ITEC 3200 Quality Control and Statistical Analysis. Mid-Term Exam

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Susan LittleITEC 3200 Mid-Term ExamFebruary 28, 2013ITEC3200Quality Control and Statistical Analysis.Mid-Term ExamQuality 5thEditionDonna C. S. Summers1) Define Common cause variation. (4points)Answer:Common cause variation refers to the inherent, natural, or background variation that existsin any process or system. It is the variation that is always present due to factors that are part of theprocess itself, such as machinery, environmental conditions, or human variability. This variation ispredictable and consistent over time and is generally considered as "normal" variation that does notindicate a problem.2) Define assignable cause variation. (4points)Answer:Assignable cause variation, also known as special cause variation, refers to variations in aprocess that arise from specific, identifiable sources outside of the normal operating conditions.These causes can include a malfunctioning machine, human error, material defects, or changes inenvironmental conditions. Unlike common cause variation, assignable causes can often be correctedonce identified and are typically considered as indicators of issues that need attention.3) Why is it important that we understand if the variation we see in a product/process comes fromcommon or assignable cause situations?(4points)Answer:Understanding whether the variation comes from common or assignable causes is essentialbecause it determines how the issue should be addressed. If the variation is due to common causes,it may be inherent in the system and might require improvements to the overall process to reduce it.However, if the variation is due to assignable causes, it is typically a sign of something that needs tobe fixed immediately (like equipment failure or human error). Properly identifying the cause allowsorganizations to apply the right corrective action and maintain consistent product quality.4) What was the primary addition to the concept of controlling the quality of products and servicesthat “Total Quality Management” added in the evolution of quality control methods. (4points)Answer:Total Quality Management (TQM) added a customer-focused, continuous improvementapproach to quality control. It emphasized the involvement of all employees in the organization inimproving processes, products, and services. Unlike earlier quality control methods that primarilyfocused on inspection and defect detection, TQM fosters a culture where everyone in theorganization is responsible for maintaining quality, ensuring that issues are addressed before theyreach the customer.5) Define a population. (5points)Answer:A population in statistics refers to the entire set of individuals, items, or data from which asample is taken for analysis. It represents the complete group under consideration, and thepopulation can vary depending on the context, such as all customers of a company, all productsmanufactured by a factory, or all individuals in a particular geographical area. The goal is often tomake inferences about a population based on a representative sample.6) Define a sample: (5points)Answer:A sample is a subset or a smaller portion of the entire population that is selected for thepurpose of conducting a study or analysis. The sample should represent the population well, and thefindings or conclusions drawn from the sample are often used to make inferences or generalizations

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2Susan LittleITEC 3200 Mid-Term ExamFebruary 28, 2013about the population as a whole. Sampling is used when it's impractical or impossible to collect datafrom the entire population.7) Define a random sample: (4points)Answer:A random sample is a type of sample where each member of the population has an equalchance of being selected. This method ensures that the sample is unbiased and that every individualin the population has an equal opportunity to be included. Random sampling is commonly used inresearch to obtain a representative sample of a population without systematic bias.8) Defineastratified and give one example. (4 points)Answer:A stratified sample is a type of sampling method where the population is divided intodistinct, non-overlapping subgroups or "strata," and then a sample is taken from each of these strata.This method ensures that all relevant subgroups are represented in the sample. For example, in asurvey about customer satisfaction, a company may divide its customers into strata based on agegroups (e.g., under 25, 26-40, 41-60, over 60), and then randomly select participants from each agegroup to ensure all age demographics are represented.9)for the following set of sample data calculate each of the values below.(12points)Sample data set:10, 11, 12, 10, 12, 10, 9, 8, 13, 12, 14, 12, 11, 11, 13, 11, 11, 12, 14, 10Mean:Answer:Median:Answer:

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