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Professor Messer's CompTIA A+ 220-901 and 220-902 Course Notes (2015)

Professor Messer's CompTIA A+ 220-901 and 220-902 Course Notes (2015) delivers all the key information you need, including topic summaries, question banks, and study tips to ace your exam.

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    Professor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1101 Core 1 A+ Course Notes James “Professor” Messer http://www.ProfessorMesser.com

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    Professor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1101 Core 1 A+ Course Notes Written by James “Professor” Messer Copyright © 2022 by Messer Studios, LLC http://www.ProfessorMesser.com All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher. First Edition: March 2022 This is version 1.2 Trademark Acknowledgments All product names and trademarks are the property of their respective owners, and are in no way associated or affiliated with Messer Studios LLC. “Professor Messer” is a registered trademark of Messer Studios LLC. “CompTIA” and “A+” are registered trademarks of CompTIA, Inc. Warning and Disclaimer This book is designed to provide information about the CompTIA 220-1101 A+ certification exam. However, there may be typographical and/or content errors. Therefore, this book should serve only as a general guide and not as the ultimate source of subject information. The author shall have no liability or responsibility to any person or entity regarding any loss or damage incurred, or alleged to have incurred, directly or indirectly, by the information contained in this book.

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    Contents 1.0 - Mobile Devices 1 1.1 - Laptop Hardware 1 1.2 - Laptop Displays 2 1.3 - Connecting Mobile Devices 3 1.3 - Mobile Device Accessories 4 1.4 - Cellular Standards 4 1.4 - Mobile Device Connectivity 5 1.4 - Mobile Device Configurations 6 2.0 - Networking 6 2.1 - Introduction to IP 6 2.1 - Common Network Ports 7 2.2 - Network Devices 9 2.2 - Software Defined Networking 10 2.3 - Wireless Network Standards 11 2.3 - Wireless Network Technologies 12 2.4 - Network Services 13 2.5 - IPv4 and IPv6 14 2.5 - Assigning IP Addresses 15 2.6 - DNS Configuration 16 2.6 - DHCP Configuration 18 2.6 - VLANs and VPNs 19 2.7 - Internet Connection Types 20 2.8 - Network Types 21 2.8 - Network Tools 21 3.0 - Hardware 22 3.1 - Network Cables 22 3.1 - Optical Fiber 23 3.1 - 568A and 568B Colors 24 3.1 - Peripheral Cables 24 3.1 - Video Cables 26 3.1 - SATA Device Cables 27 3.1 - SCSI Device Cables 27 3.1 - PATA Drive Cables 29 3.1 - Adapters and Converters 29 3.1 - Copper Connectors 30 3.1 - Fiber Connectors 31 3.2 - An Overview of Memory 31 3.2 - Memory Technologies 33 3.3 - Storage Devices 33 3.3 - RAID 34 3.4 - Motherboard Form Factors 35

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    3.4 - Motherboard Expansion Slots 35 3.4 - Motherboard Connectors 36 3.4 - Motherboard Compatibility 36 3.4 - The BIOS 36 3.4 - BIOS Settings 37 3.4 - CPU Features 38 3.4 - Expansion Cards 38 3.4 - Cooling 39 3.5 - Computer Power 40 3.6 - Multifunction Devices 41 3.7 - Laser Printers 42 3.7 - Laser Printer Maintenance 43 3.7 - Inkjet Printers 44 3.7 - Inkjet Printer Maintenance 44 3.7 - Thermal Printers 44 3.7 - Thermal Printer Maintenance 45 3.7 - Impact Printers 45 3.7 - Impact Printer Maintenance 45 3.7 - 3D Printers 46 4.0 - Virtualization and Cloud Computing 46 4.1 - Cloud Models 46 4.1 - Cloud Characteristics 47 4.2 - Client-side Virtualization 47 5.0 - Hardware and Network Troubleshooting 48 5.1 - How to Troubleshoot 48 5.2 - Troubleshooting Common Hardware Problems 50 5.3 - Troubleshooting Storage Devices 51 5.4 - Troubleshooting Video and Display Issues 52 5.5 - Troubleshooting Mobile Devices 54 5.6 - Troubleshooting Printers 55 5.7 - Troubleshooting Networks 57

