Solution Manual For Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology, 8th Edition

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’s Manualto AccompanyRefrigerationandAir ConditioningTechnology8th EditionConcepts, Procedures, andTroubleshooting TechniquesJohn A. TomczykEugene SilbersteinWilliam C. WhitmanWilliam M. JohnsonSOLUTION MANUAL

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PrefacevPART I’s Guide1Unit1Heat, Temperature, and Pressure1Unit2Matter and Energy3Unit3Refrigeration and Refrigerants6Unit4General Safety Practices10Unit5Tools and Equipment11Unit6Fasteners12Unit7Tubing and Piping14Unit8Leak Detection, System Evacuation, and System Cleanup17Unit9Refrigerant and Oil Chemistry and Management—Recovery, Recycling,Reclaiming, and Retrofitting20Unit10System Charging23Unit11Calibrating Instruments26Unit12Basic Electricity and Magnetism28Unit13Introduction to Automatic Controls31Unit14Automatic Control Components and Applications33Unit15Troubleshooting Basic Controls36Unit16Advanced Automatic Controls—Direct Digital Controls (DDCs)and Pneumatics38Unit17Types of Electric Motors40Unit18Application of Motors42Unit19Motor Controls44Unit20Troubleshooting Electric Motors46Unit21Evaporators and the Refrigeration System48Unit22Condensers50Unit23Compressors53Unit24Expansion Devices56Unit25Special Refrigeration System Components59Unit26Applications of Refrigeration Systems62Unit27Commercial Ice Machines65Unit28Special Refrigeration Applications69Unit29Troubleshooting and Typical Operating Conditions forCommercial Refrigeration70Unit30Electric Heat72Unit31Gas Heat75Unit32Oil Heat82Unit33Hydronic Heat86Unit34Indoor Air Quality89Unit35Comfort and Psychrometrics91Unit36Refrigeration Applied to Air-Conditioning93Unit37Air Distribution and Balance95Unit38Installation98Unit39Residential Energy Auditing101Unit40Typical Operating Conditions105Unit41Troubleshooting107Unit42Heat Gains and Heat Losses in Structures110Unit43Air Source Heat Pumps112Unit44Geothermal Heat Pumps116iiiContents

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ivContentsUnit45Domestic Refrigerators and Freezers118Unit46Room Air Conditioners121Unit47High-pressure, Low-pressure, and Absorption Chilled-Water Systems123Unit48Cooling Towers andpumps126Unit49Operation, Maintenance, and Troubleshooting ofChilled-Water Air-Conditioning Systems128Unit50Commercialpackaged Rooftop, Variable Refrigerant Flow, andVariable Air Volume Systems130PART IILecture Outlines133PART IIICorrelation Guide365

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Heat, Temperature, and Pressure1PART I’s GuideHeat, Temperature, and PressureThis unit covers temperature, methods of measuringand transferring heat, and discussions pertaining tomolecular motion, sensible heat, latent heat, and specificheat. It also discusses atmospheric pressure and testinstruments such as gauges used to measure pressure.There are review questions at the end of the unit in thetext that may be assigned as an out-of-class activity andthen used to enhance class discussion. Key terms listed intheLab Manual and Workbookmay also be used as an as-signment and/or basis for discussion. The Review Test in theLab Manual and Workbookmay be used as an end-of-unittest or for further discussion.OBJECTIVESAfter studying this unit, the student should be able to:●define temperature.●make conversions between the Fahrenheit andCelsiusscales.●describe molecular motion at absolute zero.●define the British thermal unit.●describe heat flow between substances of differenttemperatures.●explain the transfer of heat by conduction, convec-tion, and radiation.●discuss sensible heat, latent heat, and specific heat.●state atmospheric pressure at sea level and explainwhy it varies at different elevations.●describe two types of barometers.●explainpsigandpsiaastheyapplytopressuremeasurements.SAFETY ChECklIST●HVAC/R technicians are often exposed to very highand very low temperatures. Be sure to wear gloves andother appropriate pieces of personal protection equip-ment (PPE) to reduce the chances of getting injured.●Many fluids that are used by the HVAC/R techniciansare under pressure. Be sure to transport all pressurevessels vertically and be sure they are properly secured.●Make certain that all tanks are properly capped toprevent accidental releases from the tanks.●Make certain all test instruments are properly cali-brated and fully operational to ensure accurate pres-sure and temperature readings.AhRI CURRICUlUM GUIDE COMPETENCIESBackground and related information is included in thisunit for many of the competencies listed in the follow-ing areas of training in the AHRI Curriculum Guide:●PRINCIPLES OF THERMODYNAMICS AND HEATTRANSFERMatter and Heat BehaviorFluids and PressuresEXERCISES (lAB MANUAl)Exercises 1-1 and 1-2UNIT1 ANSWERSTO REVIEW QUESTIONS (TEXT)1.B.2.At atmospheric pressure of 14.696 psia or 29.92 in Hg.3.Fahrenheit, Celsius, Rankine, and Kelvin.4.0°C.5.−460°F.6.1 pound of water 1°F.7.D.8.Heat transfers from molecule to molecule.9.A.10.C.11.Heat is transferred by moving in a medium such asair or water.12.Heat is transferred through space without heatingthe space and heats the first solid object the heatenergy strikes.13.Substance.14.29.92 in Hg, 14.696 psia.15.14.696.16.26.7°C.17.71.6°F.Unit11

