Solution Manual for Practical Crime Scene Processing and Investigation, 2nd Edition

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MANUAL FORbyPractical Crime SceneProcessing and InvestigationSecond EditionRoss GardnerTEXTBOOK GUIDE

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iiiTable of ContentsPrefaceSection 1- Chapter SupportChapter 1 – IntroductionLearning ObjectivesChapter Questions and AnswersSuggested Practical ExercisesSuggested Exam Questions and AnswersChapter 2 Understanding the Nature of Physical EvidenceLearning ObjectivesChapter Questions and AnswersSuggested Practical ExercisesSuggested Exam Questions and AnswersChapter 3 Actions of the Initial Responding OfficerLearning ObjectivesChapter Questions and AnswersSuggested Practical ExercisesSuggested Exam Questions and AnswersChapter 4 Processing MethodologyLearning ObjectivesChapter Questions and AnswersSuggested Practical ExercisesSuggested Exam Questions and AnswersChapter 5 Assessing the SceneLearning ObjectivesChapter Questions and AnswersSuggested Practical ExercisesSuggested Exam Questions and AnswersChapter 6 Crime Scene PhotographyLearning ObjectivesChapter Questions and AnswersSuggested Practical ExercisesSuggested Exam Questions and Answers

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ivChapter 7 Crime Scene Sketching and MappingLearning ObjectivesChapter Questions and AnswersSuggested Practical ExercisesSuggested Exam Questions and AnswersChapter 8 Narrative Descriptions: Crime Scene Notes and ReportsLearning ObjectivesChapter Questions and AnswersSuggested Practical ExercisesSuggested Exam Questions and AnswersChapter 9 Basic Skills for Crime Scene ProcessingLearning ObjectivesChapter Questions and AnswersSuggested Practical ExercisesSuggested Exam Questions and AnswersChapter 10 Shooting Scene Documentation and ReconstructionLearning ObjectivesChapter Questions and AnswersSuggested Practical ExercisesSuggested Exam Questions and AnswersChapters 11 Applying Bloodstain Pattern Analysis in the Crime SceneLearning ObjectivesChapter Questions and AnswersSuggested Practical ExercisesSuggested Exam Questions and AnswersChapter 12 The Body as a Crime SceneLearning ObjectivesChapter Questions and AnswersSuggested Exam Questions and AnswersChapters 13 Special Scene ConsiderationsLearning ObjectivesChapter Questions and AnswersSuggested Practical ExercisesSuggested Exam Questions and AnswersChapters 14 The Role of Crime Scene Analysis and ReconstructionLearning ObjectivesChapter Questions and AnswersSuggested Practical ExercisesSuggested Exam Questions and Answers

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vSection 2 – Practical ExercisesPractical 2-3 Glass FracturesPractical 5-1 Choosing a Crime Scene Search Pattern\Practical 7-1 Interior Crime Scene Mapping MethodsPractical 7-2 Exterior Crime Scene Mapping MethodsPractical 8-3 Narrative DescriptionsPractical 11-2 Recognizing Bloodstain Patterns

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viChapter 1 - IntroductionLearning Objectives•Identify the purpose of crime scene processing.•Identify the five basic objectives of policing.•Identify and discuss which of these objectives affect crime scene investigation.•Define and discuss what is meant by “the interpretive value of evidence”.•Identify and discuss the five basic ingredients of good crime scene processing.•Identify and provide an example of each of the three basic threats to crime sceneintegrity.•Discuss the importance of investigative ethics to the criminal justice system.Chapter Questions and Answers1.What is the basic goal of crime scene processing?Answer: To recover physical evidence and document the scenes condition andcontext in as pristine a condition as is possible.2.The police utilize five basic objectives in seeking their goals of preventing crimeand disorder and protecting the life and liberty of their citizens. Which two of thefive objectives are more closely related to the crime scene investigation and why?Answer: Crime repression and the protection of personal liberties. Police

