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Test Bank for Access To Health, 15th Edition

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    1 Access to Health, 15e (Donatelle) Chapter 1 Accessing Your Health 1) Which of the following individual choices has a major effect on both current health and projected life expectancy? A) Genetic tendency toward obesity B) Pollution C) Level of education D) Tobacco use Answer: D Diff: 4 Chapter/Section: 1.1 Learning Outcome: 1.1 Skill: Applying/Analyzing 2) The medical model of health would most likely focus on which of the following? A) Controlling air and water pollution B) Lifestyle interventions to prevent chronic diseases C) Treating bacterial infections with antibiotics D) Serving marginalized populations Answer: C Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.2 Learning Outcome: 1.2 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 3) The number of years of life remaining to a person at a given age is A) life expectancy. B) longevity. C) mortality. D) morbidity. Answer: A Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.1 Learning Outcome: 1.1 Skill: Remembering/Understanding

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    2 4) Which of the following were cited by college students in a national survey as the top two impediments to performing well academically? A) Pressure from parents and relationship difficulties B) Stress and anxiety C) Repeated infections and financial concerns D) Depression and carrying a too-heavy course load Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter/Section: 1.1 Learning Outcome: 1.1 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 5) What is the leading cause of death in the United States across all age groups? A) Heart disease B) Cancer C) Cerebrovascular disease D) Unintentional injuries Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter/Section: 1.1 Learning Outcome: 1.1 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 6) Which of the following describes the rate of deaths to population? A) Prevalence B) Life expectancy C) Mortality D) Morbidity Answer: C Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.1 Learning Outcome: 1.1 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 7) Heart disease, cancer, and diabetes are examples of A) chronic disease. B) hereditary disease. C) communicable disease. D) acute disease. Answer: A Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.1 Learning Outcome: 1.1 Skill: Remembering/Understanding

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    3 8) Since the early twentieth century, the life expectancy of Americans has A) increased by more than 10 years. B) increased by more than 20 years. C) increased by more than 30 years. D) increased by more than 40 years. Answer: C Diff: 4 Chapter/Section: 1.1 Learning Outcome: 1.1 Skill: Applying/Analyzing 9) Healthy life expectancy refers to the number of years a person can expect to live A) while covered by Medicare. B) without chronic pain, disability, or significant illness. C) without pain, functional limitations, or illness. D) without cancer or diabetes. Answer: B Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.1 Learning Outcome: 1.1 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 10) Life expectancy 100 years ago was largely determined by A) medical history. B) lifestyle choices. C) susceptibility to chronic disease. D) susceptibility to infectious disease. Answer: D Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.1 Learning Outcome: 1.1 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 11) The term health is often interchangeable with the term A) adaptability. B) flexibility. C) wellness. D) freedom from pain. Answer: C Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.2 Learning Outcome: 1.2 Skill: Remembering/Understanding

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    4 12) Jerome eats healthy foods, exercises regularly, gets eight hours of sleep each night, and rarely becomes ill. His ability to ward off illness exemplifies which dimension of health? A) Social B) Intellectual C) Physical D) Emotional Answer: C Diff: 3 Chapter/Section: 1.2 Learning Outcome: 1.2 Skill: Applying/Analyzing 13) Jasmine has many friends, is respected by her coworkers, and maintains a great relationship with her boyfriend. Her ability to interact with others exemplifies which dimension of health? A) Social B) Intellectual C) Emotional D) Physical Answer: A Diff: 3 Chapter/Section: 1.2 Learning Outcome: 1.2 Skill: Applying/Analyzing 14) Rashid volunteers weekly to help pick up trash in his neighborhood. This action MOST exemplifies which dimension of his health? A) Intellectual B) Social C) Environmental D) Emotional Answer: C Diff: 3 Chapter/Section: 1.2 Learning Outcome: 1.2 Skill: Applying/Analyzing 15) Which of the following best describes emotional health? A) Ability to be self-sufficient B) Ability to solve problems C) Ability to express or control feelings D) Ability to adapt to various social situations Answer: C Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.2 Learning Outcome: 1.2 Skill: Remembering/Understanding