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    The CompTIA A+ certification requires a broad set of knowledge, and it covers more topics than many industry certifications. It’s no surprise that the A+ certification has become one of the most sought-after industry certifications by both aspiring technologists and employers. I hope this book helps you with your “last mile” of studies before taking your exam. There’s a lot to remember, and perhaps some of the information in this book will help jog your memory while you’re sitting in the exam room. Best of luck with your studies! - Professor Messer Introduction Study Tips Exam Preparation • Download the exam objectives, and use them as a master checklist: https://www.ProfessorMesser.com/objectives • Use as many training materials as possible. Books, videos, and Q&A guides can all provide a different perspective of the same information. • It's useful to have as much hands-on as possible, especially with network troubleshooting and operating system command prompts. Taking the Exam • Use your time wisely. You've got 90 minutes to get through everything. • Choose your exam location carefully. Some sites are better than others. • Get there early. Don't stress the journey. • Manage your time wisely. You've got 90 minutes to get through everything. • Wrong answers aren't counted against you. Don't leave any blanks! • Mark difficult questions and come back later. You can answer the questions in any order. The CompTIA A+ Certification CompTIA’s A+ certification is considered to be the starting point for information technology professionals. Earning the A+ certification requires the completion of two exams and covers a broad range of technology topics. After earning the CompTIA A+ certification, an A+ certified professional will have an understanding of computer hardware, mobile devices, networking, operating systems, security techniques, and much more. The current series of the A+ certification is based on the successful completion of the 220-1101 and the 220-1102 exams. You must pass both exams to earn your CompTIA A+ certification. This book provides a set of notes for the 220-1101 Core 1 exam. The 220-1101 Core 1 exam Much of the 220-1101 exam is about hardware, but that’s only about a third of the overall exam content. You’ll also need to know about networking, mobile devices, and how to troubleshoot all of these technologies. Here’s the breakdown of each domain on the 220-1101 exam: Domain 1.0 - Mobile Devices - 15% Domain 2.0 - Networking - 20% Domain 3.0 - Hardware - 25% Domain 4.0 - Virtualization and Cloud Computing - 11% Domain 5.0 - Hardware and Network Troubleshooting - 29%

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    © 2022 Messer Studios, LLC https://www.ProfessorMesser.com Professor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1101 A+ Course Notes - Page 1 Professor Messer’s CompTIA A+ 220-1101 Course Notes http://www.ProfessorMesser.com Laptop hardware • Engineered to precise specifications – A challenging repair • Some laptops are easier to fix than others – An ongoing learning process • Understand the process – The details will vary between laptop manufacturers Laptop batteries • The power source when unplugged – May be easily replaced or require a tear down – Five minutes vs. one hour • Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) and – Lithium-Ion polymer (LiPo) are common – No “memory effect” – Charging the battery diminishes capacity • Different form factor for each laptop – Battery types and styles can vary – Battery technology is changing constantly Laptop keyboard • The most-used component of the laptop – Can be easy to replace – A few screws and a single ribbon cable – May not always be this simple • Or connect an external USB keyboard – Not very portable, but works in a pinch Laptop keys • Some repairs might require the removal or replacement of a key cap – This can be a delicate procedure • Check with the manufacturer’s instructions – It’s very easy to accidentally break the key cap or the components underneath Laptop memory • Small Outline Dual In-line Memory Module (SO-DIMM) • Memory used in laptops and mobile devices – Often easy to install and replace • Some laptop memory is soldered to the system board – No upgrade available – Requires a full system board replacement Laptop storage • Magnetic disk – Traditional spinning drive platters – 2.5 form factors (3.5 inch for desktops) • SSD (Solid-state drive) – All memory, no moving parts – Silent, fast access time, less latency – 2.5 inch form factors • M.2 – Smaller form factor – No SATA data or power cables – Easy to install and replace Replacing laptop storage • All internal – Open a cover on the back – Open the entire laptop • Can be very modular – Two screws and the drive slides out • M.2 drives are even easier – One screw - similar to RAM installation Migrating from HDD to SSD • An impressive upgrade – Move from spinning mechanical drive to solid state memory – It’s almost like getting a new laptop • Install an OS on the SSD – Move user documents between drives – Install any required applications – Can be time consuming • Image/clone the HDD – No OS installation required – Move everything from one to the other • Imaging software needed – Sometimes included with the SSD – Many commercial and open source options • Create an image file - One drive at a time • Drive-to-drive image – Image directly from one drive to the other 802.11 wireless and Bluetooth • Wireless network connectivity – Connect without wires • 802.11 – Local area network (LAN) – High speed, Internet access • Bluetooth – Personal area network (PAN) - Short range – Connect peripherals and other nearby devices 1.1 - Laptop Hardware

