Professor Messer's CompTIA A+ 220-901 and 220-902 Course Notes (2015)

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Professor Messer’sCompTIA 220-1101 Core 1A+ Course NotesJames “Professor” Messerhttp://www.ProfessorMesser.com

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Professor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1101 Core 1 A+ Course NotesWritten by James “Professor” MesserCopyright © 2022 by Messer Studios, LLChttp://www.ProfessorMesser.comAll rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrievalsystem, without written permission from the publisher.First Edition: March 2022This is version 1.2Trademark AcknowledgmentsAll product names and trademarks are the property of their respective owners,and are in no way associated or affiliated with Messer Studios LLC.“Professor Messer” is a registered trademark of Messer Studios LLC.“CompTIA” and “A+” are registered trademarks of CompTIA, Inc.Warning and DisclaimerThis book is designed to provide information about the CompTIA 220-1101 A+ certification exam.However, there may be typographical and/or content errors. Therefore, this book should serve only as ageneral guide and not as the ultimate source of subject information. The author shall have no liability orresponsibility to any person or entity regarding any loss or damage incurred, or alleged to have incurred,directly or indirectly, by the information contained in this book.

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Contents1.0 - Mobile Devices11.1 - Laptop Hardware11.2 - Laptop Displays21.3 - Connecting Mobile Devices31.3 - Mobile Device Accessories41.4 - Cellular Standards41.4 - Mobile Device Connectivity51.4 - Mobile Device Configurations62.0 - Networking62.1 - Introduction to IP62.1 - Common Network Ports72.2 - Network Devices92.2 - Software Defined Networking102.3 - Wireless Network Standards112.3 - Wireless Network Technologies122.4 - Network Services132.5 - IPv4 and IPv6142.5 - Assigning IP Addresses152.6 - DNS Configuration162.6 - DHCP Configuration182.6 - VLANs and VPNs192.7 - Internet Connection Types202.8 - Network Types212.8 - Network Tools213.0 - Hardware223.1 - Network Cables223.1 - Optical Fiber233.1 - 568A and 568B Colors243.1 - Peripheral Cables243.1 - Video Cables263.1 - SATA Device Cables273.1 - SCSI Device Cables273.1 - PATA Drive Cables293.1 - Adapters and Converters293.1 - Copper Connectors303.1 - Fiber Connectors313.2 - An Overview of Memory313.2 - Memory Technologies333.3 - Storage Devices333.3 - RAID343.4 - Motherboard Form Factors35

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3.4 - Motherboard Expansion Slots353.4 - Motherboard Connectors363.4 - Motherboard Compatibility363.4 - The BIOS363.4 - BIOS Settings373.4 - CPU Features383.4 - Expansion Cards383.4 - Cooling393.5 - Computer Power403.6 - Multifunction Devices413.7 - Laser Printers423.7 - Laser Printer Maintenance433.7 - Inkjet Printers443.7 - Inkjet Printer Maintenance443.7 - Thermal Printers443.7 - Thermal Printer Maintenance453.7 - Impact Printers453.7 - Impact Printer Maintenance453.7 - 3D Printers464.0 - Virtualization and Cloud Computing464.1 - Cloud Models464.1 - Cloud Characteristics474.2 - Client-side Virtualization475.0 - Hardware and Network Troubleshooting485.1 - How to Troubleshoot485.2 - Troubleshooting Common Hardware Problems505.3 - Troubleshooting Storage Devices515.4 - Troubleshooting Video and Display Issues525.5 - Troubleshooting Mobile Devices545.6 - Troubleshooting Printers555.7 - Troubleshooting Networks57