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2Unit 1FahrenheitCelsiusRankineKelvin(−460)(−273)0(0)32(0)(492)(273)(212)100(672)(373)(140)(60)600(333)(−460)(−273)(0)0200(93)(660)(366)(−360)(−218)100(55)(122)50(582)(323)(81)(27)(541)300(32)0(492)(273)150(66)(610)(339)(−410)(−246)50(27)(−40)−40(420)(233)−40(−40)(420)(233)212(100)(672)(373)(212)(100)(672)373(−460)−273(0)(0)(212)(100)672(373)5(−15)(465)(258)(441)(227)(901)500COMPlETED TEMPERATURE CONVERSION ChART FROM EXERCISE 1-1(Bolded values in parentheses represent the items that were to be filled in by the student.)ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS INEXERCISE 1-1ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS INEXERCISE 1-21.D.2.C.3.A.4.A.5.A.6.C.1.A.2.C.3.A.4.A.5.A.6.C.UNIT1 ANSWERS TO REVIEW TEST QUESTIONS (lAB MANUAl)1.C.2.A.3.A.4.A.5.C.6.B.7.A.8.A.9.D.10.D.11.C.12.B.13.D.14.A.15.C.16.D.17.A.18.B.19.B.20.B.

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3Matter and EnergyUnit2This unit defines matter, mass, density, specific grav-ity, and specific volume. Gas laws, including Boyle’slaw, Charles’ law, the general law of perfect gas, andDalton’s law, are stated. The broad subject of energyis covered, as well as energy in heat and in magnetism.The measurement of energy in horsepower, watts, andBritish thermal units is discussed. Unit review questions,key terms in theLab Manual and Workbook, andLabManual and WorkbookReview Test questions may beused, as discussed in Unit 1.OBJECTIVESAfter studying this unit, the student should be able to:●●define matter.●●list the three states in which matter is commonly found.●●define density.●●discuss Boyle’s law.●●state Charles’ law.●●discuss Dalton’s law as it relates to the pressure ofdifferent gases.●●define specific gravity and specific volume.●●state two forms of energy important to the HVAC/Rindustry.●●describe work and state the formula used to determinethe amount of work done by performing a given task.●●define horsepower.●●convert horsepower to watts.●●convert watt-hours to British thermal units.SAFETY ChECklIST●●Power-consuming devices have the potential to causeinjury. Be sure to de-energize all pumps, motors andother electrical devices before working on them.●●When measuring pressures, be sure that your testinstruments are fully operational and properly cali-brated to avoid possible injury.EXERCISES (lAB MANUAl)Exercises 2-1, 2-2, and 2-3UNIT2 ANSWERSTO REVIEW QUESTIONS (TEXT)1.D.2.Solid, liquid, and gas.3.Ice.4.Down.5.Downward and outward.6.D.7.Weight per unit volume of a substance.8.The density of a substance compared to the densityof water.9.The volume occupied by 1 pound of a fluid.10.The moon has less mass than the earth, thus itsgravitational pull is weaker.11.Specific volume511210 lb/ft350.000826 ft3/lb.12.Density51(0.001865 ft3/lb)5536.19 lb/ft3.13.Specific gravity5171 lb/ft362.4 lb/ft352.74.14.Density is (4 lb10 ft3)50.4 lb/ft3.Specific gravity is (0.4 lb/ft362.4 lb/ft3)50.0064.15.It describes how one gas reacts when mixed withanother. For example, natural gas is lighter thanair and rises; propane is heavier than air and falls.Specific volume must be considered when determin-ing the size of compressors or vapor pumps. Specificvolume of air also provides the HVAC/R systemdesignerwithinformationregardinghowmanypounds of air are being moved by blowers and fans.16.B.17.It will expand when heated or contract when cooled.18.Dalton’s law states that the total pressure of a con-fined mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures ofeach of the gases in the mixture.19.Solar and fossil fuels.20.From decaying animal and vegetable matter com-pressed below the earth’s surface.21.Power.22.Force3distance.23.4 ft3300 lb51200 foot-pounds.24.An early expression of power, or the equivalent ofraising 33,000 pounds to a height of 1 foot in oneminute. Weight, height, and time.25.746 watts51 horsepower.26.(4 kW33413 Btu/kW)513,652 Btu/h.27.12,000 watts33.413 Btu/Wh540,956 Btu/h.28.Kilowatt hour.

