Community-Based Corrections 10th Edition Test Bank

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1. How many people are currently under some form of correctional supervision in the United States?a. 7 millionb. 1.2 millionc. 42 milliond. 5 millionANSWER:aREFERENCES:The Correctional DilemmaLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.3 - 52. The release of an offender under conditions imposed by the court for a specified period of time during which thecourt retains the authority to modify the conditions or to resentence the offender if he or she violates the conditionsis:a. Probationb. Parolec. Mandatory conditional released. Electronic monitoringANSWER:aREFERENCES:The Correctional DilemmaLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 53. ______ refers to any sanction in which offenders serve all or a portion of their entire sentence in the community.a. Community correctionsb. Social justicec. Restorative justiced. Halfway houseANSWER:aREFERENCES:The Correctional DilemmaLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 54. The most common form of community corrections is:a. Boot campb. Community restitutionc. Probationd. ParoleANSWER:cREFERENCES:The Correctional DilemmaLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 55. From the 1930s to the 1970s, _____ was the primary sentencing philosophy in the United States.a. determinate sentencingb. three-strikesc. indeterminate sentencingd. retributionANSWER:cREFERENCES:Indeterminate SentencingLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.3 - 5Page1Chapter_1__An_Overview_of_Community_Corrections__Goals_and_Evidence_Based_Practices

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6. What type of sentence would a judge give an offender under an indeterminate sentencing model?a. 20 yearsb. Lifec. 5 to 10 yearsd. DeathANSWER:cREFERENCES:Indeterminate SentencingLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.3 - 57. Which of the following is NOT considered a determinate sentencing philosophy?a. mandatory minimumsb. truth-in-sentencingc. discretionary paroled. three strikes lawsANSWER:cREFERENCES:Origins of Determinate SentencingLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.3 - 58. Lack of confidence in correctional programming peaked in 1974 when _____ _____ publication concluded that,“with few exceptions, the rehabilitative efforts that have been reported so far had no appreciable effect onrecidivism.”a.Robert Martinson’sb.Andrew von Hirsch’sc.Herbert Packer’sd.James Marquart’sANSWER:aREFERENCES:Indeterminate SentencingLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.3 - 59. Determinate sentencing is often referred to as:a. unconstitutionalb. flat-timec. round timed. a rangeANSWER:bREFERENCES:Origins of Determinate SentencingLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.3 - 510. In 1975, _________ was the first state to return to a philosophy of determinate sentencing.a. Texasb. Mainec. Oklahomad. FloridaANSWER:bREFERENCES:Origins of Determinate SentencingLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.3 - 5Page2Chapter_1__An_Overview_of_Community_Corrections__Goals_and_Evidence_Based_Practices

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11. In determinate sentencing, the range of permissible sentences is determined largely by:a. Legislated statutesb. Treatment goals and objectivesc. Parole boardsd. Boards of pardons and clemencyANSWER:aREFERENCES:Origins of Determinate SentencingLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.3 - 512. _____ require offenders to serve specified portions of their sentence prior to release.a. Three-strikes lawsb. Mandatory minimum sentencing lawsc. Community-based treatmentsd. Faith-based treatment programsANSWER:bREFERENCES:Origins of Determinate SentencingLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.3 - 513. Truth-in-sentencing laws require offenders to serve at least _________ of their original sentence length beforebecoming eligible for release.a. 90%b. 85%c. 75%d. 50%ANSWER:bREFERENCES:Origins of Determinate SentencingLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.3 - 514. The concept that communities are made safer by removing unsafe residents is ingrained in American tradition, butcorrectional policy shifts according to legislators’ perceptions of what the public wants. This relationship is known as:a. The swing of the pendulumb. The enigmac. The revolutiond. The paradoxANSWER:dREFERENCES:The ParadoxLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.2 - 515. Surveys have suggested that adults support prisons that emphasize:a. Rehabilitationb. Retributionc. Deterrenced. RestitutionANSWER:aREFERENCES:The ParadoxLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 5Page3Chapter_1__An_Overview_of_Community_Corrections__Goals_and_Evidence_Based_Practices