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The CompTIA A+ certification requires a broad set of knowledge, and it covers more topics than manyindustry certifications. It’s no surprise that the A+ certification has become one of the most sought-afterindustry certifications by both aspiring technologists and employers.I hope this book helps you with your “last mile” of studies before taking your exam. There’s a lot toremember, and perhaps some of the information in this book will help jog your memory while you’re sittingin the exam room. Best of luck with your studies!- Professor MesserIntroductionStudy TipsExam Preparation•Download the exam objectives,and use them as a master checklist:https://www.ProfessorMesser.com/objectives•Use as many training materials as possible.Books, videos, and Q&A guides can all provide adifferent perspective of the same information.•It's useful to have as much hands-on as possible,especially with network troubleshooting andoperating system command prompts.Taking the Exam•Use your time wisely. You've got 90 minutesto get through everything.•Choose your exam location carefully.Some sites are better than others.•Get there early. Don't stress the journey.•Manage your time wisely.You've got 90 minutes to get through everything.•Wrong answers aren't counted against you.Don't leave any blanks!•Mark difficult questions and come back later.You can answer the questions in any order.The CompTIA A+ CertificationCompTIA’s A+ certification is considered to be the starting point for information technology professionals.Earning the A+ certification requires the completion of two exams and covers a broad range of technologytopics. After earning the CompTIA A+ certification, an A+ certified professional will have an understanding ofcomputer hardware, mobile devices, networking, operating systems, security techniques, and much more.The current series of the A+ certification is based on the successful completion of the 220-1101 and the220-1102 exams. You must pass both exams to earn your CompTIA A+ certification. This book provides a setof notes for the 220-1101 Core 1 exam.The 220-1101 Core 1 examMuch of the 220-1101 exam is about hardware, but that’s only about a third of the overall exam content.You’ll also need to know about networking, mobile devices, and how to troubleshoot all of thesetechnologies.Here’s the breakdown of each domain on the 220-1101 exam:Domain 1.0 - Mobile Devices - 15%Domain 2.0 - Networking - 20%Domain 3.0 - Hardware - 25%Domain 4.0 - Virtualization and Cloud Computing - 11%Domain 5.0 - Hardware and Network Troubleshooting - 29%

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© 2022 Messer Studios, LLChttps://www.ProfessorMesser.comProfessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1101 A+ Course Notes - Page 1Professor Messer’sCompTIA A+220-1101 Course Noteshttp://www.ProfessorMesser.comLaptop hardware•Engineered to precise specifications–A challenging repair•Some laptops are easier to fix than others–An ongoing learning process•Understand the process–The details will vary between laptop manufacturersLaptop batteries•The power source when unplugged–May be easily replaced or require a tear down–Five minutes vs. one hour•Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) and–Lithium-Ion polymer (LiPo) are common–No “memory effect”–Charging the battery diminishes capacity•Different form factor for each laptop–Battery types and styles can vary–Battery technology is changing constantlyLaptop keyboard•The most-used component of the laptop–Can be easy to replace–A few screws and a single ribbon cable–May not always be this simple•Or connect an external USB keyboard–Not very portable, but works in a pinchLaptop keys•Some repairs might require the removal orreplacement of a key cap–This can be a delicate procedure•Check with the manufacturer’s instructions–It’s very easy to accidentally break the key capor the components underneathLaptop memory•Small Outline Dual In-line Memory Module (SO-DIMM)•Memory used in laptops and mobile devices–Often easy to install and replace•Some laptop memory is soldered to the system board–No upgrade available–Requires a full system board replacementLaptop storage•Magnetic disk–Traditional spinning drive platters–2.5 form factors (3.5 inch for desktops)•SSD (Solid-state drive)–All memory, no moving parts–Silent, fast access time, less latency–2.5 inch form factors•M.2–Smaller form factor–No SATA data or power cables–Easy to install and replaceReplacing laptop storage•All internal–Open a cover on the back–Open the entire laptop•Can be very modular–Two screws and the drive slides out•M.2 drives are even easier–One screw - similar to RAM installationMigrating from HDD to SSD•An impressive upgrade–Move from spinning mechanical drive tosolid state memory–It’s almost like getting a new laptop•Install an OS on the SSD–Move user documents between drives–Install any required applications–Can be time consuming•Image/clone the HDD–No OS installation required–Move everything from one to the other•Imaging software needed–Sometimes included with the SSD–Many commercial and open source options•Create an image file - One drive at a time•Drive-to-drive image–Image directly from one drive to the other802.11 wireless and Bluetooth•Wireless network connectivity–Connect without wires•802.11–Local area network (LAN)–High speed, Internet access•Bluetooth–Personal area network (PAN) - Short range–Connect peripherals and other nearby devices1.1 - Laptop Hardware

