Solution Manual for Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers, 9th Edition

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Online Instructor’s Manual with TestbankforOccupational Safety and HealthFor Technologists, Engineers, andManagersNinth EditionDavid L. Goetsch

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TABLE OF CONTENTSPart Two: Answers to Review Questions67Chapter One67Chapter Two69Chapter Three71Chapter Four74Chapter Five78Chapter Six80Chapter Seven86Chapter Eight89Chapter Nine91Chapter Ten95Chapter Eleven99Chapter Twelve102Chapter Thirteen106Chapter Fourteen108Chapter Fifteen111Chapter Sixteen116Chapter Seventeen120Chapter Eighteen122Chapter Nineteen126Chapter Twenty130Chapter Twenty-One137Chapter Twenty-Two139Chapter Twenty-Three142Chapter Twenty-Four.147Chapter Twenty-Five150Chapter Twenty-Six154Chapter Twenty-Seven156Chapter Twenty-Eight158Chapter Twenty-Nine160Chapter Thirty165Chapter Thirty-One167Part Three: Transparency Masters169Chapter OneChapter TwoChapter ThreeChapter FourChapter FiveChapter SixChapter SevenChapter EightChapter Nine

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Chapter TenChapter ElevenChapter TwelveChapter ThirteenChapter FourteenChapter FifteenChapter SixteenChapter SeventeenChapter EighteenChapter NineteenChapter TwentyChapter Twenty-OneChapter Twenty-TwoChapter Twenty-ThreeChapter Twenty-FourChapter Twenty-FiveChapter Twenty-SixChapter Twenty-SevenChapter Twenty-EightChapter Twenty-NineChapter ThirtyChapter Thirty-One

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1PARTTWOANSWERS TOREVIEWQUESTIONSChapter One–Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now1.To what cause(s) can the improvements in workplace safety made to date beattributed?Improvements in safety up to now have been the result of pressure for legislationto promote safety and health, the steadily increasing costs associated withaccidentsand injuries, and the professionalization of safety as an occupation.2.Explain the significance of the Code of Hammurabi in terms of the safetymovement.What is significant about the code from the perspective of safety and health is thatit contained clauses dealing with injuries, allowable fees for physicians, andmonetary damages assessed against those who injured others.3.Describe the circumstances that led to the development of the first organizedsafety program.In 1892 in a Joliet, Illinois, steel plant thefirst recorded safety programwasestablished in response to a scare caused when a flywheel exploded.Followingthe explosion a committee of managers wasformed toinvestigate and makerecommendations.4.What is Frederick Taylor’s connection to the safety movement?Although safety was not a major focusof his work, Taylor did draw aconnectionbetween lost personnel time and management policies andprocedures.Thisconnectionbetween safety and managementrepresented a major step towardbroad-based safety consciousness.5.Explain the development of the National Safety Council.The Association of Iron and Steel Electrical Engineers (AISEE), formed in theearly 1900s, pressed for a national conference on safety. As a result oftheAlSEE’s efforts, the first meeting of the Cooperative Safety Congresstook placein Milwaukee in 1912.A year after the initial meeting of theCooperative SafetyCongress, the National Council of Industrial Safetywas established in Chicago,Illinois.In 1915,this organization changed itsname to the National SafetyCouncil.6.What impact did labor shortages in World War II have on the safetymovement?The loss of a skilled worker due to an injury or for any other reason created anexcessive hardship.

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27.Explain how workplace tragedies have affected the safety movement.Giveexamples.Safety and health tragedies in the workplace have greatly accelerated the pace ofthe safety movement.Three of the most significant events in the history of thesafety and healthmovement were the Hawk’s Nest,asbestos menace, and Bhopaltragedies.8.Explain the primary reasons behind the passage of OSHA.Generally, the state legislated safetyrequirements only in specificindustries, hadinadequate safetyand health standards, and hadinadequate budgets forenforcement.The injury and death toll due toindustrial mishaps was still toohigh.In the late 1960s, more than 14,000employees were killed annually inconnection with their jobs. Work injuryrates were taking an upward swing.9.Summarize briefly the role organized labor has played in the advancementof the safety movement.Organized labor has fought for safer working conditions and appropriatecompensation for workers injured on the job.10.Define the following terms: fellow servant rule; contributory negligence;assumption of risk.The most important contributions of organized labor to the safety movement wastheir work to overturn anti-labor laws relating to safety in the workplace.Thefellow servant rule held that employees were not liable for workplace injuries thatresulted from the negligence of other employees.If the actions of employeescontributed to their own injuries, the employer was absolved of any liability.Thiswas the doctrine of contributory negligence.Assumption of risk was based on thetheory that people who accept a job assume the risks that go with it.11.Explain the Three E’s of Safety.Three E’s of Safety: Engineering–involves making design improvementstoboth product and process; Education–ensures that employees know how to worksafely; and Enforcement–involves making sure that employees abide by safetypolicies, rules, regulations, practices, and procedures.12.Explain the termintegrationas it relates to modern safety and health.By working together and drawing ontheir own respective areas ofexpertise,safety and health professionals are better able to identify,predict, control, andcorrect safety and health problems.