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    © 2022 Messer Studios, LLC https://www.ProfessorMesser.com Professor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1101 A+ Course Notes - Page 2 Biometrics • Sign in or unlock your laptop with a fingerprint reader or face recognition – Something you are • Requires additional configuration in the OS – Hardware required for most options • Relatively secure – Faces and fingerprints are quite unique Near-field communication (NFC) • Short-distance networking – 4 centimeters or less – Data transfers or authentication • Common on mobile phones and smart watches – Payment method on your wrist • Use it for authentication without typing a password – Hospital workstations, warehouses, manufacturing 1.1 - Laptop Hardware (continued) Portable LCD • Liquid crystal display – Light shines through liquid crystals • Advantages – Lightweight – Relatively low power – Relatively inexpensive • Disadvantages – Black levels are a challenge – Requires separate backlight – Florescent, LED, etc. – Lights are difficult to replace LCD technologies • TN (Twisted Nematic) LCD – The original LCD technology – Fast response times (gaming!) – Poor viewing angles - color shifts • IPS (In Plane Switching) LCD – Excellent color representation – More expensive to produce than TN • VA (Vertical Alignment) LCD – A good compromise between TN and IPS – Good color representation – Slower response times than TN OLED • Organic Light Emitting Diode – Organic compound emits light when receiving an electric current • Thinner and lighter – Flexible and mobile - no glass needed • No backlight – The organic compound provides the light • Tablets, phones, smart watches – Very accurate color representation – A bit higher cost than LCD Wi-Fi antennas • Multiple antennas – WiFi main and aux / Bluetooth • Antenna wires wrap around the laptop screen – It’s up high! 1.2 - Laptop Displays Webcam • Video capture - Built-in camera and microphone • Usually includes both audio and video – Specialized drivers and software Microphone • Built-in to the laptop display – Useful for video calls • Not good for non-casual use – Analog or USB microphones can help Fluorescent vs. LED backlighting • LED-backlit LCD display – Backlight is LEDs instead of florescent – LEDs around the edge of the screen – An array of LEDs behind the screen – The latest laptops are LED-backlit • CCFL - Cold Cathode – Fluorescent Lamp – Higher voltage and power needed – Added thickness to the display – No longer a common backlight – Older laptops will use these Backlight and inverter • LCD displays need a backlight – Florescent lamp/LED to LCD display to your eyes • Some laptops have inverters - Turn DC into AC • Verify backlight – Look closely and use a flashlight • May need to replace the LCD inverter or display – Choose carefully Digitizer • Use a pen-like device as input – Stylus input - Useful for graphical input • Used commonly on laptop / tablets – Or hybrid devices Touchscreen • Merge laptop and tablet input – Digitizer responds to touch - No keyboard required • But often still available – Many options for input - Use the best one for the job

