Fundamentals of Research in Criminology and Criminal Justice Third Edition Test Bank

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Bachman, Fundamentals of Research in Criminology and Criminal Justice 3rd Edition1. Kara interviews five drug users and discovers that four regularly carry weapons. Based onthis information, she argues that drug users are more likely to carry weapons than others.This is an example of:a. Careful observationb. Systematic reasoning*c. Overgeneralizationd. Selective reasoninge. Inadequate generalization2. A school board member feels that delinquent youths lack access to services that mighthelp them, so he conducts a study to identify what is available and what areas need moreattention. This study is mostly driven by:*a. Policy motivationsb. Personal motivationsc. Academic motivationsd. Both A and Be. Both B and C3. Examining the effect of a drug court program on offenders' drug use is an example of:

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a. Descriptive researchb. Exploratory researchc. Academic researchd. Explanatory research*e. Evaluation research4. A researcher wants to observe the social structure of a youth gang. When collecting data,she is most likely to use what type of method?a. Quantitative*b. Qualitativec. Experimentald. Explanatorye. Evaluation5. A criminal justice student and volunteer for Big Brothers/Big Sisters is about to conduct astudy of at-risk youth. She is most likely working from:a. Policy motivationsb. Personal motivationsc. Academic motivationsd. Both A and B*e. Both B and C6. Evaluation research usually emerges from:

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*a. Policy motivationsb. Personal motivationsc. Academic motivationsd. Both A and Be. Both B and C7. Which of the following is not true?a. Quantitative data is usually numericalb. Qualitative data usually focuses on words instead of numbers*c. Quantitative and qualitative methods are mutually exclusived. Quantitative methods are often used for explanation, description, or evaluatione. Qualitative methods are often used to develop a better understanding of a situation8. What type of research is concerned with the meaning participants attribute to theiractions?a. Descriptive*b. Exploratoryc. Explanatoryd. Evaluatione. Policy9. Examining media to determine attitudes towards school safety policies is an example of:

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a. Participant observationb. Intensive interviewing*c. Content analysisd. Crime mappinge. Selective observation10. Exploratory research is generally concerned with:*a. Uncovering detailed information about a given phenomenonb. Documenting the existence of causal relationshipsc. Exploring the effect of social programsd. Questions derived from personal motivationse. Questions derived from academic motivations11. Studying the relationship between teenage abuse of animals and later perpetration ofdomestic violence is an example of:a. Descriptive research*b. Explanatory researchc. Exploratory researchd. Evaluation researche. Academic research12. Research shows that most criminals are poor. Many people think, therefore, that mostpoor people are criminals. This is an example of:

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a. Overgeneralizationb. Systematic reasoningc. Selective observationd. Resistance to change*e. Illogical reasoning13. Not questioning your professors about the accuracy of their statements could be anexample of:a. Illogical reasoning*b. Resistance to changec. Overgeneralizationd. Selective observatione. Inaccurate observation14. Which of the following best describes an example of descriptive research about youthgang members?a. A study aimed at determining how relationships develop between gang membersb. A study focusing on the meanings that gang members assign to their group*c. A study examining who gang members are and what their activities ared. A study describing the effect of the drug trade on the formation of gangse. A study focused on the effects of social networks and gang membership

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15. An individual is told that an auto-manufacturing company has changed its business planto make quality vehicles, but he refuses to believe this because he has had poor experienceswith this company's vehicles in the past. This is an example of:a. Illogical reasoningb. Overgeneralization*c. Resistance to changed. Selective observation16. Which of the following is not an example of qualitative research methods?a. Interviewsb. Participant observationc. Focus groups*d. Statistical analysis17. A researcher uses three different research methods to study a research question. This isan example of:*a. Triangulationb. Phenomenologyc. Sociologyd. Qualitative research18. In order to study the effect of television on an audience, a student watches old TV showsand compares them to new ones. This is an example of:

