:Enablesyoutofullycustomizeyourexamsandreviewanswersasyouaretakingtheexam.Thisistypicallythemodeyouwouldusefirsttoassessyourknowledgeandidentifyinformationgaps.«PracticeExamMode:Lockscertaincustomizationoptionsbecauseitispresentingarealisticexamexperience.Usethismodewhenyouarepreparingtotestyourexamreadiness.«FlashCardMode:Stripsouttheanswersandpresentsyouwithonlythequestionstem.Thismodeisgreatforlate-stagepreparationwhenyoureallywanttochallengeyourselftoprovideanswerswithoutthebenefitofseeingmultiple-choiceoptions.Thismodewillnotprovidethedetailedscorereportsthattheothertwomodeswill,soitshouldnotbeusedifyouaretryingtoidentifyknowledgegaps.Inadditiontothesethreemodes,youwillbeabletoselectthesourceofyourquestions.Youcanchoosetotakeexamsthatcoverallthechapters,oryoucannarrowyourselectiontoasinglechapterorthechaptersthatmakeupspecificpartsinthebook.Allchaptersareselectedbydefault.Ifyouwanttonarrowyourfocustoindividualchapters,firstdeselectallthechapters;thenselectonlythoseonwhichyouwanttofocusintheObjectivesarea.Youcanalsoselecttheexambanksonwhichtofocus.Eachexambankcomescompletewithafullexamofquestionsthatcovertopicsineverychapter.Thetwoexamsprintedinthebookareavailabletoyouaswellastwoadditionalexamsofuniquequestions.Youcanhavethetestengineserveupexamsfromallfourbanksorjustfromoneindividualbankbyselectingthedesiredbanksintheexambankarea.Youcanmakeseveralothercustomizationstoyourexamfromtheexamsettingsscreen,suchasthetimeoftheexam,thenumberofquestions,whethertorandomizequestionsandanswers,whethertoshowthenumberofcorrectanswersformultipleanswerquestions,orwhethertoserveuponlyspecifictypesofquestions.Youcanalsocreatecustomtestbanksbyselectingonlyquestionsthatyouhavemarkedorquestionsonwhichyouhaveaddednotes.UpdatingYourExamsIfyouareusingtheonlineversionofthePearsonTestPrepsoftware,youshouldalwayshaveaccesstothelatestversionofthesoftwareaswellastheexamdata.IfyouareusingtheWindowsdesktopversion,everytimeyoulaunchthesoftware,itwillchecktoseeifthereareanyupdatestoyourexamdataandautomaticallydownloadanychangesthatweremadesincethelasttimeyouusedthesoftware.ThisrequiresthatyouareconnectedtotheInternetatthetimeyoulaunchthesoftware.Sometimes,duetomanyfactors,theexamdatamaynotfullydownloadwhenyouactivateyourexam.Ifyoufindthatfiguresorexhibitsaremissing,youmayneedtomanuallyupdateyourexams.
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Comptia Network+ N10-009 Exam Cram (2024) - Page 23 preview imageToupdateaparticularexamyouhavealreadyactivatedanddownloaded,selecttheToolstabandthenclicktheUpdateProductsbutton.Again,thisisanissueonlywiththedesktopWindowsapplication.IfyouwanttocheckforupdatestothePearsonTestPrepexamenginesoftware,‘Windowsdesktopversion,selecttheToolstabandclicktheUpdateApplicationbutton.Thiswillensurethatyouarerunningthelatestversionofthesoftwareengine.AssessingExamReadinessExamcandidatesneverreallyknowwhethertheyareadequatelypreparedfortheexamuntiltheyhavecompletedabout30percentofthequestions.Atthatpoint,ifyouarenotprepared,itistoolate.ThebestwaytodetermineyourreadinessistoworkthroughtheCramSaverquizzesatthebeginningofeachchapterandreviewtheexamobjectivesandExamAlertspresentedineachchapter.Itisbesttoworkyourwaythroughtheentirebookunlessyoucancompleteeachsubjectwithouthavingtodoanyresearchorlookupanyanswers.+StudyXy
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Comptia Network+ N10-009 Exam Cram (2024) - Page 24 preview imageFigureCreditsThiscontentiscurrentlyindevelopment.