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3Chapter Two–Accidents and Their Effects1.What are the leading causes of death in the United States?Accidents are the fourth leading cause of death in this country behind heartdisease, cancer, and strokes.2.When the overall cost of an accident is calculated, what elements make upthe cost?These costs include such factors as lost wages, medical expenses, insuranceadministration, fire-related losses, motor vehicle property damage, and indirectcosts.3.What are the five leading causes of accidental deaths in the United States?Motor vehicle, poison (solid, liquid), drowning, falls, and fire-related4.What are the leading causes of death in the United States of people betweenthe ages of 25 and 44?Accidents, motor vehicle, poison (solid, liquid), drowning, falls, fire-related,cancer, and heart disease5.Explain how todays’s rate of accidental work deaths now compares with therate of the early 1900s.Between 1912 and 1989, accidental work deaths per 100,000 population werereduced 81 percent, from 21 to 4.6.What are the five leading causes of work deaths?Motor vehicle related, falls, electric current, drowning, and fire-related7.What are the five leading causes of work injuries by type of accident?Overexertion, impact accidents, falls, bodily reaction, and compression.8.When death rates are classified by industry type, what are the three leadingindustry types?Mining/quarrying, agriculture, construction9.Rank the following body parts according to frequency of injury from highestto lowest: neck, fingers, trunk, back, and eyes.Back, fingers, trunk, eyes, and neck10.Explain the reasons for high accident rates in developing countries.Rapid development and the pressure of global competitionMissing safety and health infrastructure

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4Chapter Three–Theories of Accident Causation1.Explain the domino theory of accident causation, including its origin and itsimpact on more modern theories.There are five factors in the sequence of events leading up to an accident: 1)ancestry and social environment, 2) fault of person, 3) unsafe actimechanical orphysical hazard, 4) accident, and 5) injury.2.What were the findings of Herbert W.Heinrich’s 1920s study of the causes ofindustrial accidents?88 percent of industrial accidents are caused by unsafe acts committed by fellowworkers.10 percent of industrial accidents are caused by unsafe conditions.2percent of industrial accidents are unavoidable.3.List five of Heinrich’s Axioms of Industrial Safety.Accidents result from a completed series of factors, one of which is theaccidentitself.An accident can occur only as the result of an unsafe act by a person and/or aphysical or mechanical hazard.Most accidents are the result of unsafe behavior by people.An unsafe act by a person or an unsafe condition does not always immediatelyresult in an accident/injury.The reasons why people commit unsafe acts can serve as helpfulguides inselecting corrective actions.The severity of an accident is largely fortuitous and the accident that caused itis largely preventable.The best accident prevention techniques are analogous with the best qualityand productivity techniques.Management should assume responsibility for safety since it is in thebestposition to get results.The supervisor is the key person in the prevention of industrialaccidents.In addition to the direct costs of an accident (i.e., compensation, liabilityclaims, medical costs, and hospital expenses) there are also hidden or indirectcosts.4.Explain the following concepts in the domino theory: preceding factor;central factor.Heinrich’s theory has two central points: 1) injuries are caused by theaction ofpreceding factors; and 2) removal of the central factor (unsafeact/hazardouscondition) negates the action of the preceding factor and, in so doing, preventsaccidents and injuries.5.What are the three broad factors that lead to human error in the humanfactor theory? Briefly explain each.Overload–Overload amounts to an imbalance between a person’s capacity atany given time and the load that person is carrying in a given state.

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5Inappropriate Response/Incompatibility–How a person responds in a givensituation can cause or prevent an accident.If a person detects a hazardouscondition but does nothing to correct it, he or she hasresponded inappropriately.Inappropriate Activities–Human error can be the result of inappropriateactivities.An example of an inappropriate activity would be a person undertakinga task he or she doesn’t know how to do.6.Explain the systems failure component of the accident/incident theory.First, it shows the potential for a causal relationship between managementdecisions/management behavior and safety.Second, it establishes management’srole in accident prevention as well as the broader conceptsof safety and health inthe workplace.7.What are the key components of the epidemiological theory and how doestheir interaction affect accident causation?The key components are predisposition characteristics and situationalcharacteristics.These characteristics, takentogether, can either result inorprevent conditions that might result in an accident.8.Explain the systems theory of accident causation.This theory views a situation in which an accident might occur as a systemcomprised of the following components: person (host), machine (agency),andenvironment.The likelihood of an accident occurring is determined by how thesecomponents interact.Changes in the patterns of interaction can increase or reducethe probability of an accident occurring.9.What impact do stressors have in the systems theory?When stressors are introduced between points 1 and 2 the likelihood of anaccident increases.10.List five factors to consider before making workplace decisions that involverisk.1) Job requirements, 2) the worker’s abilities and limitations, 3) what is gained ifthe task is successfully accomplished, 4) what is lost if the task is attempted butfails, and 5) what is lost if the task is not attempted.11.Explain the principles of behavior-based safety.There are seven basic principles of BBS:Intervention that is focused on employee behaviorIdentification of external factors that will help understand and improveemployee behaviorDirect behavior with activators or events antecedent to the desired behavior,and motivation of the employee to behave as desired with incentives andrewards that will follow the desired behaviorFocus on the positive consequences that will result from the desired behavioras a way to motivate employeesApplication of the scientific method to improve attempts at behavioralinterventionsUse of theory to integrate information rather than to limit possibilities

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6Planned interventions with the feelings and attitudes of the individualemployee in mind12.What is the role of the safety and health professional with regard to handlingemployees who might be drug or alcohol abusers?Safety and health professionals should be aware of the workplace problems thatcan be caused by alcohol and drug abuse.Should also be a member of the cross-functional team of representatives who develop a drug-free workplace program.13.List the warning signs of clinical depression.Persistent dreary moodsSigns of too little sleepSleeping on the job or persistent drowsinessSudden weight loss or gainGeneral loss of interest, especially in areas of previous interestRestlessness, inability to concentrate, or irritabilityChronic physical problemsForgetfulness or an inability to make simple decisionsPersistent feeling of guiltFeeling of low self-worthFocus on death or talk of suicide14.What must management do if it is serous about providing a safe and healthywork environment for employees?Management must establish expectations, provide training, evaluate employeeperformance with safety in mind, and reinforce safe and healthy behavior.15.Explain the connections between obesity and injuries.The most common causes of injuries to obese people were the result ofoverexertion and falls.Efforts to promote optimal body weight may reduce notonly the risk of chronic diseases, but also the risk of unintentional injuries.16.Explain the Swiss Cheese Model from the perspective of accident prevention.The Swiss Cheese Model bases accident prevention on providing multipledefensive layers between hazards and the harm they might cause.

