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Test Bank for Principles and Foundations of Health Promotion and Education, 7th Edition

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    1 Principles and Foundations of Health Promotion and Education, 7e (Cottrell et al.) Chapter 1 A Background for the Profession 1) Which of the following phrases best describes the authors' view of the status of health education? Health education is A) a calling. B) a profession. C) an applied discipline. D) an emerging specialty. Answer: B 2) The body of knowledge, principles, and concepts used in health education/promotion come from a variety of disciplines. Which one of the following is not one the major disciplines supporting health education/promotion? A) Physics B) Biology C) Sociology D) Medical sciences Answer: A 3) The "health problems, issues, and concerns that transcend national boundaries and are beyond the control of individual nations, and are best addressed by cooperative actions and solutions" is the definition of A) public health. B) global health. C) population health. D) disease prevention. Answer: B 4) An individual trained to use appropriate educational strategies and methods to facilitate the development of policies, procedures, interventions and systems conducive to the health of individuals, groups, and communities is known as a A) community planner. B) promotion specialist. C) health education specialist. D) professional. Answer: C 5) During the 1850s to 1950s, the primary focus of the public health effort in the United States was to A) reduce health care costs. B) control chronic diseases. C) control infectious diseases. D) develop national health care coverage. Answer: C

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    2 6) The greatest potential for reducing morbidity, saving lives, and reducing health care costs in the United States through health promotion and disease prevention was realized by the A) early 1900s. B) late 1950s. C) mid 1970s. D) early 2000s. Answer: C 7) Which one of the following is not recognized as a dimension of health? A) Physical B) Emotional C) Spiritual D) Political Answer: D 8) An approach to health that focuses on balancing the dimensions of a person's life through the adoption of health enhancing behaviors is known as A) public health. B) wellness. C) community health. D) health promotion. Answer: B 9) Which of the following surveys collects health data about college students? A) The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey B) The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey C) The National College Health Assessment D) The National Health Interview Survey Answer: C 10) The federal government's 1980 document that provided a blueprint of the health promotion and disease prevention strategy is known as A) Code Blue. B) Healthy People 2020. C) Quality of Life in the United States. D) Promoting Health/Preventing Disease: Objectives for a Nation. Answer: D 11) The number of deaths per 100,000 population is known as A) crude rate. B) a specific rate. C) the mortality rate. D) the morbidity rate. Answer: C

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    3 12) A rate for a specific population subgroup (e.g. death rate for 40—50 year olds) is referred to as A) crude rate. B) a specific rate. C) the mortality rate. D) the morbidity rate. Answer: B 13) The average number of years of life remaining is known as the A) death rate. B) mortality rate. C) life expectancy. D) Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY). Answer: C 14) Which rate is the measure of premature mortality? A) Mortality rate B) Infant mortality rate C) Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL) D) Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) Answer: C 15) The primary difference between the health education/promotion profession and other helping professions is A) the establishment of written objectives by health education specialists. B) that other professions do not have stated goals and objectives. C) the use of the teaching-learning process by the health education/promotion profession. D) that the cost of health education/promotion is much less than other helping professions. Answer: C 16) The social determinants of health include which of the following areas? A) Genetics B) Environmental conditions C) Health behavior D) Social and community context Answer: D 17) Which of the following steps is generally found in most planning models? A) Learning activities B) Needs assessment C) Policy commitment D) Review of self-help materials Answer: B

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    4 18) The determinants of health include which of the following domains? A) Health services B) Disease C) Economic stability D) Enrollment in higher education Answer: A 19) According to the best available estimates, behavioral patterns impact what portion of the population's early death? A) 70% B) 40% C) 30% D) 15% Answer: B 20) According to the best available estimates, social circumstances impact what portion of the population's early death? A) 70% B) 40% C) 30% D) 15% Answer: D 21) The use of vaccines is an example of which level of prevention? A) Primary prevention B) Secondary prevention C) Tertiary prevention D) Community prevention Answer: A 22) Wearing a safety belt is an example of which level of prevention? A) Primary prevention B) Secondary prevention C) Tertiary prevention D) Community prevention Answer: A 23) Providing education to a diabetic on how to use his/her insulin is an example of which level of prevention? A) Primary prevention B) Secondary prevention C) Tertiary prevention D) Community prevention Answer: C