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4Unit 229.The pressure is constant soVTVT1122.VV TT2121V23000554602887 8()().ftR(75460) Rft33°°30.PVTP VT111222PPV TT V211212P210180460()()psig14.696) (10.5 inR(65463°°00) R(1.5 in3°)P25210.74 psiaP25(210.74 psia214.696)5196 psigANSWERS TO QUESTIONS INEXERCISE 2-11.D.2.C.3.A.4.A.LineP1V1T1P2V2T2150 psig20 ft3100°F(25 psia)50 ft380°F250 psia2,000 ft375°F50 psia(2291 ft3)130°F340 psia30 in380°F50 psia(24 ft3)80°F4(100 psia)20 ft3500 R200 psia12 ft3600 R5100 psia10 ft3600 R100 psia25 ft3(1500 R)680 psia(150 ft3)400 R150 psia100 ft3500 R7150 psia100 ft3(700 R)300 psia50 ft3700 R880 psia500 ft3600 R(160 psia)100 ft3240 RCOMPlETED ChART FROM EXERCISE 2-2(Bolded values in parentheses represent the items thatwere to be filled in by the student.)SubstanceDensity(lb/in3)Density(oz/in3)Density(lb/ft3)SpecificGravitySubstanceA(0.7)(11.2)1208(19.36)(GOLD)B(0.036)(0.58)(62.4)1(WATER)C(0.317)(5.07)(548)(8.78)RED BRASSD0.3218(5.15)(556)(8.91)(COPPER)E(0.033)0.5324(57.5)(0.92)(ICE)F(0.099)(1.58)171(2.74)(ALUMINUM)G(0.70)(11.2)(1210)19.39(TUNGSTEN)H(0.094)(1.5)(162)(2.596)MARBLE1.C.2.A.3.B.4.C.5.D.6.A.7.D.8.C.9.C.10.D.11.D.12.D.13.C.COMPlETED ChART FROM EXERCISE 2-1(Bolded values in parentheses represent the items thatwere to be filled in by the student.)UNIT2 ANSWERS TO REVIEW TESTQUESTIONS (lAB MANUAl)