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    © 2022 Messer Studios, LLC https://www.ProfessorMesser.com Professor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1101 A+ Course Notes - Page 3 Connecting mobile devices • Phones and tablets – Many different ways to connect • Wired and wireless connectivity – Standards and options change through the years • Used for synchronization, connectivity, backup, and identification – Sometimes simultaneously USB • Universal Serial Bus – High-speed wired communication – Used for charging and data transfers • Micro-USB – A smaller USB connection – Common now worldwide • Older devices may use Mini-USB – Slightly larger USB-C • 24-pin double-sided USB connector – Used for both hosts and devices • Acts as a USB 2.0/3.0/3.1/4 connection – Different signals can use the same connector • Can transmit other signals – DisplayPort, HDMI, Thunderbolt Lightning • Apple proprietary – 8-pin digital signals – iPhone and iPad devices • Some advantages over Micro-USB – Higher power output for phones and tablets – Can be inserted either way – Simpler design Serial interfaces • DB-9 - also called DE-9 • Commonly used for RS-232 signals – Recommended Standard 232 – An industry standard since 1969 • Serial communications standard – Traditionally used for modem connections • Now used as a configuration port – Switches, routers, firewalls, etc – Use a USB to DB-9 converter cable 1.3 - Connecting Mobile Devices NFC • Near Field Communication – Send small amounts of data wirelessly over a limited area • Built into your phone – Payment systems, transportation,in-person information exchange • Access token, identity “card” – Short range with encryption support Bluetooth • High speed communication over short distances – PAN (Personal Area Network) • Connects our mobile devices – Smartphones – Tethering – Headsets and headphones – Health monitors – Automobile and phone integration – Smartwatches – External speakers Hotspot • Turn your phone into a WiFi hotspot – Your own personal wireless router – Extend the cellular data network to all of your devices • Dependent on phone type and provider – May require additional charges and data costs Mini-B plug Micro-B plug Lightning plug Type A plug

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    © 2022 Messer Studios, LLC https://www.ProfessorMesser.com Professor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1101 A+ Course Notes - Page 4 T ouch pens • Touchscreen pen / touch screen stylus / capacitive stylus – Activate the interface without actually touching it • Handwriting – Note taking, signatures • Precise selection – Easier to see the screen Active stylus • Digital stylus – A more advanced writing tool • The stylus communicates directly to the device – Pressure sensitivity, programmable buttons, etc. • Must be compatible with the tablet – e.g., Apple iPad uses an Apple Pencil Drawing pad • Use an active stylus with an external digitizer – Very precise input Trackpad • Replace the mouse – Useful in tight working areas – Common on laptops • External options – Battery powered – Bluetooth connected • Drag and tap – Or use multiple finger input for right-clicking, zooming, and window control • Enable and disable – Avoid inadvertent mouse clicks and movements Headsets • Hands-free audio - Earphones and microphone • Wired – USB connections are common on laptops – Connects to 3.5 mm TRRS (tip-ring-ring-sleeve) connector – Analog audio jack – iPhone can use Lightning port • Wireless - Bluetooth headsets Speakers • Mobile audio - Battery powered • Wireless connection - Bluetooth link • Stereo sound - Small package Camera / webcam • Internal or external – Commonly external on desktops, internal on laptops/tablets/phones • Accessible from multimedia applications, photo utilities,and video conferencing – Real-time video communication Docking station • Docking station – Use external keyboard and mouse – Extend existing laptop interfaces – Add additional functionality – Desktop adapter cards – Avoid cable issues Port replicator • Port replicator – Similar to a docking station – Does not commonly have an expansion card option – Usually connects using USB 1.3 - Mobile Device Accessories Cellular networks • Mobile devices – “Cell” phones • Separate land into “cells” – Antenna coverages a cell with certain frequencies • 2G networks – GSM - Global System for Mobile Communications – CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access • Poor data support – Originally used circuit-switching – Minor upgrades for some packet-switching GSM • Global System for Mobile Communications – Mobile networking standard 1.4 - Cellular Standards • 90% of the market – Originally an EU standard – Worldwide coverage • Used by AT&T and T-Mobile in the United States – Move your SIM card (Subscriber Identity Module) from phone to phone • Original GSM standard used multiplexing – Everyone gets a little slice of time CDMA • Code Division Multiple Access – Everyone communicates at the same time – Each call uses a different code – The codes are used to filter each call on the receiving side • Used by Verizon and Sprint – Handsets are controlled by the network provider – Not much adoption elsewhere