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viiinvestigators are charged with establishing the truth in an effort to identify andapprehend criminals. Their methods however must be consistent with the law.3.Why is physical evidence more objective than testimonial evidence such as eye-witness accounts?Answer: Physical evidence will never lie. It can be misinterpreted,misunderstood, but unlike testimonial evidence it is real and tangible. Peoplehowever, may testify with personal, criminal or unconscious agendas.4.The interpretive value of evidence is a function of what?Answer: The interpretive value of evidence is a function of time and the item’ssurroundings. It is the context in which we find the evidence.5.Rynearson and Chisum identified five ways in which context manifests itself inthe crime scene, what are they?Answer: Predictable effects, unpredictable effects, transitory effects, relationaldetail and functional detail.6.Bevel and Gardner defined four questions that the investigator should ask aboutevidence, what are they?

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viiiAnswer: What is it?What function did it serve? What does it tell us abouttiming and sequencing aspects? What interrelationships does it hold to otherevidence.7.Describe and explain the forensic linkage triangle.Answer:The forensic linkage triangle consists of the suspect(s), victim(s) andscene(s). Physical evidence serves to connect or show a link between any two ofthese components.8.Any good crime scene examination requires five key ingredients, what are they?Answer: The knowledge of what the crime scene technician is attempting to do.The skills and tools necessary to do that. The application of a methodicalapproach, combined with both flexibility and coordination between all partiesinvolved.9.Describe and explain the three crime scene integrity issues which the investigatorconsiders.Answer: The addition of material in the scene. This is the creation of postincident artifacts, which if unrecognized may create false leads and conclusions.

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ixThe destruction of material in the scene. This is the complete loss of an item’sevidentiary value. The movement of material in the scene. This results inchanging the context in which we fid the evidence, resulting in false conclusions.10.What is the standard that the investigator uses when pursuing a solution to crimeand why is this standard necessary?Answer: The investigators goal is to investigate to a standard of beyond areasonable doubt.Suggested Practical Exercises1.Ethics in Forensics. Have students research the names Fred Zane and JoyceGilchrist on the Internet and then lead a discussion on the ethical issues related tothe controversy surrounding each individual.2.Testimonial versus Physical Evidence. Have students look for examples fromlocal papers or national news in which physical evidence played a significant rolein refuting testimonial evidence. Discuss the cases in class to highlight thedifferences between the two types of evidence.3.Crime Scene Threats. Look for video examples from reality police televisionshows where the crime scene is disturbed, then have students identify instanceswhere the three scene threats appear.

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xFromCrime Scene Processing and Investigation Workbook, by C. Ramirez and C. Parish-Fisher.4.Exercise 1-1 CSI Effect5.Exercise 1-2 Evaluating the Interpretive Value of Evidence.Suggested Exam Questions and Answers1.True or False? The analysis and evaluation of physical evidence is flawless whencompared to testimonial evidence.Answer: False. Physical evidence does not lie, but it can be misinterpreted.2.Fill in the blank.The interpretive value of evidence is a function ofandthe item’s surroundings.Answer: Time.3.Multiple Choice. A stove burner that is on in a crime scene is an example of:a. A predictable effect.b. A functional detail.c. A relational detail.d. None of the above.Answer: A functional detail.4.Multiple Choice. The three scene integrity issues are:a. Addition, destruction and loss of material in the scene.b. Addition, destruction and movement of material in the scene.c. Addition, creation of post incident artifacts and corruption of material in thescene.d. None of the above.Answer: B. Addition, destruction and movement of material in the scene.5.True of False.The only agenda a crime scene investigator has is the desire todetermine the truth regarding what transpired in the scene and who was involved.