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Matter and Energy5ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS INEXERCISE 2-21.D.2.B.3.Absolute pressure and temperature scales both havezero as their lowest values, so any pressure above0 psia or temperature above zero degrees Rankin willbe indicated by positive values. By keeping all of thevalues positive, the gas law as shown in Section 2.6of the textbook will be a linear relationship existingamong the pressure, temperature, and volume of thegas. If non-absolute scales are used, the relationshipsbecome non-linear and significant calculation errorscan, and will, arise.COMPlETED ChART FROM EXERCISE 2-3(Bolded values in parentheses represent the items thatwere to be filled in by the student.)LineDistance(ft)Weight(lb)Work(ft-lb)Time(min)Power(W)Power(kW)Heat(btuh)HP1500100(50,000)5(226)(0.226)(771)0.3032(20)50010,0002113.03(0.113)(386)(0.15)3(4,409)250(1,102,200)1(24,905)(24.91)85,000(33.4)41000(1,106)(1,105,500)2(25,000)25(85,325)(33.5)5(1000)150150,000(0.06)(55,950)(55.95)(190,957)75610,000(22.12)(221,180)10(5,000)5(17,065)(6.7)7(518.4)500(259,220)1(5,860)(5.86)20,000(7.86)85,000(518.4)(2,592,200)5(58,600)(58.6)200,000(78.6)ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS INEXERCISE 2-31.B.2.D.3.B.

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6Refrigeration and RefrigerantsUnit3This unit includes a history of refrigeration and a basicdiscussion of the refrigeration process. Using water andrefrigerants as examples, the temperature/pressure rela-tionship is discussed and is followed by a description ofthe four major refrigeration components: the evaporator,compressor, condenser, and metering device. The unitalso includes a more detailed description of the refrig-eration cycle and a brief description of the reciprocating,rotary, scroll, centrifugal, and screw compressors. Newer,morepopularlong-termrefrigerantsandrefrigerantreplacements are covered along with refrigerants withphase-out dates in the near future. Refrigerant leak de-tection, recovery and recycling, cylinder color codes, andchemical makeup are discussed. This unit also covers theissue of the ozone layer depletion attributed to haloge-nated chlorofluorocarbons. Several pages are devoted toplotting systems on pressure/enthalpy diagrams.OBJECTIVESAfter studying this unit, the student should be able to:•discussapplicationsforhigh-,medium-,andlow-temperature refrigeration.•describethetermton of refrigeration.•describethebasicrefrigerationcycle.•explaintherelationshipbetweenpressureandtheboiling point of water or other liquids.•describethefunctionoftheevaporatororcoolingcoil.•explainthepurposeofthecompressor.•listthecompressorsnormallyusedinresidentialandlight commercial buildings.•discussthefunctionofthecondensingcoil.•statethepurposeofthemeteringdevice.•listfourcharacteristicstoconsiderwhenchoosingarefrigerant for a system.•listthedesignatedcolorsforrefrigerantcylindersforvarious types of refrigerants.•describehowrefrigerantscanbestoredorprocessedwhile refrigeration systems are being serviced.•plotarefrigerationcycleforrefrigerants(R-22,R-134a,andR-502)onapressure/enthalpydiagram.•plotarefrigerationcycleonapressure/enthalpydia-gram for refrigerant blends R-404A and R-410A.•plotarefrigerationcycleonapressure/enthalpydiagramforrefrigerantblend(R-407C)thathasanoticeable temperature glide.SAFETY ChECklIST•Areasinwhichtherecouldbepotentialrefrigerantleaks should be ventilated.•Extraprecautionsshouldbetakentoensurethatnorefrigerant leaks occur near an open flame.•Refrigerantsarestoredinpressurizedcontainersandshould be handled with care. Goggles with side shieldsand gloves should be worn when checking pressures andwhen transferring refrigerants from the container to asystem or from the system to an approved container.AhRI CURRICUlUM GUIDECOMPETENCIESBackground and related information is included in thisunit for many of the competencies listed in the follow-ingareasoftrainingintheAHRICurriculumGuide:•INTRODUCTIONIntroduction to Refrigeration•PRINCIPLESOFTHERMODYNAMICSANDHEATTRANSFERMatterandHeatBehaviorFluidsandPressuresRefrigerationCycle/Diagrams•REFRIGERANTRECOVERYRefrigerant Recovery, Recycling, and ReclamationMethodsRefrigerant Recovery, Recycling, and ReclamationEquipment•REFRIGERANTSANDLUBRICANTSRefrigerants•REGULATIONSRegulationsAffectingOzoneDepletionEXERCISES (lAB MANUAl)Exercises3-1,3-2,and3-3UNIT3 ANSWERSTO REVIEW QUESTIONS (TEXT)1.Warm food, air leakage when door is opened, con-duction through the walls.

