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ITEC 3200 Quality Control and Statistical Analysis. Mid-Term Exam

A mid-term exam for ITEC 3200, focusing on quality control and statistical analysis in engineering.

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    Susan Little ITEC 3200 Mid - Term Exam February 28, 2013 ITEC 3200 Quality Control and Statistical Analysis . Mid - Term Exam Quality 5 th Edition Donna C. S. Summers 1) Define Common cause variation. ( 4 points) Answer: Common cause variation refers to the inherent, natural, or background variation that exists in any process or system. It is the variation that is always present due to factors that are part of the process itself, such as machinery, environmental conditions, or human variability. This variation is predictable and consistent over time and is generally considered as "normal" variation that does not indicate a problem. 2) Define assignable cause variation. ( 4 points) Answer: Assignable cause variation, also known as special cause variation, refers to variations in a process that arise from specific, identifiable sources outside of the normal operating conditions. These causes can include a malfunctioning machine, human error, material defects, or changes in environmental conditions. Unlike common cause variation, assignable causes can often be corrected once identified and are typically considered as indicators of issues that need attention. 3 ) Why is it important that we understand if the variation we see in a product/process comes from common or assignable cause situations? ( 4 points) Answer: Understanding whether the variation comes from common or assignable causes is essential because it determines how the issue should be addressed. If the variation is due to common causes, it may be inherent in the system and might require improvements to the overall process to reduce it. However, if the variation is due to assignable causes, it is typically a sign of something that needs to be fixed immediately (like equipment failure or human error). Properly identifying the cause allows organizations to apply the right corrective action and maintain consistent product quality. 4 ) What was the primary addition to the concept of controlling the quality of products and services that “Total Quality Management” added in the evolution of quality control methods. ( 4 points) Answer: Total Quality Management (TQM) added a customer - focused, continuous improvement approach to quality control. It emphasized the involvement of all employees in the organization in improving processes, products, and services. Unlike earlier quality control methods that primarily focused on inspection and defect detection, TQM fosters a culture where everyone in the organization is responsible for maintaining quality, ensuring that issues are addressed before they reach the customer. 5 ) Define a population. ( 5 points) Answer: A population in statistics refers to the entire set of individuals, items, or data from which a sample is taken for analysis. It represents the complete group under consideration, and the population can vary depending on the context, such as all customers of a company, all products manufactured by a factory, or all individuals in a particular geographical area. The goal is often to make inferences about a population based on a representative sample. 6 ) Define a sample: ( 5 points) Answer: A sample is a subset or a smaller portion of the entire population that is selected for the purpose of conducting a study or analysis. The sample should represent the population well, and the findings or conclusions drawn from the sample are often used to make inferences or generalizations

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    2 Susan Little ITEC 3200 Mid - Term Exam February 28, 2013 about the population as a whole. Sampling is used when it's impractical or impossible to collect data from the entire population. 7 ) Define a random sample: ( 4 points) Answer: A random sample is a type of sample where each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. This method ensures that the sample is unbiased and that every individual in the population has an equal opportunity to be included. Random sampling is commonly used in research to obtain a representative sample of a population without systematic bias. 8 ) Define a stratified and give one example. (4 points) Answer: A stratified sample is a type of sampling method where the population is divided into distinct, non - overlapping subgroups or "strata," and then a sample is taken from each of these strata. This method ensures that all relevant subgroups are represented in the sample. For example, in a survey about customer satisfaction, a company may divide its customers into strata based on age groups (e.g., under 25, 26 - 40, 41 - 60, over 60), and then randomly select participants from each age group to ensure all age demographics are represented. 9 ) for the following set of sample data calculate each of the values below. ( 1 2 points) Sample data set: 10, 11, 12, 10, 12, 10, 9, 8, 13, 12, 14, 12, 11, 11, 13, 11, 11, 12, 14, 10 Mean: Answer: Median: Answer:

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    3 Susan Little ITEC 3200 Mid - Term Exam February 28, 2013 Mode: Answer: Range: Answer:

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