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© 2022 Messer Studios, LLChttps://www.ProfessorMesser.comProfessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1101 A+ Course Notes - Page 2Biometrics•Sign in or unlock your laptop with afingerprint reader or face recognition–Something you are•Requires additional configuration in the OS–Hardware required for most options•Relatively secure–Faces and fingerprints are quite uniqueNear-field communication (NFC)•Short-distance networking–4 centimeters or less–Data transfers or authentication•Common on mobile phones and smart watches–Payment method on your wrist•Use it for authentication without typing a password–Hospital workstations, warehouses, manufacturing1.1 - Laptop Hardware (continued)Portable LCD•Liquid crystal display–Light shines through liquid crystals•Advantages–Lightweight–Relatively low power–Relatively inexpensive•Disadvantages–Black levels are a challenge–Requires separate backlight–Florescent, LED, etc.–Lights are difficult to replaceLCD technologies•TN (Twisted Nematic) LCD–The original LCD technology–Fast response times (gaming!)–Poor viewing angles - color shifts•IPS (In Plane Switching) LCD–Excellent color representation–More expensive to produce than TN•VA (Vertical Alignment) LCD–A good compromise between TN and IPS–Good color representation–Slower response times than TNOLED•Organic Light Emitting Diode–Organic compound emits light whenreceiving an electric current•Thinner and lighter–Flexible and mobile - no glass needed•No backlight–The organic compound provides the light•Tablets, phones, smart watches–Very accurate color representation–A bit higher cost than LCDWi-Fi antennas•Multiple antennas–WiFi main and aux / Bluetooth•Antenna wires wrap around the laptop screen–It’s up high!1.2 - Laptop DisplaysWebcam•Video capture - Built-in camera and microphone•Usually includes both audio and video–Specialized drivers and softwareMicrophone•Built-in to the laptop display–Useful for video calls•Not good for non-casual use–Analog or USB microphones can helpFluorescent vs. LED backlighting•LED-backlit LCD display–Backlight is LEDs instead of florescent–LEDs around the edge of the screen–An array of LEDs behind the screen–The latest laptops are LED-backlit•CCFL - Cold Cathode–Fluorescent Lamp–Higher voltage and power needed–Added thickness to the display–No longer a common backlight–Older laptops will use theseBacklight and inverter•LCD displays need a backlight–Florescent lamp/LED to LCD display to your eyes•Some laptops have inverters - Turn DC into AC•Verify backlight–Look closely and use a flashlight•May need to replace the LCD inverter or display–Choose carefullyDigitizer•Use a pen-like device as input–Stylus input - Useful for graphical input•Used commonly on laptop / tablets–Or hybrid devicesTouchscreen•Merge laptop and tablet input–Digitizer responds to touch - No keyboard required•But often still available–Many options for input - Use the best one for the job

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© 2022 Messer Studios, LLChttps://www.ProfessorMesser.comProfessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1101 A+ Course Notes - Page 3Connecting mobile devices•Phones and tablets–Many different ways to connect•Wired and wireless connectivity–Standards and options changethrough the years•Used for synchronization, connectivity,backup, and identification–Sometimes simultaneouslyUSB•Universal Serial Bus–High-speed wired communication–Used for charging and data transfers•Micro-USB–A smaller USB connection–Common now worldwide•Older devices may use Mini-USB–Slightly largerUSB-C•24-pin double-sided USB connector–Used for both hosts and devices•Acts as a USB 2.0/3.0/3.1/4 connection–Different signals can use the same connector•Can transmit other signals–DisplayPort, HDMI, ThunderboltLightning•Apple proprietary–8-pin digital signals–iPhone and iPad devices•Some advantages over Micro-USB–Higher power output for phones and tablets–Can be inserted either way–Simpler designSerial interfaces•DB-9 - also called DE-9•Commonly used for RS-232 signals–Recommended Standard 232–An industry standard since 1969•Serial communications standard–Traditionally used for modem connections•Now used as a configuration port–Switches, routers, firewalls, etc–Use a USB to DB-9 converter cable1.3 - Connecting Mobile DevicesNFC•Near Field Communication–Send small amounts of data wirelesslyover a limited area•Built into your phone–Payment systems, transportation,in-personinformation exchange•Access token, identity “card”–Short range with encryption supportBluetooth•High speed communication over short distances–PAN (Personal Area Network)•Connects our mobile devices–Smartphones–Tethering–Headsets and headphones–Health monitors–Automobile and phone integration–Smartwatches–External speakersHotspot•Turn your phone into a WiFi hotspot–Your own personal wireless router–Extend the cellular data networkto all of your devices•Dependent on phone type and provider–May require additional charges and data costsMini-B plugMicro-B plugLightning plugType A plug