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    © 2022 Messer Studios, LLC https://www.ProfessorMesser.com Professor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1101 A+ Course Notes - Page 5 3G technology • 3rd Generation – Introduced in 1998 • Upgraded data connectivity over 2G – Incremental 3G updates improved speeds – Usually several megabits per second • Bandwidth improvement allowed new functionality – GPS – Mobile television – Video on demand – Video conferencing 4G and LTE • Long Term Evolution (LTE) – A “4G” technology – Converged standard (GSM and CDMA providers) – Based on GSM and EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution) – Standard supports download rates of 150 Mbit/s • LTE Advanced (LTE-A) – Standard supports download rates of 300 Mbit/s 1.4 - Cellular Standards (continued) 5G • Fifth generation cellular networking – Launched worldwide in 2020 • Significant performance improvements – At higher frequencies – Eventually 10 gigabits per second – Slower speeds from 100-900 Mbit/s • Significant IoT impact – Bandwidth becomes less of a constraint – Larger data transfers – Faster monitoring and notification – Additional cloud processing Updates • PRL (Preferred Roaming List) updates – CDMA networks (i.e., Verizon, Sprint) • Allows your phone to connect to the right tower – Can be updated over the air (OTA) Hotspot • Turn your phone into a WiFi hotspot – Your own personal wireless router – Extend the cellular data network to all of your devices • Dependent on phone type and provider – May require additional charges and data costs Bluetooth pairing • Connect a Bluetooth device – Built-in security - Use or verify a PIN • Pair the devices one time – Future connections should be automatic • Check with the manufacturer – May prefer a specific sequence – Discoverable mode isn’t always obvious Bluetooth pairing process • Enable Bluetooth on both devices – Android and iOS: Settings / Bluetooth • Set devices to discoverable mode – May require key sequence on Bluetooth device • Select discovered device – Many devices may appear! • Enter or confirm PIN – Should be the same on both devices • Test connectivity – Devices should now communicate GPS (Global Positioning System) • Created by the U.S. Department of Defense – Over 30 satellites currently in orbit • Precise navigation - Need to see at least 4 satellites • Determines location based on timing differences – Longitude, latitude, altitude • Mobile device location services and geotracking – Maps, directions – Determine physical location based on GPS, WiFi, and cellular towers MDM (Mobile Device Management) • Manage company-owned and user-owned mobile devices – BYOD - Bring Your Own Device • Centralized management of the mobile devices – Specialized functionality • Set policies on apps, data, camera, etc. – Control the remote device – The entire device or a “partition” • Manage access control – Force screen locks and PINs on these single user devices MDM configurations • Corporate email configuration – User does not need to configure anything – The MDM makes the changes on the device – Account details, server address, communication method • Two-factor authentication – Require specific authentication types – Biometrics, pseudo-random authentication app • Corporate applications – Allow or restrict app installation – Prevent unauthorized app usage 1.4 - Mobile Device Connectivity