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16. A recent national opinion poll indicated that the most well-known alternatives to incarceration are probation, housearrest, and:a. Boot campb. Electronic monitoringc. Day reporting centersd. Shock probationANSWER:cREFERENCES:The ParadoxLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 517. The three main decision points in the corrections system are bail, sentencing, and:a. reentryb. punishmentc. probationd. diversionANSWER:aREFERENCES:The Role of Corrections at Three Major Decision PointsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.1 - 318. (A) _____ is a monetary payment deposited with the court to ensure a defendant's return for the next court date, inexchange for the defendant's release.a. fineb. restitutionc. baild. retributionANSWER:cREFERENCES:Pretrial and the Bail DecisionLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.1 - 319. Any activity or program that is conducted to prepare parolees to return safely to the community and to live as lawabiding citizens is known as:a. Compulsive educationb. Prisoner reentryc. Intensive supervisiond. ParoleANSWER:bREFERENCES:Reentry DecisionLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 520. _____ offer graduated levels of supervision and provide rewards for positive behavior, with gradually lesssupervision when offenders are successful.a. Intermediate sanctionsb. Incarcerative punishmentsc. Indeterminate sentencesd. Restrictive sanctionsANSWER:aREFERENCES:Sentencing DecisionLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 5Page4Chapter_1__An_Overview_of_Community_Corrections__Goals_and_Evidence_Based_Practices

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21. The discretionary release of an offender before the expiration of his or her sentence under conditions established bythe releasing authority is:a. Intensive probationb. Restorative justicec. Paroled. Mandatory conditional releaseANSWER:cREFERENCES:Reentry DecisionLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 522. _____ assumes that offenders who are under community supervision will refrain from committing new crimes ortechnical violations if he or she feels that the costs outweigh the benefits.a. General deterrenceb. Specific deterrencec. Absolute deterrenced. Initial deterrenceANSWER:bREFERENCES:Protecting the Public Through Specific DeterrenceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 523. _____ is focused on crime victims and emphasizes offender responsibility to repair the injustice the offender hascaused. The philosophy is known as:a. Restorative justiceb. Community justicec. Community restitutiond. Social justiceANSWER:aREFERENCES:Restorative JusticeLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 524. Restorative justice is most effective with _____ crimes.a. Drugb. Nonviolentc. Public orderd. SexualANSWER:bREFERENCES:Restorative JusticeLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 525. _____ is a form of corrections that uses current best practices or interventions for which there is consistent andsolid scientific evidence showing that they work to meet intended outcomes is known.a. Evidence-based practiceb. Outcome-based educationc. Evaluative-based practiced. Empirical researchANSWER:aREFERENCES:Evidence-Based Practices in Community CorrectionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 5Page5Chapter_1__An_Overview_of_Community_Corrections__Goals_and_Evidence_Based_Practices

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26. Using an intermediate sanction as a stiffer punishment for offenders who would have ordinarily been sentenced toprobation or other lesser sanctions is known as:a. Community serviceb. Net wideningc. Prison population reductiond. Deferring sentenceANSWER:bREFERENCES:Evaluating EffectivenessLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 527. The most commonly used dependant variable when evaluating the effectiveness of treatment programs is:a. Financial goals and objectivesb. Recidivismc. Restitution collectedd. Number of probationers employedANSWER:bREFERENCES:Outcome Measures in EvaluationLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.1 - 328. Which of the following is often used as a measure of recidivism?a. Rearrestb. Reconvictionc. Reincarcerationd. All of these choicesANSWER:dREFERENCES:Outcome Measures in EvaluationLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 529. The public demands correctional programs that satisfy both _________ and public safety objectives.a. Treatmentb. Punishmentc. Restorationd. CounselingANSWER:bREFERENCES:Outcome Measures in EvaluationLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.2 - 530.Our nation’s crime control policies over the last three decades have resulted in a steady increase of convictedmisdemeanants and felons in the correctional system today.a.Trueb.FalseANSWER:TrueREFERENCES:The Correctional DilemmaLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.3 - 5Page6Chapter_1__An_Overview_of_Community_Corrections__Goals_and_Evidence_Based_Practices