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    5 16) An example of intellectual health is A) having a sense of meaning and purpose in your life. B) successfully interacting with others. C) having low self-efficacy. D) having a thirst for knowledge about life in general. Answer: D Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.2 Learning Outcome: 1.2 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 17) Which of the following best describes spiritual health? A) Possessing and expressing a purpose in life B) Expressing emotions C) Having satisfying relationships D) Being able to reason and think objectively Answer: A Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.2 Learning Outcome: 1.2 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 18) A concept that focuses on the impact of health on physical, mental, emotional, and social function is A) physical and emotional health. B) holistic health. C) health-related quality of life. D) healthy life expectancy. Answer: C Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.1 Learning Outcome: 1.1 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 19) The first step in making health-related behavior change is to A) review your medical records and schedule a physical examination by a doctor. B) become aware of aspects of your biology and individual behaviors that are influencing your health. C) complete a detailed behavior change contract. D) find a reliable support person or support group. Answer: B Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.5 Learning Outcome: 1.5 Skill: Remembering/Understanding

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    6 20) Holistic wellness involves A) integrating mind, body, and spirit. B) taking nutritional supplements daily. C) combining physical fitness activities with some form of meditation. D) integrating spiritual and environmental health. Answer: A Diff: 3 Chapter/Section: 1.2 Learning Outcome: 1.2 Skill: Applying/Analyzing 21) The range of factors that influence a person's health status are known as A) ethnic or cultural traditions. B) determinants of health. C) disparities of health. D) genetic influences on health. Answer: B Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.3 Learning Outcome: 1.3 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 22) Determinants of health include A) personal, social, economic, and environmental factors. B) physical, intellectual, spiritual, and cultural factors. C) nutritional, social, financial, and environmental factors. D) genetic and lifestyle factors. Answer: A Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.3 Learning Outcome: 1.3 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 23) Which of the following methods is an example of successful lifestyle change? A) Making a New Year's resolution to stop smoking again after failing in the past B) Creating a demanding workout plan in hopes of someday losing weight C) Beginning a daily walking program and gradually increasing your time and distance D) Stopping smoking "cold turkey" Answer: C Diff: 4 Chapter/Section: 1.5 Learning Outcome: 1.5 Skill: Applying/Analyzing

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    7 24) Jackson made a goal to quit smoking by the end of the year. Through a lot of hard work and willpower, he achieved this goal, then bought himself a new car. This is an example of A) repeated enabling. B) social reinforcement. C) positive reinforcement. D) negative reinforcement. Answer: C Diff: 3 Chapter/Section: 1.5 Learning Outcome: 1.5 Skill: Applying/Analyzing 25) Moving from thinking about starting an exercise program to joining a club, working with a trainer to set goals, and showing up for workouts is an example of which model of behavior change? A) Health belief model B) Social cognitive model C) Transtheoretical model D) Contemplation model Answer: C Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.4 Learning Outcome: 1.4 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 26) Tasks that are necessary for normal functioning in society are known as A) activities of daily living. B) high-level tasks. C) low-level tasks. D) vocational activities. Answer: A Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.2 Learning Outcome: 1.2 Skill: Remembering/Understanding

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    8 27) Mark is a junior in college and plans to move to his own apartment before his senior year. He hopes to quit drinking, get more sleep, and spend more time exercising and studying instead of spending so much of his free time on social media. The best plan for Mark to succeed is for him to A) make a chart with an algorithm for coordinating all the changes. B) try to change all of his poor behaviors at once. C) select the most important behavior to change and take things one step at a time. D) worry about changing behaviors later because he'll have plenty of time to change after he finishes college. Answer: C Diff: 3 Chapter/Section: 1.5 Learning Outcome: 1.5 Skill: Applying/Analyzing 28) Which of the following factors would be considered a nonmodifiable determinant of health? A) Sexual behavior B) Sleep habits C) Geographic location D) Genetics Answer: D Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.3 Learning Outcome: 1.3 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 29) Which of the following is an example of a belief? A) Disliking the smell of cigarette smoke B) Thinking that your high sugar consumption might cause you to develop diabetes C) Being happy no one in your circle of friends drinks alcohol D) Understanding that teen pregnancy rates are declining Answer: B Diff: 3 Chapter/Section: 1.4 Learning Outcome: 1.4 Skill: Applying/Analyzing