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    © 2022 Messer Studios, LLC https://www.ProfessorMesser.com Professor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1101 A+ Course Notes - Page 6 Configuring a mobile device • Many settings are preconfigured – Telephone / Text messaging • Email – Everyone handles email services differently – Corporate email configurations can vary • Data synchronization – Based on data rates and speeds – Important for backup and recovery Microsoft 365 • Outlook, Exchange – Microsoft’s email service – Usually the same for Hotmail and Outlook.com • Authenticate to Microsoft 365 – Username, password • Select the items to synchronize – Changes in Outlook will appear on the mobile device • Same process for Google Workspace – Formerly known as G Suite 1.4 - Mobile Device Configurations iCloud • Integrated into iOS and iPadOS – Provide an iCloud username and password • Select synchronization options – Extensive customization • Synchronize to macOS – Use your desktop, laptop, or mobile device Synchronizing data • Data types – Mail – Pictures, music, video – Calendar – Contacts • Data caps and transfer costs – Cellular vs 802.11 – Enable or disable network connections – Control the use of cellular downloads TCP and UDP • Transported inside of IP – Encapsulated by the IP protocol • Two ways to move data from place to place – Different features for different applications • OSI Layer 4 – The transport layer • Multiplexing – Use many different applications at the same time – TCP and UDP 2.1 - Introduction to IP A series of moving vans • Efficiently move large amounts of data – Use a shipping truck • The network topology is the road – Ethernet, DSL, cable system • The truck is the Internet Protocol (IP) – We’ve designed the roads for this truck • The boxes hold your data – Boxes of TCP and UDP • Inside the boxes are more things – Application information Client Server Ethernet Header Ethernet Payload Ethernet Trailer Ethernet Header IP IP Payload Ethernet Trailer Ethernet Header IP TCP TCP Payload Ethernet Trailer Ethernet Header IP TCP HTTP data Ethernet Trailer TCP - Transmission Control Protocol Communication TCP – Transmission Control Protocol • Connection-oriented – A formal connection setup and close • “Reliable” delivery – Recovery from errors – Can manage out-of-order messages or retransmissions • Flow control – The receiver can manage how much data is sent UDP – User Datagram Protocol • Connectionless - No formal open/close to the connection • “Unreliable” delivery – No error recovery – No reordering of data or retransmissions • No flow control – Sender determines the amount of data transmitted UDP - User Datagram Protocol Communication

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    © 2022 Messer Studios, LLC https://www.ProfessorMesser.com Professor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1101 A+ Course Notes - Page 7 2.1 - Introduction to IP (continued) Why would you ever use UDP? • Real-time communication – There’s no way to stop and resend the data – Time doesn’t stop for your network • Connectionless protocols – DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) – TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) Communication using TCP • Connection-oriented protocols prefer a “return receipt” – HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure) – SSH (Secure Shell) • The application doesn’t worry about out of order frames or missing data – TCP handles all of the communication overhead – The application has one job Speedy delivery • The IP delivery truck delivers from one (IP) address to another (IP) address – Every house has an address, every computer has an IP address • Boxes arrive at the house / IP address – Where do the boxes go? – Each box has a room name • Port is written on the outside of the box – Drop the box into the right room Lots of ports • IPv4 sockets – Server IP address, protocol, server application port number – Client IP address, protocol, client port number • Non-ephemeral ports – permanent port numbers – Ports 0 through 1,023 – Usually on a server or service • Ephemeral ports – temporary port numbers – Ports 1,024 through 65,535 – Determined in real-time by the client Port numbers • TCP and UDP ports can be any number between 0 and 65,535 • Most servers (services) use non-ephemeral (not-temporary) port numbers – This isn’t always the case – It’s just a number. • Port numbers are for communication, not security • Service port numbers need to be “well known” • TCP port numbers aren’t the same as UDP port numbers 2.1 - Common Network Ports Port numbers • Well-known port number – Client and server need to match • Important for firewall rules - Port-based security • A bit of rote memorization – Becomes second nature after a while • Make sure you know port number, protocol, and how the protocol is used FTP - File Transfer Protocol • tcp/20 (active mode data), tcp/21 (control) – Transfers files between systems • Authenticates with a username and password – Some systems use a generic/anonymous login • Full-featured functionality - List, add, delete, etc. SSH - Secure Shell • Encrypted communication link - tcp/22 • Looks and acts the same as Telnet Telnet • Telnet – Telecommunication Network - tcp/23 • Login to devices remotely – Console access • In-the-clear communication – Not the best choice for production systems SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol • SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol – Server to server email transfer - tcp/25 • Also used to send mail from a device to a mail server – Commonly configured on mobile devices and email clients • Other protocols are used for clients to receive email – IMAP, POP3 DNS - Domain Name System • Converts names to IP addresses - udp/53 – www.professormesser.com = 162.159.246.164 • These are very critical resources – Usually multiple DNS servers are in production DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol • Automated configuration of IP address, subnet mask and other options - udp/67, udp/68 – Requires a DHCP server – Server, appliance, integrated into a SOHO router, etc. • Dynamic / pooled – IP addresses are assigned in real-time from a pool – Each system is given a lease and must renew at set intervals • DHCP reservation – Addresses are assigned by MAC address in the DHCP server – Manage addresses from one location

