Test Bank for Young Offenders and Youth Justice: A Century After the Fact, 5th Edition

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1Chapter 1: The Rise and Fall of DelinquencyMULTIPLE CHOICE1.Which of the following is MOSTsignificant to those who study “the politics of youthcrime”?a.parliamentary discussions surrounding youth crime and justice reformb.political parties’ positions on young offenders and juvenile justicec.public concerns about the effectiveness of the youth justice systemd.the amount of coverage devoted to youth crime in the media and public discourseANS: DPTS: 1REF: 3BLM: Remember2.What did the “law-and-order” proponents of the 1995 Reform of the YOA argue?a.that the YOA was effectively controlling youth crimeb.that economic, social, and political realities required examinationc.that both youth and the YOA were problemsd.that offending youth should not be identifiedANS: CPTS: 1REF: 6-7BLM: Remember3.Which of the following statements is a law-and-order proponent most likely to support?a.Government policies need to address poverty and youth unemployment.b.The problems experienced by youth are more concerning than youth crime.c.Adults need protection from youth who are accused of committing crimes.

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2d.Rehabilitation is best achieved by keeping youth out of institutions.ANS: CPTS: 1REF: 6-7BLM:Higher Order4.The “Nunn Commission” was a public inquiry held as result of which case?a.Kristen Frenchb.Reena Virkc.Theresa McEvoyd.Stefanie RengelANS: CPTS: 1REF: 7-8BLM: Remember5.According to the text, what do crime statistics as far back as 1885 indicate about youthinvolvement in criminal activity?a.They were never involved in criminal activity until after World War II.b.They have always been involved in criminal activity; including serious violentcrimes.c.They were never involved in criminal activity to the same extent as adults until afterthe YOA was implemented.d.They have always been involved in criminal activity, but did not become involved inviolent crime until after the YOA was implemented.ANS: BPTS: 1REF: 9BLM:Remember6.How was youth crime viewed in the Victorian era?a.an issue of morality

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3b.a problem caused by immigrationc.a result of children and youths’ marginalized status in societyd.caused by the freedom and independence of young people in the New WorldANS: APTS: 1REF: 13-18BLM:Remember7.Which of the following statements is true regarding the institutionalized youth populationof the 19th century compared to today?a.A higher percentage of imprisoned youth were boys.b.A higher percentage of imprisoned youth were girls.c.A lower percentage of imprisoned youth were girls.d.A similar percentage of imprisoned youth were boys.ANS: BPTS: 1REF: 15BLM: Remember8.Which were the first two youth specific institutions built in Canada after the passage ofthe 1857 Act for Establishing Prisons for Young Offenders?a.Kingston Penitentiary and the Millhaven Institutionb.Grand Valley Institution and the Upper Canada Institutionc.Maplehurst Institution and the Archambault Institutiond.Penetanguishene and Isle-aux-NoixANS: DPTS: 1REF: 17BLM: Remember9.Which term refers toa belief that the right treatment can change a person’s attitudes,values, and/or behaviour?

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4a.reformatory philosophyb.rehabilitative philosophyc.punitive philosophyd.penal philosophyANS: BPTS: 1REF: 17BLM:Remember10.During the 19th century, at what age were children exempt from the law because it wasbelieved they were “unable to distinguish right from wrong”?a.7b.12c.13d.14ANS: APTS: 1REF: 19BLM: Remember11.Which of the following most accurately describes how youth crime has changed over thelast 200 years in Canada?a.Nothing has changed.b.There are higher numbers of youth involved in crime today than in the past.c.Thepublic’s perceptions, definitions and responses to youth crime have changed.d.Gang delinquency has become more prevalent in many urban areas of Canada.ANS: CPTS: 1REF: 20-29BLM: Higher Order

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512.According to the text, which of the following is the best explanation for the increase inyouth crime reported in Canada over time?a.rapid decreases in overall populationb.the creation of the juvenile justice systemc.decreases in crime prevention activities, such as policingd.changes in delinquent and criminal behaviour among the youth populationANS: BPTS: 1REF: 24-26BLM: Higher Order13.According to the text,which of the following statementsbest describes how youth crimeis studied using a sociological perspective?a.an examination of criminal behaviour, crime trends, and statisticsb.an examination of the individual’s history, family, school, and neighbourhoodc.an examination of structural, demographic, and political factorsd.an examination of the criminal justice systemANS: CPTS: 1REF: 26-27BLM: Remember14.Which term refers to the creation of criminal justice policy based on public sentiment asit is perceived in the media, rather than on actual criminal activity or the effectiveness ofpolicy?a.penal populismb.media frenzyc.moral panic legislation