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7Chapter Four–Roles and Professional Certifications forSafety and Health Professionals1.What types of positions might be included in a modern safety and healthteam?Engineers, physicists, industrial hygienists, occupational physicians, andoccupational health nurses.2.Briefly explain the impact such issues as workers’ compensation and theenvironment have had on the commitment of corporate management tosafety and health.OSHA Standards, on-site inspections, and penalties have encouraged a greatercommitment to safety and health than was evident in the past ashas the growingawareness that providing asafe and healthy workplace isthe fight thing to dofrom both an ethical and a business perspective.3.What is the difference between a staff and a line position?Line authority means the safety and health manager has authority overandsupervises certain employees.Staffauthority means the safety andhealthmanager is the staff person responsible for a certain function, buthe or she has noline authority over others involved with that function.4.Explain the types of problems modern safety and health managers canexpect to confront in attempting to implement their programs.Lack of commitmentTop management may go along with having a company-wide safety and healthprogram because they see it as a necessary evil.Production versus SafetyIndustrial firms are in business to make a profit.Anything thatinterferes withproduction or processing is likely to be looked onunfavorably.5.Briefly explain what a company must do in order to succeed in today’scompetitive global marketplace.The most productive company is the one that generates the most outputwith the least input.6.How can safety and health managers use the competitiveness issue to gain acommitment to their programs?Resources invested in safety andhealth can actually improve acompany’scompetitiveness.Productivity, quality, cost, image, and response time can go along wayin helping to gain managementcommitment to safety and health.7.List five different college majors that can lead to a career as a safety andhealth manager.Industrial safety, occupational safety, environmental technology, safetyandhealth management, and industrial hygiene.8.Explain the importance of ongoing in-service training for modern safety andhealth managers and how to get it.

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8In-service training, ongoing interaction with professional colleagues, andcontinued reading of professional literature are effective ways to stay current.Thismeans joining the appropriate professional organizations, becoming familiar withrelated government agencies, and establishing links with relevant standardsorganizations.9.How can safety and health managers become certified in their profession?In order to qualify to sit for a certification examination, safety and healthmanagers must have the required education and experience and submit letters ofrecommendation as specified by the certification board.10.Name three professional societies a safety and health manager may join.American Academy of Industrial HygieneAmerican Industrial Hygiene AssociationAmerican Occupational Medical AssociationAmerican Society of Safety EngineersNational Safety CouncilSociety of Toxicology11.What is meant by the statement “If a physician makes an error he mightharm one person, but an engineer who errs might harm one hundred”?Engineers can make a significant contribution to safety.Correspondingly, theycan cause, inadvertently or through incompetence, accidents that result in seriousinjury and property damage.12.Explain how the design process can affect safety.With a poorly designed seat belt installed in 10,000 automobiles, the engineer hasinadvertently endangered the lives of as many as 40,000people (estimating a maximum of four passengers per car).13.What typed of engineers are most likely to work as design engineers?Those that are most likely to be designers are aerospace, electrical, mechanical,and nuclear engineers.14.Why is the title safety engineer sometimes a misnomer?It implies that the person filling the position is a degreed engineer with formaleducation and/or special training in workplace safety.Typically, the title is givento the person who has overall responsibility for the company’s safety program orto a member of the company’s safety team who is responsible for the traditionalaspects of the safety program.15.What specific strengths might industrial engineers bring to bear as safetyengineers?Their knowledge of industrial systems, both manual and automated, can makethem valuable members of a design team, particularly one that designs industrialsystems and technologies.16.What specific strengths might chemical engineers bring to the safety andhealth team?

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9The coursework they take is particularly relevant since all of it relates eitherdirectly or indirectly to health.17.What specific strengths might chemical engineers bring to the safety andhealth team?A broad background has made the chemical engineer extremely versatile andcapable of working in a wide variety of industries: chemical, petroleum,aerospace, nuclear, materials, microelectronics, sanitation, food processing, andcomputer technology.18.Describe the job of the industrial hygienist.To recognize environmental factors and to understand their effect on humansand their well-being.To evaluate on the basis of experience and with the aid of quantitativemeasurement techniques, the magnitude of these stresses in terms of ability toimpair human health and well-being, andTo prescribe methods to eliminate control, or reduce such stresses whennecessary to alleviate their effects.19.What is a health physicist?Health physicists are concerned primarily with radiation in the workplace.Theirduties include monitoring radiation inside and outside the facility, measuring theradioactivity levels of biological samples, developing the radiation components ofthe company’s emergency action plan, and supervising the decontamination ofworkers and the workplace when necessary.20.Describe the job of the occupational physician.Appraisal, maintenance, restoration, and improvement of the workers’ healththrough application of the principles of preventive medicine, emergencymedical care, rehabilitation, and environmental medicine.Promotion of a productive and fulfilling interaction of the worker and the job,via application of principles of human behavior.Active appreciation of the social, economic, and administrative needsandsibilities of both the worker and work community.Team approach to safety and health, involving cooperation of the physicianwith occupational or industrial hygienists, occupational health nurses, safetypersonnel, and other specialists.21.Describe the job of the occupational health nurse.To adopt the nursing program to meet the specific needs of theindividualcompany.To give competent nursing care for all employees.To ensure that adequate resources are available to support the nursingprogram.To seek out competent medical direction if it is not available on-site.To establish and maintain an adequate system of records-relating to workplacehealth care.