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xiAnswer. True6.True or False. An example of an unpredictable effect is the movement of aweapon in the crime scene by a first responder, which remains unreported andunrecognized by the crime scene team.Answer: True.7.True or False.Flexibility, as an ingredient of good crime scene examinationmeans the ability to confront odd or unique situations with novel ideas or tohandle contradictory and competing needs at the scene without reverting to merearbitrary compliance with a checklist.Answer: True.8.Multiple Choice.The forensic linkage triangle considers evidence in relation towhich of the following?a. Suspect(s), victim(s) and motive(s).b. Suspect(s), victim(s) and scene(s).c. Scene(s), opportunity and motive(s).d. None of the above.Answer: B. Suspect(s), victim(s) and scene(s).Essay Questions:What master does the crime scene investigator serve and why is this so important to theadministration of justice?Major Points:•The crime scene investigator serves his community and has only one master, thetruth.•If they allow other agendas to take precedence, then justice can becomesubjective.Describe the primary attributes that make physical evidence and testimonial evidencedifferent.Major Points:

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xii•No matter how well meaning it may be when offered, testimonial evidence isbased on perceptions by individuals.•Perceptions can color the testimony without the individual knowing it.•Individuals can also alter testimony with specific purpose.•Physical evidence is tangible and real, no one can argue its existence.•Physical evidence can certainly be misinterpreted, but because it is real, other canview it, re-evaluate it and recognize associated interpretation issues.

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xiiiChapter 2 – Understanding the Nature of Physical EvidenceLearning Objectives•Identify and discuss the major forensic evidence disciplines.•Describe the differences between class and individual characteristic evidence.•Define and give an example of mechanical fit.•Describe the interrelationship and interdependency of crime scene processing andforensic analysis at the crime laboratory.Chapter Questions and Answers1.Describe the differences between class and individual characteristics of evidence.Answer: A class characteristic allows an item to be compared to a group of itemsand either included or excluded from the group. An individual characteristicallows an item to be compared to another item and excluded or identified ashaving come from the item.2.Of the available methods for DNA analysis, which is the best for individualizationin forensic work and why?Answer: Small Tandem Repeats (STR). STR technology allows highdiscrimination with small stains.

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xiv3.Describe how tape is used to collect hair and fiber evidence at the crime scene.Answer: The investigator removes a strip of wide tape, 8 -10 inches in length.Using a repetitive dabbing motion, they collect loose fibers and hairs from asurface by placing the adhesive side of the tape in contact with the surface.4.When evaluating glass fractures for direction of force, which fragments can beused in the evaluation?Answer: Fragments associated to primary radial fractures found with in the innerconcentric fracture.5.How is paint layering used to differentiate two paint samples, such as whencomparing a paint sample from a hit and run to a suspect vehicle?Answer: The specific layers and sequence of paint, the depth of the layers (e.g.various primers, color, clear coat layers) allow at the very least a class comparisonand in some instances may offer the opportunity for an individual comparison.6.Comparison of soil samples is based on environmental variations from onesample to the next. What are some of the most significant forms of environmentalvariation?

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xvAnswer: Plant pollens allow the most significant form of environmental variationfor soil sample comparison.7.How would evaluating crime scene evidence involving a pistol differ from thatinvolving a revolver?Answer: The presence or absence of casings in and of itself may suggest thenature of the weapon (pistol versus revolver), since pistols eject casings into thescene and revolvers do not. The casings then provide additional informationpertaining to the nature of the weapon that fired them.8.Rifling refers to what two manufactured components of a barrel?Answers: The lands and grooves manufactured into the barrel of a rifle orhandgun are referred to as rifling.9.How are bullets marked for evidence and why?Answer: To prevent inadvertently damaging microscopic marks on the surface ofthe bullet which might lead to individualization, bullet and bullet fragments arenot marked. They are containerized and the container marked.

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xvi10.Of the two methods used to collect tool mark evidence (collection of the entireitem or casting of the mark) which is better and why?Answer: Seizing the original evidence by either taking the item or by cutting thearea containing the tool mark is the best method of recovery. Casting of the markis a viable and functional method of recovery, but does not always result inrecovering all of the microscopic variations present in the tool mark.11.What is the most significant class characteristic in shoe mark examinations andwhy?Answer: Tread design is the most significant class characteristic in shoe markexaminations. The level of variation present from one shoe to the next issignificant. Databases exist from which the shoe mark examiner can oftenidentify not only the brand but in some cases the specific model of the shoe.12.What containers are used to collect fire scene evidence, in which accelerants arebelieved to be present?Answer: Unlined clean paint cans and arson bags.13.In terms of a forensic analysis, what is the difference between a forged writingand a traced writing?

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