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    9 30) Marissa has tried to quit smoking several times but ultimately failed because she lost motivation and didn't believe she could succeed. Which of the following is MOST likely to have contributed to her failure? A) A strong internal locus of control B) High self-efficacy C) A strong external locus of control D) A strong, positive support group Answer: C Diff: 3 Chapter/Section: 1.5 Learning Outcome: 1.5 Skill: Applying/Analyzing 31) Because both of John's parents are obese, John has a higher-than-average chance of becoming obese. This is an example of A) a reinforcing factor. B) a predisposing factor. C) a confirming factor. D) an enabling factor. Answer: B Diff: 3 Chapter/Section: 1.5 Learning Outcome: 1.5 Skill: Applying/Analyzing 32) Which of the following best describes an enabling factor? A) Living near a hiking trail when you have just begun a walking program B) Nagging your parents because they smoke C) Encouraging your spouse to go to the fitness club with you D) Having friends who don't exercise, but you want to start a fitness program Answer: A Diff: 3 Chapter/Section: 1.5 Learning Outcome: 1.5 Skill: Applying/Analyzing 33) Poor housing, lack of funds for adequate food and clothes, and insecure employment are which type of factors that negatively affect human health? A) Biological B) Economic C) Behavioral D) Genetic Answer: B Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.3 Learning Outcome: 1.3 Skill: Remembering/Understanding

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    10 34) Carrie grew up in an active family. Now that Carrie lives on her own, her family continues to check in to see if she is making time for exercise. They praise her for joining a fitness club and keeping to a workout schedule. This is an example of A) a predisposing factor. B) a confirming factor. C) a reinforcing factor. D) an enabling factor. Answer: C Diff: 3 Chapter/Section: 1.5 Learning Outcome: 1.5 Skill: Applying/Analyzing 35) Which model explains why a young woman who smokes is NOT likely to quit because she does not think she will get lung disease, and quitting will result in weight gain? A) Health belief model B) Social cognitive model C) Transtheoretical model D) Behavior change model Answer: A Diff: 3 Chapter/Section: 1.4 Learning Outcome: 1.4 Skill: Applying/Analyzing 36) Maria's husband has agreed to join her in an exercise program, and they live near a local park with trails. These factors are key to which model of health? A) Health belief model B) Social cognitive model C) Transtheoretical model D) Behavior change model Answer: B Diff: 3 Chapter/Section: 1.4 Learning Outcome: 1.4 Skill: Applying/Analyzing

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    11 37) Passage of the 2010 Affordable Care Act is an example of which type of determinant of health? A) Social factors B) Policymaking C) Biology and genetics D) Individual behavior Answer: B Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.3 Learning Outcome: 1.3 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 38) Which of the following activities exemplifies disease prevention? A) Vaccination B) Setting a wrist fracture in a cast C) A chest x-ray in a patient with a persistent cough D) A routine assessment of memory in residents of an assisted living facility Answer: A Diff: 3 Chapter/Section: 1.2 Learning Outcome: 1.2 Skill: Applying/Analyzing 39) Setting achievable and incremental goals and rewarding yourself for progress are proven tips for maintaining A) ongoing support from others. B) motivation for behavior change. C) an outstanding academic record. D) a lower body-mass index. Answer: B Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.5 Learning Outcome: 1.5 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 40) Selective smoking bans and child motor-vehicle restraint laws are examples of A) publicity campaigns. B) public policies. C) profiling. D) public health research. Answer: B Diff: 3 Chapter/Section: 1.3 Learning Outcome: 1.3 Skill: Applying/Analyzing