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10To plan, prepare, promote, present, and broker educational activities foremployees.To establish and maintain positive working relationships with all departmentswithin the company.To maintain positive working relationships with all components of the localhealth care community.To monitor and evaluate the nursing program on a continual basis and adjustaccordingly.22.Explain the concept of risk management.Risk management consists of the various activities and strategies in anorganization to protect itself from situations, circumstances, or events that mightundermine its security.23.Explain the role of the ergonomist.CPE must meet the following requirements:Must have a master’s degree in one of the correlative fields of ergonomics,such as biomechanics, human factor/ergonomics, industrial engineering,industrial hygiene, kinesiology, psychology, or systems engineering.Appropriateness of work experience and evidence of participation in projectsrequiring ergonomic expertise.A work sample that demonstrate a breadth of ergonomic knowledge andtheability to use ergonomic methods successfully.24.Explain the responsibilities of employees in safety and health.Employees are responsible for complying with all safety rules and regulations,safely and properly using tools and equipment, safely and properly following allprocedures and processes, properly wearing appropriate PPE, refusing to takeshortcuts, reporting unsafe conditions, encouraging fellow employees to worksafely, and participating in safety training.25.Explain how to achieve each of the following certifications: Certified SafetyProfessional, Certified Industrial Hygienist, and Certified ProfessionalErgonomist.Certified Safety ProfessionaloApply to the Board of Certified Safety ProfessionalsoMeet an academic requirementoMeet a professional safety experience requirementoPass the Safety Fundamentals ExaminationoPass the Comprehensive Practice ExaminationoCertifiedIndustrial HygienistoTechnical Knowledge–Review courses; Professional referencequestionnaireoPass Review and Exam given by the American Board ofIndustrial HygieneoCertification MaintenanceoCertifiedProfessional ErgonomistoMeet Academic RequirementsoMeet Work ExperienceoWork Product

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1126.Explain how to achieve the following certification: Certified OccupationalHealth Nurse-Safety Manager.Pass COHN-SM certification ExamMeet Academic RequirementsMeet Work ExperiencePass Additional Subspecialty Testing

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12Chapter Five–Safety, Health, and Competition in the GlobalMarketplace1.Explain why and how global competition can have a negative impact onsafety and health in the workplace.It is not uncommon for this pressure to create a harried atmosphere that canincrease the likelihood of accidents.It can also lead to shortcuts that increase thepotential for health hazards.2.Define the termcompetitiveness.The Institute of Corporate Competitiveness defines competitiveness as“theability to consistently succeed and prosper in the marketplacewhether it is local,regional, national, or global.”3.What are the common characteristics of the most competitive companies?Those who consistently outperform their competitors in the key areas ofquality, productivity, response time, service, cost, and corporate image.Those who continually improve in all of these areas.4.Explain the importance of continual improvement as it relates to globalcompetitiveness.The productivity record of today will be broken tomorrow.What is consideredworld-class quality today will be considered mediocre tomorrow.What isexcellent service today will be unsatisfactory service tomorrow.The acceptablecosts of today will be considered too high tomorrow.Record response time todaywill be too slow tomorrow.Finally, an excellent corporate image today can fadequickly and be gone tomorrow.5.Define the termsproductivityandvalue added.Explain their relationship.Output / Input = ProductivityValue added is the difference between what it costs to produce a product andwhat it costs to purchase it.This difference represents the value thathas beenadded to the product by the production process.Value added is increased whenproductivity is increased.6.State two rules of thumb that explain how to recognize decliningproductivity.Productivity is declining when 1) output declines and input is constant; or 2)output is constant, but input increases.7.State two rules of thumb that explain how to recognize improvingproductivity.Productivity is improving when 1) output is constant, but input decreases; or 2)output increases and input is constant.8.Explain the relationship between productivity and quality as it relates tocompetitiveness.Quality goes hand-in-hand with productivity in the competitiveness equation.Today’s industrial company must have both.Quality without productivity results

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13in costs that are too high to be competitive.Productivity without quality results ina shabby product that quickly tarnishes the corporate image.9.Define the termquality.Quality is a measure of the extent to which a product or service meets or exceedscustomer expectations.10.Write a brief rebuttal to the following statement:“A safety and healthprogram is just a bunch of bureaucratic regulations that get in the way ofprofits.”Instructor/student opinion.Chapter Six–The OSH Act, Standards, and Liability1.Briefly explain the rationale for the OSH Act.To assure so far as possible every working man and woman in the nation safe andhealthful working conditions and to preserve our human resources.2.What is OSHA’s mission or purpose?Encourage employers and employees to reduce workplace hazardsImplement new safety and health programsImprove existing safety and health programsEncourage research that will lead to innovative ways of dealing withworkplace safety and health problemsEstablish the rights of employers regarding the improvement ofworkplacesafety and healthMonitor job-related illnesses and injuries through a system of reportingandrecord-keepingEstablish training programs to increase the number of safety and healthprofessionals and to continually improve their competenceEstablish mandatory workplace safety and health standards and enforce thosestandardsProvide for the development and approval of state-level workplace safety andhealth programsMonitor, analyze, and evaluate state-level safety and health programs3.List those who are exempted from coverage by OSHA.Persons who are self employedFamily farms that employ only immediate members of the familyFederal agencies covered by other federal statutes (in cases where these otherfederal statutes do not cover working conditions in a specificarea orareas, OSHA standards apply)State and local governments (except that in order to gain OSHA’s approval ofa state-level safety and health plan, states must provide a program for stateand local government and employees that is at least equal to its private sectorplan)4.Explain the difference between an OSHA standard and an OSHA regulation.