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Refrigeration and Refrigerants72. BOXTEMPERATURES:Lowtemperature(0°Fandbelow),mediumtemperature(35°Fto45°F);hightemperaturesareabove45°F.3.B.4.Warm liquid refrigerant is pumped through a me-teringdeviceintoacoil(evaporator).Partofthisre-frigerant flashes to a vapor, becoming much cooler.The medium to be cooled gives heat up to the coldrefrigerant, causing the remaining liquid refriger-ant to boil to a vapor. This vaporized refrigerant isthen compressed by the compressor and pumpedto another coil called the condenser. The condenseris where hot refrigerant vapor is condensed to awarm liquid by giving up heat. The warm liquidthen goes to the metering device to be meteredintotheevaporatorforanothertripthroughthe cycle.5.If the pressure is decreased, the boiling temperatureis decreased. If the pressure is increased, the boilingtemperature is increased.6.It absorbs heat into the refrigeration system. Thisheat was in the product to be cooled.7. Compressesthevaporsfromtheevaporatorandsuction line and then pumps these vapors to thecondenser, where they are condensed.8.A superheated vapor that no longer corresponds toa temperature/pressure relationship. When heat en-ergy is added, superheated vapor takes on sensibleheat and will increase in temperature. This happensbecause there is no liquid present to boil off andcause vapor pressure.9.A.10. D.11.100% liquid that is cooler than the condensing satu-ration temperature is called a subcooled liquid. If heatenergy is removed from a subcooled liquid, the liquidwill go through a sensible heat change and drop intemperature.12. A.13.B.14.If any heat energy is taken away from a satu-rated liquid, the liquid will become a subcooledliquid. If any heat energy is added to a saturatedliquid, some of the liquid will flash into vapor. Ifany heat energy is taken away from a saturatedvapor, the vapor will start to condense to a satu-rated liquid and go through a latent phase change.If any heat energy is added to a saturated vapor,the vapor will become superheated and take onsensible heat.15. Desuperheatingavapormeansthatthesuperheatedvapor is losing superheat and decreasing in tem-perature. The vapor is going through a sensible heatchange and getting closer to the saturation tempera-ture for a certain corresponding pressure.16.Heat is removed from it and it changes from avapor to a liquid. Both sensible and latent heat areremoved in the condenser.17. Theheatistransferredtoamediumsuchasairorwater.18. D.19.Adiabatic expansion is liquid expanding without anet loss or gain in total heat energy, or enthalpy.20. Flashgashappensattheentrancetotheevapora-tor. The liquid exiting the metering device has to becooled down to the evaporating temperature. Thissame liquid flashes and cools itself to the evaporatingtemperature. The more flash gas, the less refrigerationeffect there is.21. Qualitymeanspercentvapor.Arefrigerantwitha30%qualityis30%vaporand70%liquid.22. Areciprocatingcompressorhaspistonsthatmoveback and forth in a reciprocating motion, and arotary compressor has a rotating, drum-like pistonthat turns in a cylinder.23. R-12WhiteR-401ACoralredR-22GreenR-402BOliveR-502LightpurpleR-410ARoseR-134aLightskyblueR-404AOrangeR-11OrangeR-407CMed.brown24. EnthalpydescribeshowmuchheatcontentinBtu/lba substance has from some starting point.25. Apurecompoundisasubstanceformedindefiniteproportions by weight with only one molecule present.ExamplesofpurecompoundsareR-134aandR-22.26. ThenetrefrigerationeffectisexpressedinBtu/lbandisthe quantity of heat that the refrigerant absorbs fromthe refrigerated space to produce useful cooling.27. Thetotalamountofheatenergy,inBtu/h,thatisgener-ated or absorbed into the refrigeration system outsideof the evaporator is the sum of the heat of compression(HOC)andtheheatpickedupbytherefrigerantinthe suction line. Heat added to or generated within thesystem outside of the evaporator can be calculated bydetermining the difference in heat content betweentherefrigerantattheoutletoftheevaporator,pointCon the completed pressure/enthalpy chart, and the heatcontent of the refrigerant at the outlet of the compres-sor,pointEonthecompletedpressure/enthalpychart.28. Flashgasoccursbecausetherefrigerantenteringtheevaporator from the metering device must be cooled tothe evaporating temperature before the remaining liq-uid can evaporate in the evaporator and produce usefulcooling as part of the net refrigeration effect. The heatabsorbed in the flash gas does not contribute to the netrefrigeration effect because it comes from the liquid asit partially changes phase to a liquid/vapor mixture.29. Temperatureglidereferstothefactthattherefriger-ant blend has many temperatures as it evaporates and/or condenses at a given pressure. Temperature glide isalso defined as the temperature difference between the