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    12 41) The perceived source or cause (internal or external) of events in a person's life is known as his or her A) locus of control. B) ability to reason. C) stage of behavior change. D) sense of victimization versus empowerment. Answer: A Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.5 Learning Outcome: 1.5 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 42) Jules is trying to lose weight. When she craves a sugary coffee mocha from her favorite café, she allows herself a coffee with milk and her favorite alternative sweetener. The tactic she is using to avoid consuming more calories is A) rewarding. B) manipulating. C) negotiating. D) countering. Answer: D Diff: 3 Chapter/Section: 1.5 Learning Outcome: 1.5 Skill: Applying/Analyzing 43) An example of shaping is A) starting with small changes in behavior and gradually increasing the changes. B) using specific exercises to mold your body to a desired image. C) trying to influence your younger brother's behavior with rewards. D) watching a friend's behavior and then trying to mimic him or her. Answer: A Diff: 3 Chapter/Section: 1.5 Learning Outcome: 1.5 Skill: Applying/Analyzing 44) Using rational, positive statements and deliberately blocking negative thoughts are ways to avoid negative A) influences. B) cognition. C) self-talk. D) awareness. Answer: C Diff: 3 Chapter/Section: 1.5 Learning Outcome: 1.5 Skill: Applying/Analyzing

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    13 45) Visualizing yourself successfully losing 15 pounds by choosing healthy foods at your favorite restaurant is an example of A) situational inducement. B) planned control. C) imagined rehearsal. D) modeling. Answer: C Diff: 3 Chapter/Section: 1.5 Learning Outcome: 1.5 Skill: Applying/Analyzing 46) Rewarding yourself for reaching your weight loss goal with a trip to Hawaii is an example of which type of reinforcer? A) Activity B) Possessional C) Manipulative D) Social Answer: A Diff: 3 Chapter/Section: 1.5 Learning Outcome: 1.5 Skill: Applying/Analyzing 47) Observing a friend's success at quitting smoking has helped you to quit a few months later, which demonstrates the process of A) copying. B) shaping. C) mirroring. D) modeling. Answer: D Diff: 3 Chapter/Section: 1.5 Learning Outcome: 1.5 Skill: Applying/Analyzing

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    14 48) Carlos wants to avoid overeating and eating unhealthy food. Because of this, he may decline invitations when his friends ask him to join them at a fast food restaurant. Which method is Carlos using to control the risk of overeating? A) Modeling B) Imagined rehearsal C) Consumable reinforcer D) Situational inducement Answer: D Diff: 3 Chapter/Section: 1.5 Learning Outcome: 1.5 Skill: Applying/Analyzing 49) Which of the following is the best example of a SMART goal? A) I will lose a lot of weight. B) I will lose 1 pound a week over the next four weeks by exercising and not eating after 8:00 p.m. C) I will lose 10 pounds within a month after I start exercising. D) I will lose 10 pounds if I start exercising and stop eating after 8:00 p.m. Answer: B Diff: 3 Chapter/Section: 1.5 Learning Outcome: 1.5 Skill: Applying/Analyzing 50) Lower health insurance rates for nonsmokers serve as which type of reinforcer? A) Possessional B) Manipulative C) Social D) Activity Answer: B Diff: 3 Chapter/Section: 1.5 Learning Outcome: 1.5 Skill: Applying/Analyzing 51) Behavior is a nonmodifiable determinant. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.3 Learning Outcome: 1.3 Skill: Remembering/Understanding

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    15 52) Health disparities are differences in the levels of health and disease among specific population groups, such as the low-income or uninsured. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.3 Learning Outcome: 1.3 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 53) More people across all age groups die from cancer than any other chronic disease. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.1 Learning Outcome: 1.1 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 54) Daily choices influence an individual's health status and well-being. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Chapter/Section: 1.3 Learning Outcome: 1.3 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 55) The medical model of health focuses on the individual's reaction to his or her social and physical environment. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.2 Learning Outcome: 1.2 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 56) In the early 1900s, the ecological model or public health model became a major focus of health investigation. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.2 Learning Outcome: 1.2 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 57) Effectively controlling anger demonstrates intellectual health. Answer: FALSE Diff: 3 Chapter/Section: 1.2 Learning Outcome: 1.2 Skill: Applying/Analyzing