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14OSHA standards address specific hazards such as working in confined spaces,handling hazardous waste, or working with dangerous chemicals.Regulations donot apply to specific hazards.Regulations do not requirethe rigorous reviewprocess that standards go through.5.Explain how the following processes relating to OSHA standards areaccomplished; passage of a new standard; request for a temporary variance;appealing a standard.Passage of a New Standard–OSHA must publish its intentions in theFederalRegisterin either a notice of proposed rule making or an advance notice ofproposed rule making.After publishing notice, they must conduct a publichearing if one is requested.After the close of the comment periodand public hearing, if one is held, OSHA must publish in theFederalregisterthefull, final text of any standard amended or adopted and thedate it becomeseffective, along with an explanation of the standard andthe reasons forimplementing it.Request for a Temporary Variance–Employers must demonstrate that they aremaking a concerted effortto comply and taking the stepsnecessary to protectemployees while working toward compliance. Therequirements are as follows:1) identification of the parts of the standardthat cannot be complied with; 2)explanation of thereasons whycompliance is not possible; 3) detailedexplanation of the steps that havebeen taken so far to comply with the standard;and 4) explanation of thesteps that will be taken to fully comply.Appealing a Standard–An appeal must be filed with the U.S.Court of Appealsserving the geographic region in which the complainant lives or does business.Appeal paperwork must be initiated within 60 days of a standard’s approval.6.Briefly describe OSHA’s record-keeping requirements.Employers are required to keep injury and illness records for each locationwherethey do business.Records must be maintained on an annual basis using specialforms prescribed by OSHA.Records are not sent to OSHA.Rather, they must bemaintained locally for a minimum of five years.However, they must be availablefor inspection for OSHA at any time.7.What are OSHA’s reporting requirements?All occupational illnesses must be reported, regardless of the severity.Work-related injuries must be reported if they result in one or more of the following:Death of one or more workersOne or most lost workdaysRestricted motion or restrictions to the work an employee can doLoss of consciousness of one or more workersTransfer of an employee to another jobMedical treatment beyond in-house first aid8.Explain what employers are required to do in order to keep employeesinformed.Employers are required to keep employees informed about safety and healthissues that concern them.They are requiredto post the followingmaterial at

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15locations where employee information is normally displayed: a)OSHA poster2203; b) summaries of variance requests; c) copies of allOSHA citations receivedfor failureto meet standards; and d) thesummary page of OSHA form 200.9.Explain the various components of OSHA’s enhanced enforcement policy.Components of the enhanced enforcement policy include:Follow-up inspections–OSHA’s area directors are empowered to conductfollow-up inspections to verify compliance.Programmed inspections–OSHA’s site specific targeting process usesobjective selection criteria to schedule programmedinspections.Public awareness–when an organization receives a high gravityviolation, OSHA makes the public aware of the fact and allapplicableenforcement actions byissuing press releases throughlocal and nationalmedia.Settlements–provisions for high gravity violation settlementagreementsrequire the organizationto hire consultants to developa feasible process forchanging the safety and health culture in thefacility.Section 11(b) summary enforcement orders–once anorder has been entered,organizations that fail to comply may beheld in contempt of court—an actionOSHA pursues.10.Describe how a hypothetical OSHA workplace inspection would proceedfrom the first step to the last.The OSHA compliance office presents his or her credentials to acompanyofficial.The compliance officer conducts an opening conference with pertinentcompany officials and employee representatives.The compliance officer makes the inspection tour.The compliance officer holds a closing conference, which involves opendiscussion between the officer and company/employee representatives.OSHA personnel advise company representatives of problems noted, actionsplanned as a result, and assistance available from OSHA.11.List and explain three different types of OSHA citations and the typicalpenalties that accompany them.Who gets the money from OSHA fines?Other than Serious Violation–A violation that has a direct relationship to jobsafety and health, but probably would not cause death or serious physical harm.Aproposed penalty of up to $7,000 for each violation is discretionary.Willful Violation–A violation that the employer intentionally and knowinglycommits.Repeat Violation–A violation of any standard, regulation, rule, or order where,upon re-inspection, a substantially similar violation is found.Failure to Correct Prior Violation–Failure to correct a prior violation maybring a civil penalty of up to $7,000 for each day the violation continues beyondthe prescribed abatement date.OSHA fines go to the general fund of the U.S.Treasury12.Describe the process for appealing an OSHA citation.

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16The first step is to notify OSHA’s area director in writing.This is known as filinga notice of contest.It must be done within fifteen working days of receipt of acitation or penalty notice.The notice of contest must clearly describe the basis forthe employee’s challenge and contain all of theinformation about what is beingchallenged.Once OSHA receives a notice of contest, the area director forwards itand all pertinent materials to the Occupational Safety and Health ReviewCommission (OSHRC).13.List and briefly explain OSHA’s voluntary protection programs.Star Program–The Star Program recognizes companies that have incorporatedsafety and health into their regular management system so successfully that theirinjury rates are below the national average for their industry.Merit Program–The Merit Program is less strenuous than the Star Program.Itis seen as a stepping-stone to recognize companies that have made a good starttoward Star Program recognition.Demonstration Program–The Department of Labor describes theDemonstration Program as follows: “for companies that provide Star-qualityworker protection in industries where certain Star requirements can be changed toinclude these companies as Star participants.”14.List five employer responsibilities.Meet the general duty responsibility to provide a workplace free from hazardsthat are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm toemployees, and comply with standards, rules, and regulations issued under theOSH Act.Be knowledgeable of mandatory standards and make copies available toemployees for review upon request.Keep employees informed about OSHA.Continually examine workplace conditions to ensure they conform tostandards.Minimize or reduce hazards.Make sure employees have and use safe tools and equipment (includingappropriate personal protective equipment) that is properly maintained.Use color codes, posters, labels, or signs as appropriate to warnemployeesof potential hazards.Establish or update operating procedures and communicate them sothatemployees follow safety and health requirements.Provide medical examinations when required by OSHA standards.Provide the training required by OSHA standards.Report to the nearest OSHA office withinforty-eight hours of any fatalaccident or one that results in the hospitalization of five or moreemployees.Keep OSHA-required records of injuriesand illnesses, and post a copyof thetotals from the last page of OSHA No. 200 during the entire monthofFebruary each year.(This applies to employers with eleven or moreemployees.)