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    5 24) Encouraging individuals to take a daily dose of aspirin to reduce the chance of a heart attack is an example of which level of prevention? A) Primary prevention B) Secondary prevention C) Tertiary prevention D) Community prevention Answer: B 25) Brushing one's teeth is an example of which level of prevention? A) Primary prevention B) Secondary prevention C) Tertiary prevention D) Community prevention Answer: A 26) Which one of the following disciplines and professions was not identified by the authors as contributing to the principles and concepts of health education/promotion? A) Medicine B) Education C) Epidemiology D) Anthropology Answer: D 27) The Health Field Concept divides the health field into four elements. The four elements are A) education, epidemiology, medicine, and sociology. B) development, planning, implementation, and evaluation. C) human biology, environment, lifestyle, and health care organization. D) human biology, education, social work, and behavioral psychology. Answer: C 28) The greatest importance of the Health Field Concept has been the A) focus of health care reform legislation. B) focus on health promotion and disease prevention. C) institution of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. D) identification of health risks related to morbidity and mortality. Answer: B 29) The focus of health promotion and disease prevention efforts should be directed toward A) biological limitations. B) the Chain of Infection. C) modifiable risk factors. D) non-modifiable risk factors. Answer: C

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    6 30) What percentage of death could be prevented by controlling modifiable risk factors? A) 10% B) 20% C) 30% D) 40% Answer: D 31) The interruption of the sequence of events to prevent an infection is descriptive of which of the following? A) The Socio-ecological Approach B) The Chain of Infection C) Multicausation Design Model D) Communicable Disease Model Answer: B 32) The major components of this model include agent, host, and environment. A) Epidemiology B) The Chain of Infection C) Multicausation Design Model D) Communicable Disease Model Answer: D 33) Which of the following disease models is most applicable to the prevention of chronic diseases? A) The Chain of Infection B) The Health Field Concept C) Multicausation Design Model D) Communicable Disease Model Answer: C 34) Epidemiology is A) a method of applying primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention in a community setting. B) concerned primarily with the empowerment of individuals in the of care their own health. C) the study of the distribution and determinants of diseases in a specific population. D) concerned only with life expectancy of humans. Answer: C 35) The level of prevention that includes strategies designed to reduce the incidence of disease is called ________ prevention. A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) community Answer: A

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    7 36) Screenings are used by which level of prevention? A) Primary B) Secondary C) Tertiary D) Community Answer: B 37) Providing training or instructing patients on how to modify their diets and take their medications to prevent a second heart attack is an example of ________ prevention. A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) community Answer: C 38) Which of the following is the best descriptor of the socio-ecological approach? A) Behaviors are influenced by interdependent domains B) Social circumstances are the prominent domain that influences health behaviors C) Genetics and the environment are the only variables of interest when developing interventions D) Family influences are the most important determinant of health Answer: A 39) The first national document that presented a comprehensive national agenda for prevention presented objectives in three main areas. The areas include A) preventive services, health protection, and health promotion. B) increase quality of life, increase years of life, and the elimination of health disparities. C) improve child mortality rates, decrease teen pregnancy rates, and reduce tobacco use. D) improve the number of years of independent living, reduce mortality rates of cardiovascular diseases, and increase high school graduation rates. Answer: A 40) Which of the following is not considered a population-based approach? A) Community development B) Economic supports C) Organizational change D) Individual conversation with a physician Answer: D 41) According to the best available estimates, environmental exposures impact what portion of the population's early death? A) 5% B) 10% C) 25% D) 40% Answer: A

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    8 42) Having the ability to understand and respect values, attitudes, beliefs, and more that differ across cultures is a description of a A) health education specialist. B) culturally competent person. C) professional. D) epidemiologist. Answer: B 43) The difference in health between populations is known as A) crude rate. B) Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL). C) Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL). D) health disparity. Answer: D 44) The two primary causes of health disparities are lack of access to care and the lack of quality care. Answer: TRUE 45) A crude rate is expressed in numbers per 100,000 population. Answer: TRUE 46) To help change behavior, health education specialists must do more than just educate. Answer: TRUE 47) The greatest potential for reducing the cost of health care in America is believed to be accomplished through the use of advanced technology. Answer: FALSE 48) The first set of health Objectives for the Nation (Healthy People) provided a blueprint for health promotion and disease prevention strategies. Answer: TRUE 49) According to McGinnis, modifiable behaviors are the single most prominent domain of influence of health. Answer: TRUE 50) According to the World Health Organization, health is merely an absence of disease. Answer: FALSE 51) Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL) is often described as the most comprehensive indicator of health and disease in a society. Answer: FALSE 52) Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL) is a measure of premature mortality. Answer: TRUE