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    16 58) The primary goal of the 2010 Affordable Care Act is to increase access to affordable health care for all Americans. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.3 Learning Outcome: 1.3 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 59) Healthy People 2020 acknowledges the importance of increasing not only years of life but quality of life. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.3 Learning Outcome: 1.3 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 60) According to morbidity and mortality statistics, in the twenty-first century, a person is more likely to die from an infectious disease than from a chronic disease. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.3 Learning Outcome: 1.3 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 61) Tran is a 47-year-old-male who suffered a knee injury in high school while playing football. This injury is a biological determinant of health. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.3 Learning Outcome: 1.3 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 62) The average life expectancy for an American child born in 2014 is 78.8 years. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Chapter/Section: 1.1 Learning Outcome: 1.1 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 63) Obesity creates a multi-billion dollar burden on the overall U.S. economy. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Chapter/Section: 1.1 Learning Outcome: 1.1 Skill: Remembering/Understanding

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    17 64) Some day, innovations in the field of epigenetics might help us gain a measure of control over our genetic inheritance. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.3 Learning Outcome: 1.3 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 65) Under the Affordable Care Act, health insurance plans are not allowed to impose deductibles. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.3 Learning Outcome: 1.3 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 66) More Americans now die of drug overdoses than are killed in motor vehicle accidents. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.3 Learning Outcome: 1.3 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 67) Today, the concept of adaptability is a key element in the overall understanding of health. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.2 Learning Outcome: 1.2 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 68) Believing that, with training, you will be able to run two miles without stopping by the end of the semester demonstrates self-efficacy. Answer: TRUE Diff: 3 Chapter/Section: 1.5 Learning Outcome: 1.5 Skill: Applying/Analyzing 69) Enhancing an individual's health-related attitudes, knowledge, and skills is a key goal of health promotion activities. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.2 Learning Outcome: 1.2 Skill: Remembering/Understanding

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    18 70) Learning communication and relationship skills can enhance the social dimension of health. Answer: TRUE Diff: 3 Chapter/Section: 1.2 Learning Outcome: 1.2 Skill: Applying/Analyzing 71) Having high self-esteem always improves the intellectual dimension of health. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.2 Learning Outcome: 1.2 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 72) Losing your temper because someone said something that made you angry demonstrates an external locus of control. Answer: TRUE Diff: 3 Chapter/Section: 1.5 Learning Outcome: 1.5 Skill: Applying/Analyzing 73) Developing better problem-solving and decision-making skills most powerfully enhances the emotional dimension of health. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.2 Learning Outcome: 1.2 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 74) Positive reinforcers are punishments for not accomplishing goals. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.5 Learning Outcome: 1.5 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 75) Actions taken or changes in behavior designed to treat an existing illness are part of disease prevention. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.2 Learning Outcome: 1.2 Skill: Remembering/Understanding

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    19 76) Spiritual health encompasses more than simply religious beliefs. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Chapter/Section: 1.2 Learning Outcome: 1.2 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 77) Attaining the optimal level of health possible for your unique limitations and strengths is known as wellness. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.2 Learning Outcome: 1.2 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 78) Adolescents having access to cigarette vending machines is an example of a positive reinforcing factor that can influence smoking behavior. Answer: FALSE Diff: 3 Chapter/Section: 1.5 Learning Outcome: 1.5 Skill: Applying/Analyzing 79) Healthy People 2020 is the Surgeon General's health promotion plan to improve the quality of life and years of life for all Americans. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.3 Learning Outcome: 1.3 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 80) Global warming, decreased water supplies, and toxic chemicals are serious health threats with far-reaching effects worldwide. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.3 Learning Outcome: 1.3 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 81) Risk behaviors are those actions that increase the likelihood of negative health outcomes. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.2 Learning Outcome: 1.2 Skill: Remembering/Understanding