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Comptia Network+ N10-009 Exam Cram (2024) - Page 25 preview image.Chapter1.NetworkingModels,Ports,.Protocols,andServicesThischaptercoversthefollowingofficialNetwork+objectives:«1.1ExplainconceptsrelatedtotheOpenSystemsInterconnection(OSI)referencemodel.«1.4Explaincommonnetworkingports,protocols,services,andtraffictypes.ThischaptercoversCompTIANetwork+objectives1.1,and1.4.FormoreinformationontheofficialNetwork+examtopics,seethe“AbouttheNetwork+Exam”sectionintheIntroduction.OneofthemostimportantnetworkingconceptstounderstandistheOpenSystemsInterconnection(OSI)referencemodel.Thisconceptualmodel,createdbytheInternationalOrganizationforStandardization(ISO)in1978andrevisedin1984,describesanetworkarchitecturethatenablesdatatobepassedbetweencomputersystems.ThischapterlooksattheOSImodelanddescribeshowitrelatestoreal-worldnetworking.ItalsoexamineshowcommonnetworkdevicesrelatetotheOSImodel.EventhoughtheOSImodelisconceptual,anappreciationofitspurposeandfunctioncanhelpyoubetterunderstandhowprotocolsuitesandnetworkarchitecturesworkinpracticalapplications.NoteTheTCP/IPmodel,whichperformsthesamefunctionsastheOSImodel,exceptinfourlayersinsteadofseven,isnotastandaloneNetwork+objective,butthisistheprotocolsuitepredominantlyinusetoday,andyoushouldhaveasolidunderstandingofitsincesomanyotherobjectivesarebasedonit.Sinceitisstillimportanttoknowittounderstandtheunderlyingprinciplesofnetworking,werefertoitwhereitisappropriatetodoso.TheOSINetworkingModel«1.1ExplainconceptsrelatedtotheOpenSystemsInterconnection(OSI)referencemodel.+Studyxy
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Comptia Network+ N10-009 Exam Cram (2024) - Page 26 preview imageCramSaverIfyoucancorrectlyanswerthesequestionsbeforegoingthroughthissection,savetimebyskimmingtheExamAlertsinthissectionandthencompletingtheCramQuizattheendofthesection.1.WhichlayeroftheOSImodelconvertsdatafromtheapplicationlayerintoaformatthatcanbesentoverthenetwork?2.Trueorfalse:Transportprotocols,suchasUDP,maptothetransportlayeroftheOSImodelandareresponsiblefortransportingdataacrossthenetwork.3.AtwhatlayeroftheOSImodeldoHTTPandSSHmap?Answers1.Thepresentationlayerconvertsdatafromtheapplicationlayerintoaformatthatcanbesentoverthenetwork.Italsoconvertsdatafromthesessionlayerintoaformattheapplicationlayercanunderstand.2.True.TransportprotocolsmaptothetransportlayeroftheOSImodelandareresponsiblefortransportingdataacrossthenetwork.UDPisatransportprotocol.3.HTTPandSSH(alongwithmanyotherprotocols)maptotheapplicationlayeroftheOSImodel.Fornetworking,twomodelscommonlyarereferenced:theOSImodelandtheTCP/IPmodel.Bothofferaframework,theoreticalandactual,forhownetworkingisimplemented.Objective1.1oftheNetwork+examfocusesonlyontheOSImodel.AthoroughdiscussionofitfollowswithabriefdiscussionoftheTCP/IPmodeltossedinforfurtherunderstanding.TheOSISeven-LayerModelAsshowninFigure1.1,theOSIreferencemodelisbuilt,bottomtotop,inthefollowingorder:physical,datalink,network,transport,session,presentation,andapplication.ThephysicallayerisclassifiedasLayer1,andthetoplayerofthemodel,theapplicationlayer,isLayer7.Study