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31. Community corrections are sanctions that may be completed after a defendant serves time in prison.a.Trueb.FalseANSWER:FalseREFERENCES:The Correctional DilemmaLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 532. The most common form of community supervision is probation.a.Trueb.FalseANSWER:TrueREFERENCES:The Correctional DilemmaLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 533. Nearly 3% of the total adult population in the United States is under some form of correctional supervision.a.Trueb.FalseANSWER:TrueREFERENCES:The Correctional DilemmaLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.3 - 534. Until the 1990s, determinate sentencing was the primary sentencing philosophy in the United States.a.Trueb.FalseANSWER:FalseREFERENCES:Indeterminate SentencingLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 535. Robert Martinson found that correctional rehabilitation programs were effective at reducing recidivism.a.Trueb.FalseANSWER:FalseREFERENCES:Indeterminate SentencingLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.3 - 5Page7Chapter_1__An_Overview_of_Community_Corrections__Goals_and_Evidence_Based_Practices

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36. All states have adopted mandatory minimum sentencing laws for certain types of offenses and require that aminimum period of time be served before release can be considered.a.Trueb.FalseANSWER:TrueREFERENCES:Origins of Determinate SentencingLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.3 - 537. Parole is allowed at the federal level.a.Trueb.FalseANSWER:FalseREFERENCES:Indeterminate SentencingLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.3 - 538. The most well-known community-based corrections are probation, house arrest, and electronic monitoring,.a.Trueb.FalseANSWER:TrueREFERENCES:The ParadoxLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.2 - 539. "Redeemability" is convincing the public that offenders can change their ways.a.Trueb.FalseANSWER:TrueREFERENCES:The ParadoxLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.2 - 540. Due to the fiscal crisis, there is growing consensus that jail and prison facilities should be used for the most seriousoffenders.a.Trueb.FalseANSWER:TrueREFERENCES:Prison is ExpensiveLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 5Page8Chapter_1__An_Overview_of_Community_Corrections__Goals_and_Evidence_Based_Practices

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41. Bail is one of the three major decision points in the corrections system.a.Trueb.FalseANSWER:FalseREFERENCES:The Role of Corrections at Three Major Decision PointsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.1 - 342. Pretrial supervision is reserved for those who have not yet been convicted.a.Trueb.FalseANSWER:TrueREFERENCES:Pretrial and the Bail DecisionLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.1 - 343. Less than half of all prisoners will ever be released from prison.a.Trueb.FalseANSWER:FalseREFERENCES:Reentry DecisionLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.1 - 344. Parole is used for offenders who have not yet been convicted.a.Trueb.FalseANSWER:FalseREFERENCES:ParoleLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.2 - 545. In contrast to mainstream criminal justice that is focused on the punishment of the offender, restorative justice iscentered on the victim throughout the process and emphasizes the offender’s responsibility to repair the injustice andwrong caused to the victim.a.Trueb.FalseANSWER:TrueREFERENCES:Restorative JusticeLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 5Page9Chapter_1__An_Overview_of_Community_Corrections__Goals_and_Evidence_Based_Practices

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46. Specific deterrence attempts to deter the general public.a.Trueb.FalseANSWER:FalseREFERENCES:Protecting the Public Through Specific DeterrenceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 547.“Evidencebased practices” means using the experience and opinions of individuals in the field who have supervisedcaseloads for a long time to decide the impact a program has on participants.a.Trueb.FalseANSWER:FalseREFERENCES:Evidence-Based Practices in Community CorrectionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 548.“Net Widening” results in a cost increase instead of a cost savings.a.Trueb.FalseANSWER:TrueREFERENCES:Evaluating EffectivenessLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 549. Recidivism can be measured as re-arrest, reconviction, or re-incarceration.a.Trueb.FalseANSWER:TrueREFERENCES:Outcome Measures in EvaluationLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.1 - 350. The release of a convicted offender under conditions imposed by the court for a specified period of time duringwhich the court retains the authority to modify the conditions or to resentence the offender if he or she violates theconditions is known as __________.ANSWER:probationREFERENCES:The Correctional DilemmaLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 551. Community service, house arrest, day fines, and boot camps are examples of ____________________.ANSWER:intermediate sanctionsREFERENCES:The Correctional DilemmaLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 5Page10Chapter_1__An_Overview_of_Community_Corrections__Goals_and_Evidence_Based_Practices