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    20 82) Under the Affordable Care Act, insurers are no longer allowed to deny coverage to people with preexisting conditions. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.3 Learning Outcome: 1.3 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 83) A reinforcing factor in your weight loss program would be having your clothes fit better. Answer: TRUE Diff: 3 Chapter/Section: 1.5 Learning Outcome: 1.5 Skill: Applying/Analyzing 84) Locus of control may be internal or external. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.5 Learning Outcome: 1.5 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 85) Race and ethnicity have no impact on health disparities. Answer: FALSE Diff: 3 Chapter/Section: 1.3 Learning Outcome: 1.3 Skill: Applying/Analyzing 86) A consumable reinforcer could be a healthy edible item that you enjoy. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.5 Learning Outcome: 1.5 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 87) The three components of the social cognitive model of behavior change are thoughts, behaviors, and genetics. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.4 Learning Outcome: 1.4 Skill: Remembering/Understanding

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    21 88) When a person who wants to eat healthier and lose weight removes unhealthy foods from the refrigerator and pantry, this is an example of situational inducement. Answer: TRUE Diff: 3 Chapter/Section: 1.5 Learning Outcome: 1.5 Skill: Applying/Analyzing 89) Economic status and geographic location have very little influence on a person's health status. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.3 Learning Outcome: 1.3 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 90) Obesity, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and drug abuse result in direct and indirect costs to society. Answer: TRUE Diff: 4 Chapter/Section: 1.1 Learning Outcome: 1.1 Skill: Applying/Analyzing 91) A bike path along a scenic river is an example of the built environment. Answer: TRUE Diff: 3 Chapter/Section: 1.3 Learning Outcome: 1.3 Skill: Applying/Analyzing 92) As a result of passage of the 2010 Affordable Care Act, all Americans now have health insurance. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.3 Learning Outcome: 1.3 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 93) Having no intention to change a harmful behavior is characteristic of the first step of the transtheoretical model of behavior change. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.2 Learning Outcome: 1.2 Skill: Remembering/Understanding

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    22 94) Skipping this morning's workout when you've committed to increasing your fitness is a good example of relapse. Answer: FALSE Diff: 5 Chapter/Section: 1.5 Learning Outcome: 1.5 Skill: Evaluating/Creating 95) Overambitious goals are a common barrier to change. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.5 Learning Outcome: 1.5 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 96) List and briefly explain the six steps of the transtheoretical (stages of change) model of behavior change. Answer: 1. Precontemplation - no current intention to change. 2. Contemplation - recognizing there is a problem but not yet planning to change. 3. Preparation - coming up with a plan for change. 4. Action - taking real steps to achieve goals. 5. Maintenance - continues to make changes a permanent part of life. 6. Termination - new behavior has become part of daily living, so ongoing vigilance may not be needed. Diff: 4 Chapter/Section: 1.4 Learning Outcome: 1.4 Skill: Applying/Analyzing 97) Explain the purpose of a behavior change contract and how it can help you make a positive change. Answer: A behavior change contract functions as a promise to yourself, a public declaration of your intentions, an organized plan for change, a way to identify barriers to change and determine how to overcome them, a list of sources of support, and a reminder of the benefits of sticking to your plan. Diff: 5 Chapter/Section: 1.5 Learning Outcome: 1.5 Skill: Evaluating/Creating