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6d.problematized legislationANS: APTS: 1REF: 29BLM: RememberSHORT ANSWER1.Define “primary data” and “secondary data” and give an example of each.Answer:Primary data—research information gathered directly from the original source.––––Example: prison recordsSecondary data—research information or data that was originally collected foranother purpose.–Example: academic analyses of a historian’s workREF: 10-112.Outline the three myths about youth crime outlined by Bernard (1992) and give a briefexplanation for each. Give an example of a news story that perpetuates one of thesemyths.Answer:“Myth that nothing changes”: the belief that most people always seem to thinkpessimistically about youth crime, that youth crime is worse than it actually is,and that there is a youth “crime wave.“Myth of the good old days”:—the belief that crime is worse today than everbefore and youth no longer respect authority“Myth of progress”: youth is not as bad now as it was in the pastREF: 23-26

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7ESSAY QUESTIONS1.Summarizethe two opposing sides that emerged out of the liberal federal government’s1995 YOAStrategy for Reformpublic consultations. Which side of the debate do yousupport? Be sure to discuss your reasoning.Answer:Youth AdvocatesYouth crime had been exaggerated and misrepresented in most public accounts,especially by the media.Department of Justice Statistics showed that crime in Nova Scotia had dropped inallcategories since 1986 and that recent increases in violent crime had “flattenedout.”Statistics also indicated that youth were being treated more harshly under theYOA than under the JDA.Except for the offences of murder and manslaughter, youth were treated at least asharshly as adults who had committed the same offence.Youth advocates were primarily concern with problems experienced by youth andpreferred policies focused on poverty and high youth unemployment rather thanpunitive justice reforms.Law-and-Order AdvocatesChildren and youth accused of crimes were viewed as an enemy from whom adultsneeded protection.Youth were viewed as “out of control.”

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8Both youth and the YOA were the problem. Youth lacked respect for anyone oranything, lacked a sense of responsibility for criminal behaviour, and increasinglywere involved in violent criminal behaviour. The YOA was also a problem becauseyouth could not be identified, youth were not punished for their crimes, youth hadmore rights than their victims, and youth were too protected by the YOA.A Statistics Canada release reported an 8 percent increase in youth involvement inviolent crime, and law-and-order advocates used incidences of particularly violentyouth crime to support their view. These stories usually portrayed the young offenderas remorseless and lacking feeling.Advocated a “get-tough” approach to young offenders.REF: 6-82.Compare and contrast the “causes” and solutions to youth crime during the Colonial era(17th and 18th centuries) and the Victorian era (mid-1800s to the turn of the 20thcentury).Answer:Colonial era“Causes”–Overindulgent parents: parents who provide their children with whatever theywant and who do not discipline their children, which prevents these childrenfrom forming their characterThe fur trade: merchants and military officers saw business opportunities for theirsons in the fur trade. The fur trade was “rife with fraud, immorality, theft, assault,

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9and murder” (Carrigan, 1991, p. 204) and many carried these bad habits back totheir homes once they left the fur trade.The promotion of European immigration to the New World: impoverishedEuropeans were lured to the New World with promises of a prosperous life, butonce there, many found only unemployment, sickness, destitution, or death. Manychildren found themselves without parents due to their parents dying or throughabandonment.Solutions: more schools, more priests, confinement to settled parts of the colony,fines and punishments for parents of offenders, military justice, and an increase ingarrison troops (police)Victorian era“Causes”–Improper parenting—neglectful or immoral parents. Poor working-classparents were viewed as inadequate or as bad role models for their children.Solutions–Rehabilitating individuals—it made no sense to return “evil with evil” byimprisoning and punishing criminal offenders. It is more effective in the longrun to return “evil with good” by trying to rehabilitate individuals.REF: 11-17

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10Chapter 2: Creating a Juvenile Justice System: Then and NowMULTIPLE CHOICE1.Which of the following represents the correct order of legislation introduced to deal withyoung offenders in Canada in chronological order?a.Juvenile Delinquents Act, Young Offenders Act, Youth Criminal Justice Actb.Juvenile Delinquents Act, Youth Criminal Justice Act, Young Offenders Actc.Youth Criminal Justice Act, Young Offenders Act, Juvenile Delinquents Actd.Young Offenders Act ,Youth Criminal Justice Act, Juvenile Delinquents ActANS: APTS: 1REF: 34, 69-70BLM: Remember2.According to the text, what was of central concern to the Victorian reformers in thecreation of a juvenile justice system?a.the rise in criminal behaviour of children and youthb.the desire to save children from harmful family influencesc.the protection of middle-class Victorians from the poor, working classd.the conflicts between the emerging capitalist system and traditional family supportsANS: BPTS: 1REF: 35BLM: Remember3.Who was the lawyer and president of the Ottawa Children’s Aid Society who drafted theJuvenile Delinquents Act?a.J.J. Kelsob.W.L. Scott