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Comptia Network+ N10-009 Exam Cram (2024) - Page 27 preview imageFigure1.1TheOSISeven-LayerModelEachlayeroftheOSImodelhasaspecificfunction.Thefollowingsectionsdescribethefunctionofeachlayer,startingwiththephysicallayerandworkingupthemodel.PhysicalLayer(Layer1)ThephysicallayeroftheOSImodelidentifiesthenetwork’sphysicalcharacteristics,includingthefollowingspecifications:«Hardware:Thetypeofmediausedonthenetwork,suchastypeofcable,typeofconnector,andpinoutformatforcables.«Topology:Thephysicallayeridentifiesthetopologytobeusedinthenetwork.Commontopologiestodayincludemesh,star/hubandspoke,spineandleaf,point-to-pointandhybrid,andthesearediscussedinChapter2.ProtocolsandtechnologiessuchasUSB,Ethernet,Bluetooth,DSL,ISDN,T-carrierlinks(T1andT3),GSM,andIntegratedServicesDigitalNetworks(ISDN)operateatthephysicallayer.Inadditiontothesecharacteristics,thephysicallayerdefinesthevoltageusedonagivenmediumandthefrequencyatwhichthesignalsthatcarrythedataoperate.Thesecharacteristicsdictatethespeedandbandwidthofagivenmedium,aswellasthemaximumdistanceoverwhichacertainmediatypecanbeused.DataLinkLayer(Layer2)Thedatalinklayerisresponsibleforgettingdatatothephysicallayersothatitcantransmitoverthenetwork.Thedatalinklayerisalsoresponsibleforerrordetection,errorcorrection,andhardwareaddressing.Thetermframedescribesthelogicalgroupingofdataatthedatalinklayer.Thedatalinklayerhastwodistinctsublayers:*MediaAccessControl(MAC)layer:TheMACaddressisdefinedatthislayer.TheMACaddressisthephysicalorhardwareaddressburnedintoeachStudy
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Comptia Network+ N10-009 Exam Cram (2024) - Page 28 preview imageNIC.TheMACsublayeralsocontrolsaccesstonetworkmedia.TheMAClayerspecificationisincludedintheIEEE802.1standard.«LogicalLinkControl(LLC)layer:TheLLClayerisresponsiblefortheerrorandflow-controlmechanismsofthedatalinklayer.TheLLClayerisspecifiedintheIEEE802.2standard.ProtocolsandtechnologiessuchasHigh-LevelDataLinkControl(HDLC),Layer2TunnelingProtocol(L2TP),Point-to-PointProtocol(PPP),Point-to-PointTunnelingProtocol(PPTP),SpanningTreeProtocol(STP),andvirtualLANs(VLANs)operateatthedatalinklayer.NetworkLayer(Layer3)Theprimaryresponsibilityofthenetworklayerisrouting—providingmechanismsbywhichdatacanbepassedfromonenetworksystemtoanother.Thenetworklayerdoesnotspecifyhowthedataispassedbutratherprovidesthemechanismstodoso.Functionalityatthenetworklayerisprovidedthroughroutingprotocols,whicharesoftwarecomponents.Protocolsatthenetworklayerarealsoresponsibleforrouteselection,whichreferstodeterminingthebestpathforthedatatotakethroughoutthenetwork.ThenetworklayercontainsInternetProtocol(IP)headers.Incontrasttothedatalinklayer,whichusesMACaddressestocommunicateontheLAN,networklayerprotocolsusesoftware-configuredaddressesandspecialroutingprotocolstocommunicateonthenetwork.Thetermpackerdescribesthelogicalgroupingofdataatthenetworklayer.‘Whenyou’reworkingwithnetworks,routescanbeconfiguredintwoways:staticallyordynamically.Inastaticroutingenvironment,routesaremanuallyaddedtotheroutingtables.Inadynamicroutingenvironment,routingprotocolssuchasRoutingInformationProtocol(RIP)andOpenShortestPathFirst(OSPF)areused.Theseprotocolscommunicateroutinginformationbetweennetworkeddevicesonthenetwork.OtherimportantnetworklayerprotocolsincludeInternetProtocol(IP),AddressResolutionProtocol(ARP),ReverseAddressResolutionProtocol(RARP),AsynchronousTransferMode(ATM),IntermediateSystem-to-IntermediateSystem(IS-1S),IPSecurity(IPsec),InternetControlMessageProtocol(ICMP),andMultiprotocolLabelSwitching(MPLS).TransportLayer(Layer4)Thebasicfunctionofthetransportlayeristoprovidemechanismstotransportdatabetweennetworkdevices.Primarily,itdoesthisinthreeways:«Errorchecking:Protocolsatthetransportlayerensurethatdataiscorrectlysentorreceived.«Serviceaddressing:Anumberofprotocolssupportmanynetworkservices.ThetransportlayerensuresthatdataispassedtotherightserviceattheupperlayersoftheOSImodel.+StudyXy