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52. _____ sentencing provides a range of punishments and allows the parole board to determine when an offender hasbeen rehabilitated.ANSWER:IndeterminateREFERENCES:Indeterminate SentencingLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.5 - 453. _____ became the first state to return to a determinate sentencing structure.ANSWER:MaineREFERENCES:Origins of Determinate SentencigLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.3 - 554. A "flat sentence" is the same as a _____ sentence.ANSWER:determinateREFERENCES:The Origins of Determinate SentencingLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.3 - 555. The three main decision points in the corrections system are bail, sentencing, and _____.ANSWER:reentryREFERENCES:The Role of Corrections at Three Major Decision PointsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.3 - 556. Examples of ___________ sentencing policies include mandatory minimums, truth in sentencing, three strikes laws,and sentencing guidelines.ANSWER:determinateREFERENCES:Origins of Determinate SentencingLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.3 - 557. Correctional policy is in many ways a ____________, because it shifts according to the tide of public perceptionand what is important to vocal constituents and public interest groups.ANSWER:paradoxREFERENCES:The ParadoxLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.2 - 558. __________ is a monetary payment deposited with the court to ensure the return of a defendant charged with acrime.ANSWER:bailREFERENCES:Pretrial and the Bail DecisionLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.1 - 3Page11Chapter_1__An_Overview_of_Community_Corrections__Goals_and_Evidence_Based_Practices

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59. Correcting an inadequacy of an offender is known as _____.ANSWER:rehabilitationREFERENCES:Rehabilitation through Risk/Need/ResponsivityLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.1 - 360. The _____ assumes at a basic level that offender compliance and active participation are integral to the offender'sown success on community supervision.ANSWER:participation process modelREFERENCES:An Integrated Theory of Community Supervision: The Participation Process ModelLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 561. Any activity or program to prepare parolees to return safely to the community is called_______________________.ANSWER:prisoner reentryREFERENCES:Reentry DecisionLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 562. The philosophy and sanction of allowing the offender to remain in the community with the responsibility of repairingthe injustice caused to the victim is ___________________.ANSWER:restorative justiceREFERENCES:Restorative JusticeLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 563. ___________________________is using current best practices or interventions for which there is consistent andsolid scientific evidence showing that they work to meet the intended outcomes.ANSWER:Evidence-based practicesREFERENCES:Evidence-Based Practices in Community CorrectionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 564. Return to criminal behavior, usually measured as either rearrest, reconviction, or reincarceration is called__________.ANSWER:recidivismREFERENCES:Evaluating EffectivenessLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.3 - 5Page12Chapter_1__An_Overview_of_Community_Corrections__Goals_and_Evidence_Based_Practices

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65.What does a “continuum of sanctions” mean in the sentencing process? If you were a judge, how would you applythis continuum?ANSWER:Figure 1.1 shows the wide variety of community-based sanctions available, includingresidential programs (e.g., halfway houses and therapeutic communities), economicsanctions (e.g., restitution, fines, and forfeitures), and nonresidential or outpatientoptions (e.g., probation, parole, and electronic monitoring). As a judge, I would applythis continuum by comparing the risks and needs presented by the offender to theability of the chosen sanction to control the risk and meet the needs. At the mostrestrictive\punitive end of the continuum, I would reserve institutional corrections onlyfor those offenses warranting retributive sentencing or to prevent any further crime bythe offender until programming could be completed addressing the needs of theoffender that would serve to diminish the probability of future criminal acts. As thedegree of risk and severity of needs decrease, the sanction chosen from the continuumwould be reduced commensurately all the way down to regular probation.REFERENCES:The Correctional DilemmaLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.5 - 466. What recent factors have contributed to correctional growth?ANSWER:Box 1.1 shows the latest government statistics regarding the number of peoplecurrently on some form of correctional supervision. As of December 31, 2006 therewere 4.2 million offenders on probation, and nearly 800,000 on parole, which isconsiderably more than the 2.3 million offenders incarcerated in jail and prison. Overthe last 7 years, there was an average increase of 2.4 percent of prisoners and 1.7percent of those on community supervision each year in the corrections system(Bonczar 2008; Glaze & Bonczar 2008). The number of female offenders has grownas well, although women have always been underrepresented in the criminal justicesystem in comparison to their numbers in the general population. Sources say that inthe last 15 years, the number of women on probation and parole has doubled. Whilethis sounds like a lot, women still comprise only 12 percent of all parolees and 23percent of probationers today.Although the increase is showing signs of slowing down some, the rise of convictedoffenders is directly related to a number of factors including: changes in sentencinglaws, an increase of probation and parole violators returning to prison, a decreased rateof release on discretionary parole, and differential police responses to drug offenses(Beck 2000).REFERENCES:The Correctional DilemmaLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.2 - 5Page13Chapter_1__An_Overview_of_Community_Corrections__Goals_and_Evidence_Based_Practices