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    9 53) A rate used to express the impact of injury or disease is known as the Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY). Answer: TRUE 54) Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY) is a measure developed by the World Health Organization and the World Bank. Answer: TRUE 55) Disability-adjusted life expectancy (DALE) is based upon mortality rates. Answer: FALSE 56) The ultimate goal of the health education/promotion profession is to prolong life. Answer: TRUE 57) The terms of public health, health promotion, and wellness are all defined in terms of preventing diseases. Answer: FALSE 58) The primary role of all health education specialists is to evaluate behavior change in their clients. Answer: FALSE 59) Crude rates and adjusted rates are both expressed in terms of the total population. Answer: TRUE 60) Epidemiology is the study of how states prevent disease outbreaks. Answer: FALSE 61) The term pandemic refers to an outbreak of a disease over a wide geographical area. Answer: TRUE 62) The term endemic refers to the regular occurrence of a disease in a given population. Answer: TRUE 63) The Health Field Concept focuses only on the health care system. Answer: FALSE 64) Keeping a child's immunizations up-to-date would be an example of primary prevention. Answer: TRUE 65) The use of antibiotics to treat a bacterial infection would be an example of secondary prevention. Answer: FALSE 66) A person's age is considered a modifiable risk factor for disease. Answer: FALSE

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    10 67) The basic premise of the Chain of Infection Model is that modifying events that lead to infections can prevent infections. Answer: TRUE 68) There are several different models that have proven useful in the prevention of disease. Answer: TRUE 69) Health surveys can be used to measure health or health status. Answer: TRUE 70) Epidemiology can be used in health education/promotion to identify the needs of a given population. Answer: TRUE 71) Empowerment at one level can influence empowerment at another level. Answer: TRUE 72) Empowerment refers to people gaining mastery over their lives. Answer: TRUE 73) Advocacy is a skill needed by health education specialists. Answer: TRUE 74) Identify the four limitations of prevention and explain each. 75) Compare and contrast the Multicausation Disease Model and the Communicable Disease Model. 76) Identify four professions/disciplines that support health education/promotion. Provide an example of how each profession/discipline is supportive of the health education profession. 77) Identify the three levels of prevention and provide an example for each level. 78) Describe the role advocacy plays in health education/promotion. 79) You have been asked to provide evidence of the health status of a given population (state or country); which rates and measurements would you use? Why? 80) Identify a health issue in which you have utilized advocacy skills and describe two activities you used in your advocacy effort. 81) Discuss the importance of participation in addressing health problems of a priority population. 82) Define the levels of influence in the socio-ecological approach.

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    1 Principles and Foundations of Health Promotion and Education, 7e (Cottrell et al.) Chapter 2 The History of Health and Health Education/Promotion 1) The history of health education as an emerging profession is just over ________ years old. A) 100 B) 500 C) 1,000 D) 5,000 Answer: A 2) It is assumed that the earliest humans initially learned to distinguish between things that were healthful and those that were harmful by A) divine intervention. B) instinct. C) inherited knowledge. D) trial and error. Answer: D 3) Excavated sites, dating back 4000 years, indicate that bathrooms and drains were common in A) Rome. B) Mycenae. C) India. D) Syria. Answer: C 4) The ________ is the oldest written document related to health care dating from around 1600 BC. A) Biblical transcript B) Smith Papyri C) Egyptian Health Manifesto D) Code of Hammurabi Answer: B 5) The ________ is the earliest written record concerning public health. A) Biblical transcript B) Smith Papyri C) Egyptian Health Manifesto D) Code of Hammurabi Answer: D 6) Which book of the Bible is considered to be the world's first written hygienic code? A) Obadiah B) Zephaniah C) Leviticus D) Lamentations Answer: C