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Comptia Network+ N10-009 Exam Cram (2024) - Page 29 preview image«Segmentation:Totraversethenetwork,blocksofdataneedtobebrokenintopacketsofamanageablesizeforthelowerlayerstohandle.Thisprocess,calledsegmentation,istheresponsibilityofthetransportlayer.Protocolsthatoperateatthetransportlayercaneitherbeconnectionless,suchasUserDatagramProtocol(UDP),orconnectionoriented,suchasTransmissionControlProtocol(TCP).Thetransportlayerisalsoresponsiblefordataflowcontrol,whichreferstohowthereceivingdevicecanacceptdatatransmissions.Twocommonmethodsofflowcontrolareused:«Buffering:Whenbufferingflowcontrolisused,dataistemporarilystoredandwaitsforthedestinationdevicetobecomeavailable.Bufferingcancauseaproblemifthesendingdevicetransmitsdatamuchfasterthanthereceivingdevicecanmanage.«Windowing:Inawindowingenvironment,dataissentingroupsofsegmentsthatrequireonlyoneacknowledgment.Thesizeofthewindow(thatis,howmanysegmentsfitintooneacknowledgment)isdefinedwhenthesessionbetweenthetwodevicesisestablished.Asyoucanimagine,theneedtohaveonlyoneacknowledgmentforeveryfivesegments,forinstance,cangreatlyreduceoverhead.SessionLayer(Layer5)Thesessionlayerisresponsibleformanagingandcontrollingthesynchronizationofdatabetweenapplicationsontwodevices.Itdoesthisbyestablishing,maintaining,andbreakingsessions.Whereasthetransportlayerisresponsibleforsettingupandmaintainingtheconnectionbetweenthetwonodes(devices),thesessionlayerperformsthesamefunctiononbehalfoftheapplication.Inotherwords,conversationsbetweenapplicationsareestablished,coordinated,andterminatedatthesessionlayer.ProtocolsthatoperateatthesessionlayerincludeNetBIOS,NetworkFileSystem(NFS),andServerMessageBlock(SMB).PresentationLayer(Layer6)Thepresentationlayer’sbasicfunctionistoconvertthedataintendedfororreceivedfromtheapplicationlayerintoanotherformat.Suchconversionisnecessarybecauseofhowdataisformattedsothatitcanbetransportedacrossthenetwork.Applicationscannotnecessarilyreadthisconversion.Somecommondataformatshandledbythepresentationlayerincludethefollowing:*Graphicsfiles:JPEG,TIFF,GIF,andsoonaregraphicsfileformatsthatrequirethedatatobeformattedinacertainway.«Textanddata:Thepresentationlayercantranslatedataintodifferentformats,suchasAmericanStandardCodeforInformationInterchange(ASCII)andExtendedBinaryCodedDecimalInterchangeCode(EBCDIC).+StudyXY