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8Unit 3saturated vapor temperature and the saturated liquidtemperature of the refrigerant at a constant pressure.30.A zeotropic refrigerant blend is a blend of two ormore refrigerants that will change in temperatureand volumetric composition as they evaporate orcondense at a constant pressure. Zeotropic blendshave a very large, noticeable temperature glide. AnexampleisR-407C.31.A near-azeotropic refrigerant blend is a blend oftwo or more refrigerants that have a small changein temperature and volumetric composition as theyevaporate or condense at a constant pressure. Theirtemperature glide and fractionation is sometimesunnoticeable.ExamplesareR-404AandR-410A.UNIT3 ANSWERS TO REVIEW TESTQUESTIONS (lAB MANUAl)1. D.2. B.3.B.4. C.5. C.6.A.7. A.8.A.9.A.10.A.11.A.12. C.13.B.14. D.15. D.16. C.ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 3-11.The evaporator is a heat exchanger that absorbsheat into the refrigeration system. It is in the evapo-rator where the refrigerant phase changes from aliquid to a vapor.2. Thecompressorisavaporpumpthatpumpstheheatladen refrigerant through the refrigeration system. Itreduces the pressure on the low side of the system andincreases the pressure on the high side of the system.3.The condenser rejects both sensible and latent heatfrom the refrigeration system.4.The metering device is a restriction in the systemthat meters subcooled liquid from the liquid line tothe evaporator.17. B.18. D.19. C.20. C.21. B.22. A.23. D.24. C.25. A.26. D.27. C.28. A.29. C.30.A.ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 3-2Refrigerant ClassCylinder ColorSafety ClassificationR-134aHFClight sky blueA1R-22HCFClight greenA1R-404AHFCorangeA1R-32HFCwhite/red stripeA2R-407CHFCmedium brownA1/A1R-124HCFCdark greenA1R-401CHCFCaquaA1/A1R-125HFCtanA1R-407AHFCbright greenA1/A1R-502CFClavenderA1R-407BHFCcreamA1/A1R-143aHFCwhite/red stripeA2R-402AHCFCsandA1/A1R-402BHCFColiveA1/A1R-152aHFCwhite/red stripeA2R-406AHCFClight grey-greenA1/A2R-500CFCyellowA1R-290HCredA3R-123HCFClight grey-blueB1R-11CFCorangeA1R-12CFCwhiteA1

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Refrigeration and Refrigerants9ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 3-3Given a temperature, determine the corresponding pressure.R-22at40°has a corresponding pressure of?68.5psigR-22at100°has a corresponding pressure of?195.9psigR-134a at 40°has a corresponding pressure of?35.1psigR-502at10°has a corresponding pressure of?41psigR-502at110°hasacorrespondingpressureof?247.9psigR-404A at−10°hasacorrespondingpressureof?24.3psigR-404Aat120°hasacorrespondingpressureof?310.7psigR-410A at 45°has a corresponding pressure of?130psigR-410A at 115°has a corresponding pressure of?390.5psigGiven a pressure, determine the corresponding temperatureR-22at226.4psighasacorrespondingtemperatureof?110°FR-22at77.6psighasacorrespondingtemperatureof?46°FR-134aat198.7psighasacorrespondingtemperatureof?130°FR-134a at 31.3 psig has a corresponding temperature of?36°FR-502at9.2psighasacorrespondingtemperatureof?−30°FR-502at408.4psighasacorrespondingtemperatureof?150°FR-404A at 3.1 in. Hg has a corresponding temperature of?−55°FR-404Aat148.5psighasacorrespondingtemperatureof?70°FR-410Aat90.2psighasacorrespondingtemperatureof?26°FR-410Aat317.1psighasacorrespondingtemperatureof?100°F