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a. Historical events research*b. Content analysisc. Codified researchd. Triangulation19. A student hands out questionnaires to other students in order to learn about studentviews on a new university policy. This is an example of what kind of research?a. Experimentb. Quasi-experiment*c. Surveyd. Participant observation20. Which of the following is an example of quantitative research methods?a. Intensive interviewingb. Participant observationc. Complete observation*d. None of the above21. Which of the following is not a standard motivation for criminological research?a. Academicb. Personal

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c. Policy*d. Professional22. When studying the social world it is easy to avoid making errors in logic when we areconsciously involved.a. True*b. False23. Personal motivations are valid motives for criminological research.*a. Trueb. False24. Social science research should be quantitative or qualitative; it cannot be both.a. True*b. False25. A certain degree of devotion to tradition is necessary and desirable for the predictablefunctioning of society.*a. Trueb. False

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26. Ego-based commitments are a necessary part of personal research motivations.a. True*b. False27. Using social science research methods can eliminate the possibility of overgeneralizationand other everyday errors in reasoning.a. True*b. False28. An experiment is the most versatile type of method.a. True*b. False29. The goal of validity has been achieved when our conclusions about empirical reality arecorrect.*a. Trueb. False30. Measurement validity can be described as when a measure can be applied to thepopulation studied and the population we wish to generalize to.

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a. True*b. False31. Cross-population validity refers to being able to generalize findings about one group toanother group, setting or population.*a. Trueb. False32. An authentic understanding of a social process is one that conforms to the beliefs of amajority of people.a. True*b. False33. The primary focus of _____________ research is to define and describe socialphenomena.Correct Answer(s):a. descriptive34. _____________ research seeks to determine the effects of social programs.

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Correct Answer(s):a. evaluation35. _____________ is the combination of methodologies to answer a research question.Correct Answer(s):a. triangulation36. Using census data to study aspects of the American population is an example of_____________.Correct Answer(s):a. secondary data analysis37. _____________ should be avoided so that we do not look only at things that are in linewith our preferences or beliefs.Correct Answer(s):a. selective observation38. A research design method known as _____________ involves directly participating in theactivity being observed and developing a sustained relationship with people while they goabout their normal activities.Correct Answer(s):

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a. participant observation39. When we prematurely jump to conclusions or argue on the basis of invalid assumptions,we are using _____________.Correct Answer(s):a. illogical reasoning40. When we conclude that what we know to be true for some cases is true for all cases, weare likely to make a(n) _____________.Correct Answer(s):a. overgeneralization41. The study of individuals, societies, and social processes, using the systematic methods isknown as the study of __________.Correct Answer(s):a. social science42. By requiring that phenomena are measures and sampled systematically we can reducethe risk of __________.Correct Answer(s):a. selective or inaccurate observation

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43. If a research question begins with "How many people...?" the type of research mostlikely is __________.Correct Answer(s):a. descriptive44. If a research question begins with "Why do people...?" the type of research most likely is__________.Correct Answer(s):a. explanatory45. Research that utilizes data made up of numbers or attributes that can be ordered interms of magnitude is considered _____________ research.Correct Answer(s):a. quantitative46. _____________ exists when a measure actually measures what we think it does.Correct Answer(s):a. measurement validity

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47. _____________ exists when a conclusion based on a sample of a larger population holdtrue for that population; _____________ exists with those conclusions hold true for otherpopulations.Correct Answer(s):a. sample generalizability; cross-population generalizability48. Define overgeneralization, selective observation, and illogical reasoning. Provide anexample of each and how each might be avoided through the use of social science methods.Correct Answer:varies49. Explain the differences between quantitative and qualitative research methods. Be sureto address the types of data collection commonly used and the areas of research to whichthey could be applied.Correct Answer:varies50. Explain the differences between descriptive, exploratory, explanatory, and evaluationresearch. Provide an example of each.Correct Answer:varies

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51. Write a brief explanation of the concept of validity and its three dimensions. If you werestudying the effect of violence in the media and aggression levels in children, what concernswould you have regarding the three dimensions of validity?Correct Answer:varies52. Describe the three different motivations for research discussed in the text and providean example of a research project that might be motivated by each.Correct Answer:varies53. Briefly describe at least four different types of social research methods and identify aresearch project that might be explored for each one.Correct Answer:varies

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