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Comptia Network+ N10-009 Exam Cram (2024) - Page 30 preview image«Sound/video:MPEG,MP3,andMIDIfilesallhavetheirowndataformatstoandfromwhichdatamustbeconverted.Anotherimportantfunctionofthepresentationlayerisencryption,whichisthescramblingofdatasothatitcan’tbereadbyanyoneotherthantheintendedrecipient.Giventhebasicroleofthepresentationlayer—thatofdata-formattranslator—itistheobviousplaceforencryptionanddecryptiontotakeplace.Forexample,thecryptographicprotocolTransportLayerSecurity(TLS)operatesatthepresentationlayer.ApplicationLayer(Layer7)Insimpleterms,thefunctionoftheapplicationlayeristotakerequestsanddatafromtheusersandpassthemtothelowerlayersoftheOSImodel.Incominginformationispassedtotheapplicationlayer,whichthendisplaystheinformationtotheusers.Someofthemostbasicapplicationlayerservicesincludefileandprintcapabilities.Themostcommonmisconceptionabouttheapplicationlayeristhatitrepresentsapplicationsusedonasystem,suchasawebbrowser,wordprocessor,orspreadsheet.Instead,theapplicationlayerdefinestheprocessesthatenableapplicationstousenetworkservices.Forexample,ifanapplicationneedstoopenafilefromanetworkdrive,thefunctionalityisprovidedbycomponentsthatresideattheapplicationlayer.ProtocolsdefinedattheapplicationlayerincludeSecureShell(SSH),BorderGatewayProtocol(BGP),DynamicHostConfigurationProtocol(DHCP),DomainNameSystem(DNS),NetworkTimeProtocol(NTP),Real-timeTransportProtocol(RTP),SessionInitiationProtocol(SIP),SimpleMailTransferProtocol(SMTP),ServerMessageBlock(SMB),FileTransferProtocol(FTP),HypertextTransferProtocol(HTTP),HypertextTransferProtocolSecure(HTTPS),InternetMessageAccessProtocol(IMAP),andPostOfficeProtocolversion3(POP3).OSIModelSummaryTable1.1summarizesthesevenlayersoftheOSImodelanddescribessomeofthemostsignificantpointsofeachlayer.Table1.1OSIModelSummaryComparingOSItotheFour-LayerTCP/IPModelTheOSImodeldoesafantasticjoboutlininghownetworkingshouldoccurandtheresponsibilityofeachlayer.However,TCP/IPalsohasareferencemodelandhasStudy
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Comptia Network+ N10-009 Exam Cram (2024) - Page 31 preview imagetoperformthesamefunctionalitywithonlyfourlayers.Figure1.2showshowthesefourlayerslineupwiththesevenlayersoftheOSImodel.Figure1.2TheTCP/IPModelComparedtotheOSIModelThenetworkinterfacelayerintheTCP/IPmodelissometimesreferredtoasthenetworkaccessorlinklayer,andthisiswhereEthernet,wirelessnetworks,networkinterfacecards(NICs),oranyotherphysicaltechnologycanrun.TheInternetlayeriswhereIPruns(alongwithICMPandothers).ThetransportlayeriswhereTCPanditscounterpartUDPoperate.Theapplicationlayerenablesanynumberofprotocolstobepluggedin,suchasHTTP,SMTP,SimpleNetworkManagementProtocol(SNMP),DNS,andmanyothers.IdentifyingtheOSILayersatWhichVariousNetworkComponentsOperate‘WhenyouunderstandtheOSImodel,youcanrelatenetworkconnectivitydevicestotheappropriatelayeroftheOSImodel.KnowingatwhichOSIlayeradeviceoperatesenablesyoutobetterunderstandhowitfunctionsonthenetwork.Table1.2identifiesvariousnetworkdevicesandmapsthemtotheOSImodel.Table1.2MappingNetworkDevicestotheOSIModelDataEncapsulation/DecapsulationandOSIAsdatamovesdownthemodel(andthroughthedevicesonthathost),itisencapsulatedwithaheaderaddedtothebeginningandatrailertotheend.Oncethedataarrivesatthereceivinghost,itmovesupthemodel(andthroughthedevices)andisdecapsulatedinthattheheaderandtrailerarestrippedoffasitmovesup.NoteThereareagreatmanytopicsbeneathexamobjective1.1.Intheinterestofourdiscussionbuildinginalogicalway,thefocushereisstillonthenetworkingmodelinordertocompletethediscussionofit.Laterinthischapter,wevisitheadersagainandsomeoftheothertopicstheobjectivesincludebutthatdonotfitwellwiththedialogueyet.Study
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