Psychology - Psychology Treatments | Psychology

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Study GuidePsychology–Psychology: Treatments1.PsychotherapiesPsychotherapyrefers to different methods used to help people understand, manage, and overcomeemotional, behavioral, and mental health problems. There is no single type of therapy that works foreveryone. Instead, psychologists use different approaches depending on the person and the problem.Below are the major types of psychotherapies, explained simply.1.1Psychodynamic TherapiesPsychodynamic therapiesare based on ideas from Freud’s psychoanalytic theory. These therapiesusually take a long time and focus on gaininginsight, or deep understanding, into unconsciousthoughts and conflicts.Key Techniques•Free association: Clients say whatever comes to mind without censoring themselves. Thishelps uncover unconscious thoughts.•Dream analysis: Clients describe their dreams, which therapists interpret to find hiddenconflicts or desires.Therapists look for repeated patterns in thoughts and behaviors and explain how these patterns relateto the client’s problems.Important Concepts•Resistance: When clients avoid sharing thoughts or feelings because they areuncomfortable.•Transference: When clients transfer feelings they have toward important people (likeparents) onto the therapist.•Working through: The process of helping clients understand and resolve their conflicts bydealing with resistance and transference.

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Study Guide1.2Humanistic TherapiesHumanistic therapiesfocus on the present rather than the past and on conscious thoughts insteadof unconscious ones. The goal ispersonal growth, self-acceptance, and fulfillment.Person-Centered TherapyDeveloped byCarl Rogers, this therapy creates a warm and supportive environment where clientsfeel fully accepted.Key ideas include:•Unconditional positive regard: Accepting clients without judgment•Empathy: Understanding the client’s feelings from their point of view•Encouragingself-growthand higher self-esteemRogers believed many people suffer because they grow up withconditions of worth, meaning theyfeel accepted only if they meet others’ expectations.Gestalt TherapyDeveloped byFritz Perls, Gestalt therapy helps clients become more aware of their feelings andactions in the present moment.Therapists may use:•Questioning•Role-playing•ConfrontationClients are encouraged to take responsibility for their choices and behaviors.Existential TherapyExistential therapy focuses on life’s big questions, such as:•Meaning•Choice•Responsibility•Death

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Study GuideIt emphasizesfree will—the idea that people can make choices that shape their lives. The goal is tohelp clients find meaning and live responsibly.After surviving a Nazi concentration camp,Viktor Frankldevelopedlogotherapy, a form ofexistential therapy. He believed people survive hardship by holding onto a sense of meaning (logos).Therapy helps clients identify what truly matters in their lives.1.3Behavior TherapiesBehavior therapiesfocus on changing observable behaviors using learning principles. Thesetherapies do not explore unconscious conflicts. Instead, they assume maladaptive behaviors arelearnedand can beunlearned.Core IdeaIf a behavior was learned through conditioning, it can be changed using the same learning processes.Common Techniques•Systematic desensitization: Clients learn to relax while gradually imagining fearedsituations. This method is especially effective for phobias.•Implosive therapy: Clients imagine their worst fears in a safe setting until anxiety decreases.•Flooding: Clients face their feared situation directly, often with therapist support.•Biofeedback: Clients receive feedback about body functions (like heart rate) and learn tocontrol them.•Aversive conditioning: Undesirable behaviors are paired with unpleasant stimuli to reducethe behavior.•Modeling: Clients learn by watching others perform desired behaviors.•Token economy: Often used in institutions, clients earn tokens for positive behaviors, whichcan be exchanged for rewards.1.4Cognitive TherapiesCognitive therapiesfocus on changing unhealthy thought patterns that cause emotional andbehavioral problems.

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Study GuideCognitive Therapy for DepressionDeveloped byAaron Beck, this therapy suggests depression is caused by distorted thinking, such as:•Selective perception: Focusing only on negative events•Overgeneralization: Letting one failure define everything•All-or-none thinking: Seeing things as completely good or badClients learn to recognize and replace these thoughts with more realistic ones.Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET)Developed byAlbert Ellis, RET is based on the idea thatirrational beliefscause emotionalproblems.For example, believing “I must be perfect at everything” can lead to anxiety and depression. Therapyhelps clients:•Challenge irrational beliefs•Reduce emotional distress•Develop better problem-solving skills1.5Feminist TherapyFeminist therapyfocuses on how social inequality and discrimination contribute to psychologicalproblems.Key beliefs include:•Rejecting gender-role stereotypes•Opposing discrimination based on gender, age, ethnicity, or sexual orientation•Recognizing how society affects mental healthTherapists also examine their own biases and how these influence therapy.

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