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17At a prominent location within the workplace, post OSHA poster 2203informing employees of their rights and responsibilities.Provide employees, former employees, and their representative accesstothe Log and Summary of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (OSHANo.200) at a reasonable time and in a reasonable manner.Give employees access to medical and exposure records.Give the OSHA compliance officer names of authorized employeerepresentatives who may be asked to accompany the compliance officerduring an inspection.Do not discriminate against employees who properly exercise their rightsunder the act.Post OSHA citations at or near the work site involved.Each citation orcopy must remain posted until the violation has been abated, or for threeworking days, whichever is longer.Abate cited violations within the prescribed period.15.List five employee rights.Complain to an employer, union, OSHA, or any other governmental agencyabout job safety and health hazards.File safety or health grievances.Participate in a workplace safety and health committee or in union activitiesconcerning job safety and health.Participate in OSHA inspections, conferences, hearings, or other OSHArelated activities.Expect employers to make review copies available of OSHA standardsandrequirements.Ask employers for information on emergency procedures.Receive safety and health training.Be kept informed about safety and health issues.Anonymously ask OSHA to conduct an investigation of hazardous conditionsat the work site.Be informed of actions taken by OSHA as a result of a complaint.Observe during an OSHA inspection and respond to the questions asked by acompliance officer.See records of hazardous materials in the workplace.See their own medical record.Review the annual Log and Summary of Occupational Injuries (OSHANo.200).Have an exit briefing with the OSHA compliance officer following an OSHAinspection.Anonymously ask NIOSH to provide information about toxicity levels ofsubstances used in the workplace.Challenge the abatement period given employers to correct hazards discoveredin an OSHA inspection.

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18Participate in hearings conducted by the Occupational Safety and HealthReview Commission.Be advised when an employer requests a variance to a citation or any OSHAstandard.Testify at variance hearings.Appeal decisions handed down at OSHA variance hearings.Give OSHA input concerning the development, implementation, modification,and/or revocation of standards.16.Describe the purpose and organization of NIOSH.The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is part of theDepartment of Health and Human Services (HHS).NIOSH has two broadfunctions: research and education.The main focus of the agency’s research is ontoxicity levels and human tolerance levels of hazardous substances.Each yearNIOSH publishes updated lists of toxic materials and recommended tolerancelevels.17.Define the following legal terms as they relate to workplace safety:negligence; liability; ability to pay; and tort.Negligence–Negligence means failure to take reasonable care or failure toperform duties in ways that prevent harm to humans or damage to property.Liability–Liability is a duty to compensate as a result of being held responsiblefor an act or omission.Ability to Pay–The concept of ability to pay applies when there are a number ofdefendants in a case, but not all have the ability to pay financial damages.Itallows the court to assess all damage against the defendant or defendants whohave the ability to pay.Tort–A tort is an action involving a failure to exercise reasonable carethat may, as a result, lead to civil litigation.18.Explain OSHA’s stand on safety incentives.OSHA is not opposed to safety incentives perse.However, OSHA doesrecommend caution in using them to ensure that the desire to earn incentives doesnot lead to under-reporting of accidents, injuries, and near misses.Organizationsthat use safety incentives should have a plans for preventing under-reporting andbe prepared to defend that plan.

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19Chapter Seven–Workers’ Compensation1.Explain the underlying rationale of workers’ compensation as a concept.The underlying rationale for workers’ compensation had two aspects: 1) fairnessto injured employees, especially those without the resources to undertake legalactions that are often drawn out and expensive; and 2) reduction of costs toemployers associated with workplace injuries (i.e., legal, image, and moralecosts).2.List four objectives of workers’ compensation.Replacement of incomeRehabilitation of the injured employeePrevention of accidentsCost allocation3.List five types of employees who may not be covered by workers’compensation.Agricultural employeesDomestic employeesCasual employeesHazardous work employeesCharitable or religious employeesEmployees of small organizationsRailroad and maritime employeesContractors and subcontractorsMinorsExtraterritoriality employees4.What is meant by the termcontributory negligence?Contributory negligence means that the injured worker’s own negligencecontributed to the accident.5.What is meant by the termassumption of risk?If an employee knew that the job involved risk, he or she could not expect to becompensated when the risks resulted in accidents and injuries.6.Explain the reasons for the unprecedented increases in medical costs in theUnited States.The unprecedented increases can be attributed to two factors: 1) technologicaldevelopments that have resulted in extraordinary but costly advances in medicalcare; and 2) a proliferation of litigation that has driven the cost of malpracticeinsurance steadily up.7.What are the three types of workers’ compensation insurance?State funds, private insurance, and self-insurance.8.Insurance companies use one of six methods for determining the premiumrates of employers.Select three and explain them.