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© 2022 Messer Studios, LLChttps://www.ProfessorMesser.comProfessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1101 A+ Course Notes - Page 4Touch pens•Touchscreen pen / touch screen stylus / capacitive stylus–Activate the interface without actually touching it•Handwriting–Note taking, signatures•Precise selection–Easier to see the screenActive stylus•Digital stylus–A more advanced writing tool•The stylus communicates directly to the device–Pressure sensitivity, programmable buttons, etc.•Must be compatible with the tablet–e.g., Apple iPad uses an Apple PencilDrawing pad•Use an active stylus with an external digitizer–Very precise inputTrackpad•Replace the mouse–Useful in tight working areas–Common on laptops•External options–Battery powered–Bluetooth connected•Drag and tap–Or use multiple finger input for right-clicking, zooming,and window control•Enable and disable–Avoid inadvertent mouse clicks and movementsHeadsets•Hands-free audio - Earphones and microphone•Wired–USB connections are common on laptops–Connects to 3.5 mmTRRS (tip-ring-ring-sleeve) connector–Analog audio jack–iPhone can use Lightning port•Wireless - Bluetooth headsetsSpeakers•Mobile audio - Battery powered•Wireless connection - Bluetooth link•Stereo sound - Small packageCamera / webcam•Internal or external–Commonly external on desktops,internal on laptops/tablets/phones•Accessible from multimedia applications,photo utilities,and video conferencing–Real-time video communicationDocking station•Docking station–Use external keyboard and mouse–Extend existing laptop interfaces–Add additional functionality–Desktop adapter cards–Avoid cable issuesPort replicator•Port replicator–Similar to a docking station–Does not commonly have an expansion card option–Usually connects using USB1.3 - Mobile Device AccessoriesCellular networks•Mobile devices–“Cell” phones•Separate land into “cells”–Antenna coverages a cell with certain frequencies•2G networks–GSM - Global System for Mobile Communications–CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access•Poor data support–Originally used circuit-switching–Minor upgrades for some packet-switchingGSM•Global System for Mobile Communications–Mobile networking standard1.4 - Cellular Standards•90% of the market–Originally an EU standard–Worldwide coverage•Used by AT&T and T-Mobile in the United States–Move your SIM card (Subscriber Identity Module) fromphone to phone•Original GSM standard used multiplexing–Everyone gets a little slice of timeCDMA•Code Division Multiple Access–Everyone communicates at the same time–Each call uses a different code–The codes are used to filter each call on the receiving side•Used by Verizon and Sprint–Handsets are controlled by the network provider–Not much adoption elsewhere

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© 2022 Messer Studios, LLChttps://www.ProfessorMesser.comProfessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1101 A+ Course Notes - Page 53G technology•3rd Generation–Introduced in 1998•Upgraded data connectivity over 2G–Incremental 3G updates improved speeds–Usually several megabits per second•Bandwidth improvement allowed new functionality–GPS–Mobile television–Video on demand–Video conferencing4G and LTE•Long Term Evolution (LTE)–A “4G” technology–Converged standard (GSM and CDMA providers)–Based on GSM and EDGE(Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution)–Standard supports download rates of 150 Mbit/s•LTE Advanced (LTE-A)–Standard supports download rates of 300 Mbit/s1.4 - Cellular Standards (continued)5G•Fifth generation cellular networking–Launched worldwide in 2020•Significant performance improvements–At higher frequencies–Eventually 10 gigabits per second–Slower speeds from 100-900 Mbit/s•Significant IoT impact–Bandwidth becomes less of a constraint–Larger data transfers–Faster monitoring and notification–Additional cloud processingUpdates•PRL (Preferred Roaming List) updates–CDMA networks (i.e., Verizon, Sprint)•Allows your phone to connect to the right tower–Can be updated over the air (OTA)Hotspot•Turn your phone into a WiFi hotspot–Your own personal wireless router–Extend the cellular data network to all of your devices•Dependent on phone type and provider–May require additional charges and data costsBluetooth pairing•Connect a Bluetooth device–Built-in security - Use or verify a PIN•Pair the devices one time–Future connections should be automatic•Check with the manufacturer–May prefer a specific sequence–Discoverable mode isn’t always obviousBluetooth pairing process•Enable Bluetooth on both devices–Android and iOS: Settings / Bluetooth•Set devices to discoverable mode–May require key sequence on Bluetooth device•Select discovered device–Many devices may appear!•Enter or confirm PIN–Should be the same on both devices•Test connectivity–Devices should now communicateGPS (Global Positioning System)•Created by the U.S. Department of Defense–Over 30 satellites currently in orbit•Precise navigation - Need to see at least 4 satellites•Determines location based on timing differences–Longitude, latitude, altitude•Mobile device location services and geotracking–Maps, directions–Determine physical location based onGPS, WiFi, and cellular towersMDM (Mobile Device Management)•Manage company-owned and user-owned mobile devices–BYOD - Bring Your Own Device•Centralized management of the mobile devices–Specialized functionality•Set policies on apps, data, camera, etc.–Control the remote device–The entire device or a “partition”•Manage access control–Force screen locks and PINs on these single user devicesMDM configurations•Corporate email configuration–User does not need to configure anything–The MDM makes the changes on the device–Account details, server address, communication method•Two-factor authentication–Require specific authentication types–Biometrics, pseudo-random authentication app•Corporate applications–Allow or restrict app installation–Prevent unauthorized app usage1.4 - Mobile Device Connectivity