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    23 98) Compare and contrast the medical model and public health models of health. Answer: The medical model focuses on the individual, his or her tissues and organs, and the diagnosis and treatment of disease. The public health model (also known as the ecological model) views diseases and negative health events as resulting from an individual interacting with his or her social and physical environment. Diff: 4 Chapter/Section: 1.2 Learning Outcome: 1.2 Skill: Applying/Analyzing 99) Explain the nature of SMART goals. Answer: SMART goals are: Specific - with a defined outcome Measurable - can be objectively observed and measured Action-oriented - involve specific tasks or actions Realistic - are likely to be accomplished Time-oriented - involve the commitment of a specific amount of time Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.5 Learning Outcome: 1.5 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 100) Identify the five groups of determinants of health and provide two examples of factors within each grouping. Answer: The five groups of determinants of health are: individual behavior, biology and genetics, social factors, access to quality health services, and policymaking. Examples within each grouping will vary. Diff: 3 Chapter/Section: 1.3 Learning Outcome: 1.3 Skill: Applying/Analyzing 101) What is self-efficacy, and why is it important in making a behavior change? Answer: Self-efficacy is an individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task successfully and of achieving specific goals. If an individual approaches a behavior change with a high level of self-efficacy, his or her chances of success will be much greater. Diff: 4 Chapter/Section: 1.5 Learning Outcome: 1.5 Skill: Applying/Analyzing

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    24 102) Differentiate between the health belief model, social cognitive model, and transtheoretical (stages of change) model of behavior change. Answer: 1. The health belief model addresses three factors that must exist before a person can make a change: the perceived seriousness of the potential health problem; the perceived susceptibility to the problem, and cues to action, alerts or reminders to take preventive action. 2. The social cognitive model is based on the concept that three elements interact to motivate and enable change: a person's thoughts, behaviors, and the social environment. 3. The transtheoretical model views change in six stages: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination. Diff: 4 Chapter/Section: 1.4 Learning Outcome: 1.4 Skill: Applying/Analyzing 103) List at least three common barriers to behavior change. Answer: Any three of the following: Setting overambitious goals Holding on to self-defeating beliefs and attitudes Not accurately assessing your current state of wellness or fitness Not having adequate support or guidance Allowing negative emotions to sabotage your efforts Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 1.5 Learning Outcome: 1.5 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 104) Define self-talk and explain how you can use it to help your efforts toward change. Answer: Self-talk is your usual manner of thinking and talking to yourself (the voice in your head) that can affect your self-image and behavior. Deliberately changing your self-talk can positively influence your behavior change. Try: Using rational, positive statements Blocking or stopping negative thoughts when they occur Not dwelling on negative thoughts or images and focusing on more positive, uplifting, and encouraging thoughts Diff: 4 Chapter/Section: 1.5 Learning Outcome: 1.5 Skill: Applying/Analyzing

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    1 Access to Health, 15e (Donatelle) Chapter 2 Promoting and Preserving Your Psychological Health 1) The term psychological health encompasses which four dimensions of health? A) Mental, physical, social, and environmental B) Mental, emotional, physical, and environmental C) Mental, physical, environmental, and spiritual D) Mental, emotional, social, and spiritual Answer: D Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 2.1 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 2) People who feel good about themselves, deal effectively with life's challenges, and have positive social relationships are known as A) codependent. B) self-compassionate. C) psychologically healthy. D) independent. Answer: C Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 2.1 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 3) According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, an individual's A) five levels of need are independent of each other. B) basic survival needs must be met before he or she can address more complex needs. C) basic survival needs are not related to his or her psychological health. D) most basic needs are for shelter, safety, and protection. Answer: B Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 2.1 Skill: Remembering/Understanding

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    2 4) Lana is entering college in the fall. She will be living away from home for the first time and will be responsible for managing her own schedule and finances. If Lana is psychologically healthy, she will react to this situation by A) feeling overwhelmed. B) becoming more independent. C) having uncontrolled anxiety. D) seeking social acceptance. Answer: B Diff: 3 Chapter/Section: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 2.1 Skill: Applying/Analyzing 5) Which of the following dimensions of psychological health includes a person's attitudes, beliefs, and problem-solving skills? A) Mental health B) Emotional health C) Social health D) Spiritual health Answer: A Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 2.1 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 6) Intensified feelings or complex patterns of feelings that we experience on a regular basis are known as A) values. B) emotions. C) attitudes. D) expressions. Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter/Section: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 2.1 Skill: Remembering/Understanding