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20Schedule Rating–Insurance companies establish baseline safety conditions andevaluate the employer’s conditions against the baselines.Credits are awarded forconditions that are better than the baseline and debits are assessed for conditionsthat are worse.Insurance rates are adjusted accordingly.Manual Rating–A manual of rates is developed that establishes rates forvarious occupations.Each occupation may have a different rate based on itsperceived level of hazard.The overall rate for the employer is a pro-ratacombination of all the individual rates.Experience Rating–Employers are classified by type.Premium rates areassigned based on predictions of average losses for a given type of employer.Rates are then adjusted either up or down on the employer’s actual experienceover the past three years.Retrospective Rating–Employees pay an established rate for a set period.Atthe end of the period the actual experience is assessed and an appropriatemonetary adjustment is made.Premium Discounting–Large employers receive large discounts on theirpremiums based on their size.Combination Method–The insurer combines two or more of the other methodsto arrive at premium rate.9.How can one determine if an injury should be considered serious?Student/instructor opinion.10.Explain the concepts of AOE and COE.When employees are injured when undertaking work prescribed in their jobdescription, work assigned by a supervisor, or work normally expected ofemployees, they fall into the AOE category.Benefits are owed only when aninjury occurs in the course of employment (COE).11.Distinguish between an employee and an independent contractor.A person who is on the company’s payroll, receives benefits, and has a supervisoris clearly an employee.However, a person who accepts a service contract toperform a specific task or set of tasks and is not directly supervised by thecompany is not considered an employee.12.Define the following terms:temporary disability, permanent disability.Temporary Disability–Temporary disability is the state that exists when it isprobable that an injured worker who is currently unable to work will be able toresume gainful employment with no or only partial disability.Temporarydisability assumes there will be substantial improvement.Permanent Disability–Permanent partial disability is the condition that existswhen an injured employee is not expected to recover fully.In such cases theemployee will be able to work again but not at full capacity.Often employees whoare partially disabled must be retrained for another occupation.13.Explain the following theories of handling permanent partial disability cases:whole-person, wage-loss, loss of wage-earning capacity.Whole Person Theory–Once it has been determined that an injured worker’scapabilities have been permanently impaired to some extent, the theory is applied

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21like a subtraction problem.What the worker can do after recuperation from theinjury is determinedand subtracted from what he orshe could do before theaccident.Factors such as age, education, andoccupation are not considered.Wage-Loss Theory–The wage-loss theory requires a determination of howmuch the employee could have earned had the injury not occurred.Loss of Wage-Earning Capacity–The loss of wage-earning capacity theory, isbased not just on what the employee earned at the time of the accident, but alsoon what he or she might have earned in the future.14.Distinguish between medical vocational rehabilitation.Medical rehabilitation consists of providing whatever treatment is required torestore to the extent possible any lost ability to function normally.Vocationalrehabilitation involves providing the education and training needed to prepare theworker for a new occupation.15.What are the three approaches for settling workers’ compensation claims?Direct settlement, agreement settlement, and public hearing.16.Explain the concept of medical management of workplace injuries.Out-of-control workers’ compensation cases in the ’90s led to the concept ofmedical management of workplace injuries.Through better management ofworkers’ compensation claims, more than 30 states have merged the concepts ofworkers’ compensation and managed care.The goals are to speed up theprocessing of workers’ compensation claims; reduce costs; reduce fraud andabuse; and improve medical management of workplace injuries.17.Explain the theory of cost allocation.Cost allocation is the process of spreading the cost of workers’ compensationacross an industry so that no individual company is overly burdened.The cost ofworkers’ compensation includes the costs of premiums, benefits, andadministration.18.Summarize briefly the problems most widely associated with workers’compensation.The most fundamental problem with workers’ compensation is that it is notfulfilling its objectives.Lost income is not being adequately replaced, the numberof accidents has not decreased, and the effectiveness of cost allocation isquestionable.19.What types of actions are workers’ compensation reform movements likelyto recommend in the future?Stabilizing workers’ compensation costs over the long term.Streamlining administration of the system.Reducing the costs associated with the resolution of medical issues.Limiting stress-related claims.Limiting vocational rehabilitation benefits.Increasing benefits paid for temporary and permanent disabilities.Reducing the amount insurers may charge for overhead.Providing more public input into the settling of rates.

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2220.Explain the most common workers’ compensation cost reduction strategies.Stay in touch with the injured employee.Have a return-to-work program and use it.Determine the cause of the accident.

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23Chapter Eight–Accident Investigation and Reporting1.Explain the rationale for investigating accidents.The primary reason for investigating anaccident is not to identify ascapegoat,but to determine the cause of the accident.2.When should an investigation be reported? Why?An investigation should be conducted immediately.First, immediateinvestigations are more likely to produce accurate information.Second, it isimportant to collect information before the accident scene is changedand beforewitnesses begin comparing notes. Finally, an immediateinvestigation is evidenceof management’s commitment to preventingfuture accidents.3.Explain the difference between an accident report and an accident-analysisreport.An accident report is completed when the accident in question represents only aminor accident.It answers the questions who, what, when, and where.Anaccident-analysis report is completed when the accident in question is serious.Itanswers the questions who, what, when, where, and why.4.List the categories of the most common causes of accidents.Personal beliefs and feelingsMismatch or overloadSystems failureTrapsUnsafe conditionsUnsafe acts5.What are the terms that should guide the conduct of an accidentinvestigation?The investigation should be guided by the following words:who, what, when,where, why, andhow.6.What role should the safety and health professional play in the conduct of anaccident investigation?The safety and health profession should play a leadership role in collecting andanalyzing the facts and developing recommendations.7.List and explain the steps for conducting an accident investigation.Isolate the Accident Scene–The entire area surrounding such a scene is blockedoff by barriers or heavy yellow tape.Record All Evidence–It is important to make a permanent record of allpertinent evidence as quickly as possible.Photograph and/or Videotape the Scene–Modern photographic andvideotaping technology has simplified the task of observing and recordingevidence.