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    2 7) The Egyptians were considered to be A) far more advanced in public health matters than the Greeks. B) the writers of the earliest health care documents. C) the founders of modern surgery. D) the healthiest people of their time. Answer: D 8) The first people to put as much emphasis on prevention of disease as on the treatment of disease conditions were the A) Egyptians. B) Hebrews. C) Greeks. D) Romans. Answer: C 9) By the beginning of the 8th century BC, Greek mythology had endowed ________ as the god of medicine. A) Asclepius B) Hygeia C) Mercury D) Zeus Answer: A 10) The Greek physician credited as being the first epidemiologist and the father of modern medicine was A) Hippocrates. B) Asclepius. C) Panacea. D) Plato. Answer: A 11) The staff and serpent symbol, which also marked early Greek temples of healing, is known as A) Hippocrates. B) Caduceus. C) Panacea. D) Plato. Answer: B 12) Which period resulted in the production of realistic anatomical drawings? A) Roman Empire B) Middle Ages C) Renaissance D) Age of Enlightenment Answer: C

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    3 13) Which contribution to the history of medicine is not attributed to Hippocrates? A) The distinction between 'endemic' diseases and 'epidemic' diseases B) The belief that health was the result of balance and disease the result of imbalance C) The Code of Hammurabi D) The Hippocratic Oath Answer: C 14) The early society most famous for building sewage systems, water supply systems, baths, and other health facilities was the A) Egyptians. B) Greeks. C) Romans. D) Saxons. Answer: C 15) During what era were criminals dissected alive to improve medical knowledge? A) Egyptian B) Greek C) Roman D) Middle Ages Answer: C 16) Which of the following groups built the most extensive aqueduct system to bring fresh water to its subjects? A) Egyptians B) Greeks C) Romans D) Saxons Answer: C 17) Entire libraries were burned and knowledge about the human body was seen as sinful during the A) Egyptian era. B) Renaissance. C) Roman era. D) Middle Ages. Answer: D 18) Which great epidemic during the Middle Ages resulted in the most discrimination and isolation of its victims? A) Syphilis B) Bubonic plague C) Leprosy D) Smallpox Answer: C

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    4 19) During the Middle Ages, which of the following was considered one potential cause of the bubonic plague? A) Syphilis B) Unnatural hot and humid winds C) Leprosy D) Smallpox Answer: B 20) "Water casting" was a A) means of diagnosing a patient's condition by examining the urine for changes in color. B) means of casting out demons by throwing water on the inflicted individual. C) method for diagnosing syphilis during the Roman era. D) condition in which water was retained by the body when infected with leprosy. Answer: A 21) During the Renaissance period, much surgery and dentistry was performed by A) physicians and dentists. B) nurse midwives. C) surgeons trained only by apprenticeship. D) barbers. Answer: D 22) The Middle Ages can be characterized as a time A) of health advances. B) when many health advancements were lost. C) focused on disease prevention efforts. D) emphasizing naturalistic and holistic approaches. Answer: B 23) During which period did the concept of disease contagion become more universally accepted? A) Roman Empire B) Middle Ages C) Renaissance D) Age of Enlightenment Answer: B 24) During the 1700s the "miasmas theory" held that A) disease was caused when vapors rising from rotting refuse were inhaled. B) an imbalance of the mind, body, and spirit caused disease. C) disease was caused by four humors: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. D) parasites in the water caused most disease. Answer: A

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    5 25) The smallpox vaccine was discovered during which period? A) 1500s B) 1600s C) 1700s D) 1800s Answer: C 26) Who wrote the Report on an Inquiry into the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population of Great Britain? A) John Snow B) James Lind C) Edwin Chadwick D) Thomas Muster Answer: C 27) John Snow was able to interrupt a cholera epidemic in London by A) placing those infected in quarantine. B) removing a pump handle. C) promoting daily bathing. D) developing a new antibiotic. Answer: B 28) Who proposed the germ theory of disease? A) Robert Koch B) Louis Pasteur C) Joseph Lister D) Edwin Chadwick Answer: B 29) To address the many health problems facing U.S. cities in the late 1700s, some cities developed health A) laws. B) rules. C) boards. D) regulations. Answer: C 30) Public health reform in the United States was stimulated by the landmark Report on the Sanitary Commission of Massachusetts written by A) Edwin Chadwick. B) Thomas Dewy. C) Horace Mann. D) Lemuel Shattuck. Answer: D