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© 2022 Messer Studios, LLChttps://www.ProfessorMesser.comProfessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1101 A+ Course Notes - Page 6Configuring a mobile device•Many settings are preconfigured–Telephone / Text messaging•Email–Everyone handles email services differently–Corporate email configurations can vary•Data synchronization–Based on data rates and speeds–Important for backup and recoveryMicrosoft 365•Outlook, Exchange–Microsoft’s email service–Usually the same for Hotmail and Outlook.com•Authenticate to Microsoft 365–Username, password•Select the items to synchronize–Changes in Outlook will appear on the mobile device•Same process for Google Workspace–Formerly known as G Suite1.4 - Mobile Device ConfigurationsiCloud•Integrated into iOS and iPadOS–Provide an iCloud username and password•Select synchronization options–Extensive customization•Synchronize to macOS–Use your desktop, laptop, or mobile deviceSynchronizing data•Data types–Mail–Pictures, music, video–Calendar–Contacts•Data caps and transfer costs–Cellular vs 802.11–Enable or disable network connections–Control the use of cellular downloadsTCP and UDP•Transported inside of IP–Encapsulated by the IP protocol•Two ways to move data from place to place–Different features for different applications•OSI Layer 4–The transport layer•Multiplexing–Use many different applications at the same time–TCP and UDP2.1 - Introduction to IPA series of moving vans•Efficiently move large amounts of data–Use a shipping truck•The network topology is the road–Ethernet, DSL, cable system•The truck is the Internet Protocol (IP)–We’ve designed the roads for this truck•The boxes hold your data–Boxes of TCP and UDP•Inside the boxes are more things–Application informationClientServerEthernetHeaderEthernet PayloadEthernetTrailerEthernetHeaderIPIP PayloadEthernetTrailerEthernetHeaderIPTCPTCP PayloadEthernetTrailerEthernetHeaderIPTCPHTTP dataEthernetTrailerTCP - Transmission Control Protocol CommunicationTCP – Transmission Control Protocol•Connection-oriented–A formal connection setup and close•“Reliable” delivery–Recovery from errors–Can manage out-of-order messages or retransmissions•Flow control–The receiver can manage how much data is sentUDP – User Datagram Protocol•Connectionless - No formal open/close to the connection•“Unreliable” delivery–No error recovery–No reordering of data or retransmissions•No flow control–Sender determines the amount of data transmittedUDP - User Datagram Protocol Communication

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© 2022 Messer Studios, LLChttps://www.ProfessorMesser.comProfessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1101 A+ Course Notes - Page 72.1 - Introduction to IP (continued)Why would you ever use UDP?•Real-time communication–There’s no way to stop and resend the data–Time doesn’t stop for your network•Connectionless protocols–DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)–TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol)Communication using TCP•Connection-oriented protocols prefer a “return receipt”–HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure)–SSH (Secure Shell)•The application doesn’t worry about out of orderframes or missing data–TCP handles all of the communication overhead–The application has one jobSpeedy delivery•The IP delivery truck delivers from one (IP) address toanother (IP) address–Every house has an address, every computerhas an IP address•Boxes arrive at the house / IP address–Where do the boxes go?–Each box has a room name•Port is written on the outside of the box–Drop the box into the right roomLots of ports•IPv4 sockets–Server IP address, protocol,server application port number–Client IP address, protocol, client port number•Non-ephemeral ports – permanent port numbers–Ports 0 through 1,023–Usually on a server or service•Ephemeral ports – temporary port numbers–Ports 1,024 through 65,535–Determined in real-time by the clientPort numbers•TCP and UDP ports can be any number between0 and 65,535•Most servers (services) use non-ephemeral(not-temporary) port numbers–This isn’t always the case–It’s just a number.•Port numbers are for communication, not security•Service port numbers need to be “well known”•TCP port numbers aren’t the same as UDP port numbers2.1 - Common Network PortsPort numbers•Well-known port number–Client and server need to match•Important for firewall rules - Port-based security•A bit of rote memorization–Becomes second nature after a while•Make sure you know port number, protocol,and how the protocol is usedFTP - File Transfer Protocol•tcp/20 (active mode data), tcp/21 (control)–Transfers files between systems•Authenticates with a username and password–Some systems use a generic/anonymous login•Full-featured functionality - List, add, delete, etc.SSH - Secure Shell•Encrypted communication link - tcp/22•Looks and acts the same as TelnetTelnet•Telnet – Telecommunication Network - tcp/23•Login to devices remotely–Console access•In-the-clear communication–Not the best choice for production systemsSMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol•SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol–Server to server email transfer - tcp/25•Also used to send mail from a device to a mail server–Commonly configured on mobile devices and email clients•Other protocols are used for clients to receive email–IMAP, POP3DNS - Domain Name System•Converts names to IP addresses - udp/53–www.professormesser.com = 162.159.246.164•These are very critical resources–Usually multiple DNS servers are in productionDHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol•Automated configuration of IP address, subnet mask andother options - udp/67, udp/68–Requires a DHCP server–Server, appliance, integrated into a SOHO router, etc.•Dynamic / pooled–IP addresses are assigned in real-time from a pool–Each system is given a lease and must renew at set intervals•DHCP reservation–Addresses are assigned by MAC address in the DHCP server–Manage addresses from one location