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24Identify Witnesses–In identifying witnesses it is important to compile a witnesslist.Names should be recorded in three categories: a) primary witnesses, b)secondary witnesses, and c) tertiary witnesses.8.Why is it important to record all pertinent evidence relating to an accidentimmediately after an accident has occurred?Certain types of evidence may be perishable.The longer an accident scene must be isolated, the more likely it is thatevidence will be disturbed, knowingly, or unknowingly.If the isolated scene contains a critical piece of equipment or a criticalcomponent in a larger process, pressure will quickly mount to get it backintooperation.9.What can you do when taking close-up photographs to put them in properperspective?When photographing objects involved in the accident, be sure to identify andmeasure them to show the proper perspective.Place a ruler or coin next to theobject when making a close-up photograph.This technique will help todemonstrate the object’s size or perspective.10.List and differentiate among the three categories of witnesses to an accident.Primary witnesses are eyewitnesses to the accident.Secondary witnesses are witnesses who did not actually see the accidenthappen, but were in the vicinity and arrived on the scene immediately or veryshortly after the accident.Tertiary witnesses are witnesses who were not present at the time of theaccident or afterward but may still have relevant evidence to present (i.e., anemployee who had complained earlier about a problem with the machineinvolved in the accident).11.Briefly explain thewhenandwhereof interviewing witnesses.When to Interview–Interviews should begin as soon as the witness list has beencompiled and once begun, they should proceed expeditiously.Where to Interview–The best place to interview is at the accident site.If this isnot possible, interviews should take place in a private setting elsewhere.It isimportant to ensure that all distractions are removed, interruptions are guardedagainst, and the witness is not accompanied by other witnesses.12.Briefly explain thehowof interviewing witnesses.The key to getting at the facts is to put the witness at ease and to listen.Listen towhat is said, how it is said, and what isn’t said.Ask questionsthat will get at theinformation listed earlier in this chapter, but phrase them in an open-endedformat.Don’t lead witnesses with your questions or influence them with gestures,facial expressions, tone of voice, or anyother form of nonverbal communication.Interrupt only if absolutely necessary to seek clarification on a critical point.Remain nonjudgmental and objective.13.What is the purpose of an accident report?

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25The purpose of the report is to record the findings of the accident investigation,the cause or causes of the accident, and recommendations for corrective action.14.Who is responsible for filing accident reports with OSHA?All employers are required to report work-related deaths.All employers arerequired to report any worker amputation, eye loss, or in-patient hospitalization.All employers are required to report fatal heart attacks that occur at work andmotor vehicle deaths that occur in a construction zone.Employers with 10 ormore employees that are not classified as partially exempt must record seriouswork-related injuries and illnesses using the appropriate OSHA forms (i.e.300,300A, and 301).

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26Chapter Nine–Product Safety and Liability1.Explain the best way for a manufacturer to limit its exposure to productliability lawsuits.The best way the manufacturer can prevent or defend such claims is bymanufacturing a reasonably safe and reliable product, and, where necessary, byproviding instructions for its proper use.The key to achieving a reasonably safeand reliable product and, at the same time, reducing the product liability exposureis to build in product safety.2.What are the steps to follow in filing a product liability lawsuit?An injured party decides to seek redress against the manufacturer of a productand engages an attorney.The attorney files a complaint in state or federal court.The discovery period is undertaken during which evidence is collected,depositions are taken, and the product is examined.A trial date is set.The trial takes place or a settlement is reached out of court.3.What is the discovery period in a product liability lawsuit?The collection of evidence can involve taking depositions from expert witnessesand examining the product in question.Product examination might involverunning a variety of tests and observing simulations.4.Briefly explain the concept of strict liability in tort.A.One who sells any product in a defective condition unreasonably dangerous tothe user or consumer or to his property is subject to liability for physical harmthereby caused to the ultimate consumer or user, or to his property if:1) The seller is engaged in the business of selling such a product2) It is expected to and does reach the user or consumer without substantialchange in the condition in which it is sold.B.The rule stated in Subsection (1) applies although:1) The seller has exercised all possible care in preparation and sale of his product,and;2) The user or consumer has not bought the product from or entered into anycontractual relation with the seller.5.List the three criteria governing a company’s duty to warn.The potential for an accident when the product is used without awarning,provided the use to which it is put is reasonably predictable.Probable seriousness of injuries if an accident does occur.Potential positive effectiveness and feasibility of a warning.6.What are two purposes of the Consumer Product Safety Act?To protect the public from the risk of injuries incurred while using consumerproducts.To help consumers make objective evaluations of the risks associated withusing consumer products.

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27To encourage uniformity in standards and regulations and to minimizeconflicts among regulations at the various levels of government.To encourage research into the causes of product-related injuries, healthproblems, and deaths and how these things can be prevented.7.Define the following concepts associated with product liability law:patentdefect, latent defect, prudent man concept.Patent Defect–A patent defect is one that occurs in all items in a manufacturedbatch.Latent Defect–A latent defect occurs in only one or a limited number of copiesin a batch.Prudent Man Concept–In determining whether a risk is reasonable orunreasonable, the prudent man concept is applied.A reasonable risk exists whenconsumers a) understand the risk; b) evaluate the level of risk; c) know how todeal with the risk; and d) accept the risk based on reasonable risk/benefitconsiderations.In other words, they behave prudently.8.Explain the reporting requirements component of the Community Right-to-Know Act.Companies are required to maintain accurate, up-to-date information onchemicals they produce, store, use, transport, and so on.They are required toprovide material safety data sheets (MSDSs) or other communication devices thatcontain at least the following information: name, formula, and other technicalinformation about the chemical; potential safety and health hazards; handlingprecautions; and emergency procedures.Companies are required to give LEPCsand SERCs information about how much of a given chemical is typically presenton their site or sites and where it is stored.9.List and briefly explain the three components of a comprehensive productsafety program.Product Safety Coordinator–A successful product safety program mustinvolve all departments within the company.It is important to have one personresponsible for coordinating and facilitating this involvement.Thisperson is theproduct safety Coordinator.Product Safety Committee–A product safety committee with a representativefrom all major departments is formed because effective product safety is theresponsibility of all departments.Product Safety Auditor–The product safety auditor is responsible forevaluating the overall organization and individual departments within it.10.How may assigning product safety coordination duties to an executive of thecompany affect the success of the program?Giving coordination responsibility to a person who lacks executive level accessand decision-making powers can contribute to the failure of a product safetyprogram.11.What role do you think safety and health professionals should play in aproduct safety program?

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