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    © 2022 Messer Studios, LLC https://www.ProfessorMesser.com Professor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1101 A+ Course Notes - Page 8 2.1 - Common Network Ports (continued) HTTP and HTTPS • Hypertext Transfer Protocol – Communication in the browser – And by other applications • In the clear or encrypted – Supported by nearly all web servers and clients POP3 / IMAP • Receive emails from an email server – Authenticate and transfer • POP3 - Post office Protocol version 3 – tcp/110 – Basic mail transfer functionality • IMAP4 - Internet Message Access Protocol v4 – tcp/143 – Includes email inbox management from multiple clients • SMB - Server Message Block • Protocol used by Microsoft Windows – File sharing, printer sharing – Also called CIFS (Common Internet File System) • Using NetBIOS over TCP/IP (Network Basic Input/Output System) – udp/137 - NetBIOS name services (nbname) – tcp/139 - NetBIOS session service (nbsession) • Direct over tcp/445 (NetBIOS-less) – Direct SMB communication over TCP without the NetBIOS transport SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol • Gather statistics from network devices – Queries: udp/161 – Traps: udp/162 • v1 – The original – Structured tables – In-the-clear • v2 – A good step ahead – Data type enhancements – Bulk transfers – Still in-the-clear • v3 – A secure standard – Message integrity – Authentication – Encryption LDAP • LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) - tcp/389 • Store and retrieve information in a network directory – Commonly used in Microsoft Active Directory RDP - Remote Desktop Protocol • Share a desktop from a remote location over tcp/3389 • Remote Desktop Services on many Windows versions • Can connect to an entire desktop or just an application • Clients for Windows, macOS, Linux, Unix, iPhone, Android, and others Protocol Port Name Descrip/on FTP tcp/20, tcp21 File Transfer Protocol Sends and receives files between systems SSH tcp/22 Secure Shell Encrypted console access Telnet tcp/23 TelecommunicaCon Network Insecure console access SMTP tcp/25 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Transfer email between mail servers DNS udp/53, tcp/53 Domain Name System Convert domain names to IP addresses DHCP udp/67, udp/68 Dynamic Host ConfiguraCon Protocol Automate the IP address configuraCon process HTTP tcp/80 Hypertext Transfer Protocol Web server communicaCon HTTPS tcp/443 Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure Web server communicaCon with encrypCon POP3 tcp/110 Post Office Protocol version 3 Receive email into a email client IMAP4 tcp/143 Internet Message Access Protocol v4 A newer email client protocol NetBIOS udp/137 NetBIOS name service Register, remove, and find Windows services by name NetBIOS tcp/139 NetBIOS session service Windows connecCon-oriented data transfer SMB tcp/445 Server Message Block Windows file transfers and printer sharing SNMP Query udp/161 Simple Network Management Protocol Gather metrics and manage network devices SNMP Trap udp/162 Simple Network Management Protocol Receive alerts from network devices LDAP tcp/389 Lightweight Directory Access Protocol Directory services RDP tcp/3389 Remote Desktop Protocol Graphical display of remote devices

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