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    3 7) Jake's decision to phone his older brother to ask for advice about how to reduce his college expenses best demonstrates A) social health. B) mental health. C) physical health. D) spiritual health. Answer: A Diff: 3 Chapter/Section: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 2.1 Skill: Applying/Analyzing 8) Self-actualization can best be described as a sense of A) being safe and secure. B) self-respect and accomplishment. C) creativity and fulfillment of potential. D) belonging and acceptance. Answer: C Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 2.1 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 9) The ability to listen, to express oneself, to act responsibly, and to form healthy attachments with others are important aspects of A) social health. B) mental health. C) physical health. D) spiritual health. Answer: A Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 2.1 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 10) Whenever she has trouble getting motivated to work on the report she's writing about the effects of climate change in her region, Amelia reminds herself of the meaning and purpose she has chosen in life. This response BEST demonstrates A) social health. B) mental health. C) physical health. D) spiritual health. Answer: D Diff: 3 Chapter/Section: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 2.1 Skill: Applying/Analyzing

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    4 11) Which of the following statements most accurately describes the role of families in the development of psychological health? A) Family life has very little influence on psychological health since genetics plays a larger role. B) Children of dysfunctional families cannot develop into psychologically healthy adults. C) Children raised in a nurturing environment are guaranteed to be psychologically healthy as adults. D) A nurturing family fosters the development of psychological health, but it can be achieved without it. Answer: D Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 2.1 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 12) A family situation in which there is violence; physical, emotional, or sexual abuse; parental discord; or other negative interactions A) may psychologically damage family members. B) forces children to develop independence. C) teaches sound coping and problem-solving skills. D) accelerates the development of self-efficacy. Answer: A Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 2.1 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 13) Extroversion, agreeableness, and openness to experience are A) inherited traits. B) personality traits. C) culturally determined traits. D) aspects of mental health. Answer: B Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 2.2 Learning Outcome: 2.2 Skill: Remembering/Understanding

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    5 14) Max wants to get in better physical shape and lose 10 pounds. His belief about whether he can successfully begin and maintain a fitness program is directly related to his level of A) self-satisfaction. B) self-mastery. C) self-esteem. D) self-efficacy. Answer: D Diff: 3 Chapter/Section: 2.2 Learning Outcome: 2.2 Skill: Applying/Analyzing 15) Successfully adapting to change, dealing with stress, and bouncing back from life's inevitable disappointments demonstrates A) social stability. B) resiliency. C) emotional stability. D) confidence. Answer: B Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 2.1 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 16) In the last three years, Nathan has experienced a failed marriage, the loss of a job, and bankruptcy. When he develops a serious health problem, he seems to have completely given up and is making little effort to follow his doctor's instructions to get well. Nathan has developed a pattern known as A) learned helplessness. B) learned optimism. C) introversion. D) extroversion. Answer: A Diff: 3 Chapter/Section: 2.2 Learning Outcome: 2.2 Skill: Applying/Analyzing

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    6 17) According to Maslow's hierarchy, human needs are ranked in the following ascending order. A) Esteem, survival, social, security, self-actualization B) Survival, security, social, esteem, self-actualization C) Self-actualization, esteem, social, security, survival D) Survival, social, security, esteem, self-actualization Answer: B Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 2.1 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 18) Which principle described by psychologist Martin Seligman fosters an overall positive attitude by using thinking and behavior techniques to resist negativity? A) Learned helpfulness B) Learned pessimism C) Learned optimism D) Learned mindfulness Answer: C Diff: 2 Chapter/Section: 2.2 Learning Outcome: 2.2 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 19) Which of the following personality traits involves the ability to be likable and to cooperate with others? A) Agreeableness B) Resiliency C) Conscientiousness D) Emotional stability Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter/Section: 2.2 Learning Outcome: 2.2 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 20) Adele values her unique qualities and abilities and has a realistic sense of her worth as a person; she would be described as having a high level of A) self-satisfaction. B) positive emotions. C) resiliency. D) self-esteem. Answer: D Diff: 3 Chapter/Section: 2.2 Learning Outcome: 2.2 Skill: Applying/Analyzing

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