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10General Safety PracticesUnit4Safety is discussed in great detail throughout the book,but this unit provides safety precautions necessary whenworking with pressure vessels and piping, electrical haz-ards, heat, cold, mechanical equipment, heavy objects,and chemicals.OBJECTIVESAfter studying this unit, the student should be able to:•describeproperproceduresforworkingwithpressur-ized systems and vessels, electrical energy, heat, cold,rotating machinery, ladders, fire risks, building evacu-ation, refrigerants and other chemicals; moving heavyobjects; and for utilizing proper ventilation.AHRI CURRICULUM GUIDECOMPETENCIESBackground and related information is included in thisunit for many of the competencies listed in the follow-ing areas of training in the AHRI Curriculum Guide:•SAFETYPersonal Safety and Work PracticesHandlingofPressurizedFluidsHandling of Hazardous SubstancesElectricalSafetyUNIT4 ANSWERSTO REVIEW QUESTIONS (TEXT)1.When charging liquid refrigerant into a system.2.C.3.Because of the great internal pressure in a nitrogentank, the pressure must be reduced.4.An explosion can occur.5.Possible frostbite or frozen skin.6.Heart.7.Heart rhythm problems and burns.8.By using heat shields.9.Stand to the side in case loose parts may fly. Checkfor loose parts at the coupling and shaft.10.Ground.11.Using dollies and plywood on which to move theequipment.12.Determining that the chemicals will not corrodethe condenser and should be washed off with greatcaution.13.Acids.14.B-3.15. ThelettersA,B,andCrepresentthetypesoffireextin-guishersfordifferentkindsoffires.TypeAcanbeusedontrash,wood,andpaper.TypeBisforliquidsthatareonfire.TypeCisforelectricalequipmentfires.UNIT4 ANSWERS TO REVIEW TESTQUESTIONS (LAB MANUAL)1.C.2.C.3.A.4.A.5.A.6.B.7.C.8.A.9.B.10.A.11.A.12.A.

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11Tools and EquipmentUnit5This unit describes heating, air-conditioning, refrigera-tion air system balancing, and energy auditing tools andequipment and their use, including general hand tools,specialized hand tools, specialized digital tools, web-basedinstruments and tools, andspecialized service and instal-lation equipment.OBJECTIVESAfter studying this unit, the student should be able to:•describehandtoolsusedbytheair-conditioning,heating, and refrigeration technician.•describeequipmentusedtoinstallandserviceair-conditioning, heating, and refrigeration systems.•describeequipmentandtoolsusedbyresidentialenergy auditors.SafETy ChECklIST•Toolsandequipmentshouldbeusedonlyforthejobfor which they were designed. Other use may dam-age the tool or equipment and may be unsafe for thetechnician.ahRI CURRICUlUM GUIDECOMPETENCIESBackground and related information is included in thisunit for many of the competencies listed in the follow-ing areas of training in the AHRI Curriculum Guide:•TOOLSANDEQUIPMENTHand Tools and AccessoriesElectricalTestingDevices/MetersRefrigeration:ServicingandTestingEquipmentHeating:ServicingandTestingEquipmentAirflow:MeasuringandTestingEquipmentUNIT5aNSWERSTO REVIEW QUESTIONS (TEXT)1. Phillipsandstraightorslotblade;alsoKeystone,cabinet, Torx, clutch head, hex head, Read andPrince(Frearson)square.2. Socketwithratchethandle,openend,boxend,com-bination,adjustableopenend;alsoratchetbox,pipe.3.To drive hex head screws that fasten panels on air-conditioning, heating, and refrigeration cabinets.4. General-purpose,needle-nose,sidecutting,slipjoint;also locking.5. Springtype—acoilspringthatcanbeusedinsideoroutside the tubing to be bent to keep tubing fromkinking;levertype—aleverisusedtohelpapplypressure to bend tubing and avoid kinking.6.C.7.C.8.A.9. Electronic,fluorescentsystemwithultravioletlamp,halide torch, bubbles, and ultrasonic.10.Compound gauge, high-pressure gauge, manifold,valves, and hoses.11. Glassstem,pocketdial,pocketdigital;alsoelec-tronic and recording type.12.To solder electrical connections.13. Solderingandbrazing.14. Useswet-bulb/dry-bulbprincipletoobtainrelativehumidity readings.15.To balance duct systems, check fan and blower char-acteristics, and make static pressure measurements.16.To make flue-gas analyses to determine combustionefficiency in gas or oil furnaces.17.To check the pressure of the flue gas in gas and oilfurnaces.18.Voltage, resistance, current in milliamperes.19.To accurately charge refrigerant by weight.20.It is illegal to intentionally vent refrigerant to theair. Refrigerant is recovered from a system so thatthe system can be worked on without venting therefrigerant to the air.UNIT5aNSWERS TO REVIEW TESTQUESTIONS (laB MaNUal)1.A.2.C.3.A.4.C.5. D.6. D.7.C.8.C.9.A.10.A.11.A.12. D.13. D.14. D.15. D.16.C.