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67.What is the value in public opinion poll research compared to social science research?ANSWER:Public opinion research on sentencing preferences demonstrated higher validity whenthe public was given diverse sentencing options and adequate information, such asprogram descriptions and detailed information about an offense or an offender.However, readers are cautioned that exposure to information may have only short-termeffects rather than lasting effects, since many beliefs about crime and punishment arebased on emotional rather than rational arguments (Maruna and King, 2008). Thisreliance on emotional reactions may lead to temporary increases in funding forparticular programs, policies, or sanctions. However, it may also lead to thecontinuance of having punishments that do not achieve the desired outcomes. A goodexample is three-strikes legislation that has not always resulted in removing only themost serious offenders from society. Conversely, valid social science researchremoves the emotional response and measures the degree of effectiveness ofprograms based on the program’s ability to achieve desired outcomes/goals.REFERENCES:The ParadoxLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.5 - 468.Will evidence-based practices (EBP) be just another passing fad?ANSWER:Decreasing risk, increasing rehabilitation, and restorative justice are importantcomponents in changing offenders’ attitudes and behaviors, leading to the prevention offuture criminal behavior. Part of the challenge therein, lies in public recognition of theimportance that community corrections serves to increase public safety and in themethod of choice for those who break the law. One of the ways to accomplish such animage change is through evidence-based practices. EBP is not based on intuition,speculation, anecdotal evidence, or tradition (e.g., “that’s the way we’ve always done itaround here”).Rather, EBP is grounded in empirical data and research in studying what works. Theidea behind EBP in corrections is that agencies should use only the most successfulprograms. The programs that are the best are effective in changing offender behavior—whether that behavior is reducing rearrest, reducing technical violations, increasingthe number of drug free days, or the number of days offender is working or employedwhile on supervision. Each goal will need a way to be measure empirically—meaningaccurate data needs to be recorded electronically for later evaluation. To the extentthat EPB is successful in describing programs that work and reduce crime and fear ofcrime then it will be accepted. However, in the past the public has relied uponrecidivism as the variable that comes to their minds when discussing success. Ifrecidivism is not reduced then it is possible that EPB will not be accepted on a longterm basis.REFERENCES:Evidence-Based Practices in Community CorrectionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.5 - 4Page14Chapter_1__An_Overview_of_Community_Corrections__Goals_and_Evidence_Based_Practices

1. Contemporary probation was the result of effort in England and the US to:a. avoid harsh corporal punishmentsb. ensure the capture of a greater number of offendersc. maximize punishment and retributiond. coordinate community corrections efforts with parole programsANSWER:aREFERENCES:Precursors to American ProbationLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.1 - 32. In early British criminal law, punishments consisted primarily of:a. Prisonb. Jailc. Corporal punishmentd. FinesANSWER:cREFERENCES:Precursors to American ProbationLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.1 - 33. In early British criminal law, a/n _____ was a monetary penalty imposed arbitrarily at the discretion of a court for anoffense.a. amercementb. filingc. suretyd. motion to quashANSWER:aREFERENCES:Precursors to American ProbationLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.1 - 34. The case of _____ is often cited as an example of the early use of release on recognizance.a.Roper v. Simmonsb.Commonwealth v. Chasec.Gideon v. Wainwrightd.In re GaultANSWER:bREFERENCES:Procedures Related to Modern ProbationLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.1 - 35. Security for good behavior is similar to modern day:a. bailb. finesc. day finesd. restitutionANSWER:aREFERENCES:Precursors to American ProbationLEARNING OBJECTIVES:COBC.ALAR.13.1 - 3Page1Chapter_2__How_Probation_Developed__Chronicling_Its_Past_and_Present

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