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    6 31) Which of the following is not a result of the landmark Report on the Sanitary Commission of Massachusetts? A) The first full-time county health departments were formed. B) State boards of health were formed. C) The National Tuberculosis Study was conducted. D) The collection and analysis of vital statistics became practice. Answer: C 32) Stephen Smith's effort to initiate a national sanitary association eventually evolved into the A) American Association for Health Education (AAHE). B) American Public Health Association (APHA). C) Society of Public Health Educators (SOPHE). D) Association for Worksite Health Promotion (AWHP). Answer: B 33) The first national voluntary health agency established in 1902 was the A) American Cancer Society. B) American Heart Association. C) Sanitary Commission of Massachusetts. D) National Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis. Answer: D 34) Passage of the 1798 Marine Hospital Services Act established a structure that eventually evolved into today's A) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. B) U.S. Public Health Service. C) National Institutes of Health. D) U.S. Marine Corps. Answer: B 35) Which act provided support for state health departments and their programs, including the development of sanitary facilities and improvements in maternal and child health? A) Ransdell Act B) Social Security Act C) Hill-Burton Act D) Congressional Health Services Act Answer: B 36) The federal government's involvement in social issues including health began with passage of the A) Medicare Act. B) Medicaid Act. C) Ransdell Act. D) Social Security Act. Answer: D

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    7 37) Dr. Mayhew Derryberry is credited with A) predicting how the shift from contagious to chronic diseases would impact health education. B) establishing Medicare and Medicaid. C) presenting Canadians with epidemiological evidence supporting the importance of lifestyle and environmental factors to health and sickness. D) establishing what is now known as the National Institute of Health. Answer: A 38) ________ was created to assist in the payment of medical bills for the elderly. A) Medicare B) Medicaid C) Social Security D) Health insurance Answer: A 39) The first national effort to promote the health of citizens through a more preventative approach took place in what country? A) United States B) England C) Germany D) Canada Answer: D 40) What famous Canadian report presented epidemiological evidence supporting the importance of lifestyle and environmental factors on health and sickness, and called for numerous national health promotion strategies? A) A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians B) A Report Card on Canadian Health Promotion Efforts C) Canadian Healthy Diary D) National Health Objectives for Canada Care Answer: A 41) In the United States the first major recognition of the importance of lifestyle in promoting health and well-being came in the form of a governmental publication titled A) Healthy People. B) Surgeon General's Report on the Health of Americans. C) A Report Card on U.S. Health Indicators. D) National Health Objectives for the year 1990. Answer: A 42) Which of the following is not an overarching goal of Healthy People 2020? A) Living longer lives B) Creating healthy environments C) Eliminating disparities D) Conducting critical research Answer: D

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    8 43) The most recent set of national health objectives for the United States is titled A) Healthy People 2000. B) Healthy People 2010. C) Healthy People 2020. D) Healthy People 2030. Answer: C 44) The Standard Occupational Classification Policy Review Committee approved the creation of a new, distinct classification for the occupation of health educator in A) the mid-1800s. B) the late 1800s. C) the mid-1900s. D) the late 1900s. Answer: D 45) Massachusetts passed the first mandatory education law in 1647 to A) ensure children were prepared to become public servants in their community. B) provide basic skills for female children. C) combat plagues and other contagious diseases that were spreading throughout the community. D) help promote the reading of the Bible. Answer: D 46) Who was the secretary of the Massachusetts State Board of Education in 1837 and repeatedly called for mandatory programs of hygiene education for students? A) Horace Mann B) Lemuel Shattuck C) Thomas Dewy D) Charles Darwin Answer: A 47) Founded in 1927, the American Association of School Physicians evolved into the A) American Association for Health Education. B) American College Health Association. C) School Health Section of the American Public Health Association. D) American School Health Association. Answer: D 48) The first national effort to promote the teaching of health related curriculum in the schools was directed by the A) Women's Christian Temperance Union. B) American Cancer Society. C) American Lung Association. D) National March of Dimes. Answer: A