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11c.Arthur Lancasterd.Bernard SchisselANS: BPTS: 1REF: 35-37BLM: Remember4.Which of the following models of juvenile justice best summarizes the principles of theJDA?a.justiceb.welfarec.restoratived.crime controlANS: BPTS: 1REF: 37BLM: Higher Order5.Under the JDA, how were youth who were charged with an offence to be treated?a.as criminalsb.the same as adult offendersc.as citizens under the lawd.as misdirected and misguided childrenANS: DPTS: 1REF: 37BLM: Remember6.What does the “parens patriae” philosophy of the Juvenile Delinquency Act translate tomean?a.keeper of the peaceb.role model

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12c.parenting by probation officersd.parent of the countryANS: DPTS: 1REF: 37BLM: Remember7.In opposition of the JDA, what new principle was introduced by the YOA?a.youth responsibilityb.protection of the childc.individual rehabilitationd.parental responsibilityANS: APTS: 1REF: 43-46BLM: Remember8.Which of the following is one of the new concepts introduced to the youth justice systemby the YCJA?a.reintegrationb.special needsc.rehabilitationd.limited accountabilityANS: APTS: 1REF: 53BLM: Remember9.Which of the following justice model principles did the YOA shift toward aftersubsequent amendments to the legislation?a.justice modelb.restorative model

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13c.crime control modeld.modified-justice modelANS: CPTS: 1REF: 48–49BLM: Remember10.According to the YCJA, what is the sole purpose of the youth justice system?a.rehabilitationb.restorative justicec.protection of the publicd.meaningful consequencesANS: CPTS: 1REF: 51–52BLM: Remember11.In 2006, why did the Supreme Court of Canada rule that deterrence, general or specific,could not be used as a justification for sentencing youth?a.It is not a stated principle of sentencing anywhere in the YCJA.b.It is not a stated principle of sentencing anywhere in the YOA.c.It is not a stated principle of sentencing in the Criminal Code of Canada.d.Children have limited accountability so deterrence will not have an effect.ANS: APTS: 1REF: 57BLM: Remember12.Which of the following amendments was contained in Bill C-10, entitled the Safe Streetsand Communities Act?a.It made rehabilitation a primary goal of the act through changes to the YCJAprinciples.

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14b.It requires police to destroy records of when extrajudicial measures are used so thatthe courts cannot use this information during a case.c.It requires courts to ensure the names of young offenders are not published.d.It requires all young offenders under 18, even those sentenced as adults, to serve theirsentences in youth facilities.ANS: DPTS: 1REF: 58-60BLM: Remember13.Canadians’ perception of children has changed over the last several centuries. During thecolonial era to the 19th century, how were children viewed?a.possessions and subject to parental authorityb.subjects with rights of their ownc.vulnerable and in need of state protectiond.no longer property of parents but individuals in their own rightANS: APTS: 1REF: 62BLM: Remember14.What two features of the YCJA place Canada in violation of Articles 16 and 37 of the UNConvention on the Rights of the Child?a.reparation and reintegrationb.deterrence and denunciationc.adult sentences and release of informationd.pretrial detention and extrajudicial measuresANS: CPTS: 1REF: 63–64BLM: Remember

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1515.Which of the following terms is used to describe the continual process of law reformcommon in Western society that has resulted in more punitive reactions to youth crime?a.parens patriaeb.denunciationc.bifurcated systemd.cycle of juvenile justiceANS: DPTS: 1REF: 65BLM:RememberSHORT ANSWER1.Define “probation”’and outline why W.L. Scott saw probation officers as playing such akey role under the JDA.Answer:Probation—a sentence of the court that involves supervision in the community and setsconditions that must be adhered to if the person is to remain in the community.Important role of probation officersCould conduct investigations for the court, and could represent the interests of thechild in courtWere responsible for supervising children sentenced to probationReform the child and “the whole family” through working with the child in thehome, school, and workplaceREF: pg. 39-402.Summarize the three distinct stages in Canadians’ perceptions of children.

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