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© 2022 Messer Studios, LLChttps://www.ProfessorMesser.comProfessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1101 A+ Course Notes - Page 82.1 - Common Network Ports (continued)HTTP and HTTPS•Hypertext Transfer Protocol–Communication in the browser–And by other applications•In the clear or encrypted–Supported by nearly all web servers and clientsPOP3 / IMAP•Receive emails from an email server–Authenticate and transfer•POP3 - Post office Protocol version 3–tcp/110–Basic mail transfer functionality•IMAP4 - Internet Message Access Protocol v4–tcp/143–Includes email inbox management from multiple clients•SMB - Server Message Block•Protocol used by Microsoft Windows–File sharing, printer sharing–Also called CIFS (Common Internet File System)•Using NetBIOS over TCP/IP(Network Basic Input/Output System)–udp/137 - NetBIOS name services (nbname)–tcp/139 - NetBIOS session service (nbsession)•Direct over tcp/445 (NetBIOS-less)–Direct SMB communication over TCP withoutthe NetBIOS transportSNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol•Gather statistics from network devices–Queries: udp/161–Traps: udp/162•v1 – The original–Structured tables–In-the-clear•v2 – A good step ahead–Data type enhancements–Bulk transfers–Still in-the-clear•v3 – A secure standard–Message integrity–Authentication–EncryptionLDAP•LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) - tcp/389•Store and retrieve information in a network directory–Commonly used in Microsoft Active DirectoryRDP - Remote Desktop Protocol•Share a desktop from a remote location over tcp/3389•Remote Desktop Services on many Windows versions•Can connect to an entire desktop or just an application•Clients for Windows, macOS, Linux, Unix, iPhone,Android, and othersProtocolPortNameDescrip/onFTPtcp/20, tcp21File Transfer ProtocolSends and receives files between systemsSSHtcp/22Secure ShellEncrypted console accessTelnettcp/23TelecommunicaCon NetworkInsecure console accessSMTPtcp/25Simple Mail Transfer ProtocolTransfer email between mail serversDNSudp/53, tcp/53Domain Name SystemConvert domain names to IP addressesDHCPudp/67, udp/68Dynamic Host ConfiguraCon ProtocolAutomate the IP address configuraCon processHTTPtcp/80Hypertext Transfer ProtocolWeb server communicaConHTTPStcp/443Hypertext Transfer Protocol SecureWeb server communicaCon with encrypConPOP3tcp/110Post Office Protocol version 3Receive email into a email clientIMAP4tcp/143Internet Message Access Protocol v4A newer email client protocolNetBIOSudp/137NetBIOS name serviceRegister, remove, and find Windows services by nameNetBIOStcp/139NetBIOS session serviceWindows connecCon-oriented data transferSMBtcp/445Server Message BlockWindows file transfers and printer sharingSNMP Queryudp/161Simple Network Management ProtocolGather metrics and manage network devicesSNMP Trapudp/162Simple Network Management ProtocolReceive alerts from network devicesLDAPtcp/389Lightweight Directory Access ProtocolDirectory servicesRDPtcp/3389Remote Desktop ProtocolGraphical display of remote devices

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