Solution Manual For Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology, 8th Edition - Page 16 preview image

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12FastenersUnit6This unit describes nails, staples, rivets, and wood screws,including tapping and machine screws. Thread sizes andother identifying data are covered. Other fasteners de-scribed are set screws, anchor shields, wall anchors, togglebolts, threaded rod, angle steel, and masonry fasteners.Miscellaneous fasteners discussed are the cotter pin, pipehook, pipe strap, perforated strap, nylon strap, grille clip,solderless terminals, and screw-on wire connectors.OBJECTIVESAfter studying this unit, the student should be able to:•identifycommonfastenersusedwithwood.•identifycommonfastenersusedonhollowwalls.•identifycommonfastenersusedwithsheetmetal.•writeandexplainatypicaltappingscrewdimension.•identifytypicalmachinescrewheads.•writeandexplaineachpartofamachinescrewthread dimension.•identifyanddescribefastenersusedinmasonryapplications.•describehangingandsecuringdevicesforpiping,tubing,and ductwork.•describevarioustypesofothercommonlyusedfasteners.•describesolderlessterminalsandscrew-onwireconnectors.SAFETY ChECklIST•Whenstaplesareusedtofastenawireinplace,donothammer them too tightly as they may damage the wire.•Whenusingfasteners,makesurethatallmaterialsare strong enough for the purpose for which they arebeing used.•Weargoggleswheneverdrillingholesandwhencleaning out holes.•Donotusepowder-actuatedsystemswithouttheproper training.•Wheninstallingfasteners,besuretofollowallinstal-lation instructions carefully.•Asanair-conditioning(heatingandcooling)andrefrigeration technician, you need to know aboutdifferent types of fasteners and various fasteningsystems. Knowing about different fasteners, includ-ing their intended use as well as their limitations,will help make sure that you use the right fastener orsystem to securely install and mount all equipment,system components, and materials.EXERCISES (lAB MANUAl)Exercises6-1and6-2UNIT6 ANSWERSTO REVIEW QUESTIONS (TEXT)1. Common,finishing,roofing;alsomasonry.2. Penny.3.d.4. D.5. D.6. Hollowwallanchor,togglebolt,self-drillingdrywallanchors, plastic toggle drywall anchors.7. Hardenedsteel.8. U-shapetofastenwireinplace;outwardclinchtofasten insulation and ductboard.9. Drillaholeinbothpiecesofmetalthesizeoftherivet diameter, insert the pin rivet with pointed endfacing out, place the nozzle of the riveting tool overthe pin, and squeeze the handles.10. 6–2031/2,TypeABslottedhex.65outside thread diameter.205number of threads per inch.1/25length of screw.Type AB5type of point.Slottedhex5type of head.11. SeeFigure 6.12inthetext.12.5/16218UNC-2.5/165outside diameter.185number of threads per inch.UNC5Unifiedthreadseries(UnifiedNationalCoarse).25class of fit.13. Drillaholeintobothpiecesofmetaltheapproxi-matesizeofthethreadrootdiameter;turnthescrewinto the hole with a conventional screwdriver or elec-tric drill with appropriate screwdriver bit or chuck.14. A.15. Atappingscrewhasanendslightlytaperedtotherootdiameter;aself-drillingscrewhasapointanddrill feature at the end.16. Flat,cone,oval;alsocup,dog,half-dog.17. Tofastenobjectstomasonryorinsomecasestohollow walls.

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