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    9 49) Among her many accomplishments, Miss Sally Lucas Jean was ultimately responsible for A) writing the first health objectives for the United States. B) changing the name from hygiene education to health education. C) chairing a presidential commission on health education. D) developing the first health education curriculum. Answer: B 50) What happened during World War I that provided the impetus for widespread acceptance of school health education as a field in its own right? A) The incidence of tuberculosis increased rapidly B) School health was required of all children for the first time C) Too many young men were unfit for service D) The first college program for health education was established Answer: C 51) Which of the following best represents the results of the School Health Education Study conducted by Dr. Elena Sliepcevich? A) Health attitudes and behaviors among the students surveyed were excellent B) Content knowledge among students surveyed was high C) The results were appalling with numerous misconceptions about health at all levels D) The results indicated good fitness and tobacco behaviors, but poor nutrition behaviors Answer: C 52) One of the more important health education studies that was conducted in the Los Angeles Area and was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of school health work in selected schools and colleges of the area was the A) School Health Education Evaluation Study. B) School Health Effectiveness Project. C) National School Health Assessment. D) Regional Health Promotion and Education Survey. Answer: A 53) Eight interactive components working together to enhance the health and well-being of the students, faculty, staff, and community within a school district are known as A) Comprehensive School Health Education. B) a Coordinated School Health Program. C) a Complete School Health Integration Program. D) a Regulated School Health Plan. Answer: B 54) The most recent school health publication focused on improving educational achievement for all students and improved health for the United States is the A) Standards for Health Literacy. B) School Health Advisory Council Handbook. C) Coordinated School Health Program Guidebook. D) National Health Education Standards. Answer: D

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    10 55) When developing school health curriculum, the CDC recommends emphasizing six key risk behaviors because the behaviors A) are the leading causes of death and disability among youth and adults. B) are the most controllable by young people. C) typically begin in early adulthood. D) have been proven to be most easily changed through education. Answer: A 56) The coordinated school health concept has dominated the school health arena but has failed to reach its full potential in most schools because A) the recess before lunch concept has been a priority. B) the leadership to promote and coordinate school health programs is lacking. C) the program is too prescriptive for most administrators to implement. D) it lacks federal support. Answer: B 57) The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act A) expands healthcare to millions of uninsured Americans. B) will limit opportunities for health education specialists to promote health. C) focuses on providing affordable health education for high risk teens. D) will protect patients from physicians who fail to employ high standards of care. Answer: A 58) The formal classification for the occupation of health education was significant because it A) allowed health educators to be eligible to sit for a certification exam. B) made it possible to determine the number of health education specialists employed. C) allowed health education specialists to serve as government consultants. D) guided undergraduate health education program admission rates. Answer: B 59) Health literacy is defined as an individual's ability to read health information. Answer: FALSE 60) The need for professional health educators emerged as human beings' knowledge of health and health care increased. Answer: TRUE 61) Earliest man believed that disease and infirmity were caused by the influence of magic or malevolent spirits that inhabited streams, trees, animals, the earth, and the air. Answer: TRUE 62) The earliest written record concerning public health was the Smith Papyri. Answer: FALSE

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    11 63) Egyptian medicine never advanced far beyond primitive medicine, relying on faith in magic spells. Answer: TRUE 64) The Egyptians possessed a strong sense of personal cleanliness and were considered to be the healthiest people of their time. Answer: TRUE 65) The Egyptians utilized numerous pharmaceutical preparations and constructed earth privies for sewage as well as public drainage pipes. Answer: TRUE 66) During the Greek era, the role of physician began to take shape and a more scientific view of medicine emerged. Answer: TRUE 67) In Greek mythology Hygeia was given the power to prevent disease. Answer: TRUE 68) Hippocrates taught that health was the result of prayer. Answer: FALSE 69) The balance of mind, body, and spirit was a focus of the Romans. Answer: FALSE 70) The Greeks emphasized instruction related to philosophy, athletics, and theology in order for individuals to maintain balance. Answer: TRUE 71) The Hippocratic Oath continues to be used today as the basis for medical ethics. Answer: TRUE 72) Asclepius has been credited as being the first epidemiologist and the father of modern medicine. Answer: FALSE 73) As engineers, builders, and administrators, the Greeks had no equal among early civilizations. Answer: FALSE 74) The Romans had a great appreciation for hygiene and developed an extensive system of private and public baths. Answer: TRUE 75) The Romans can be credited with making many health advancements. Answer: TRUE

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    12 76) The Middle Ages can be characterized as a time of health advancements. Answer: FALSE 77) The Egyptians were the first to build hospitals. Answer: FALSE 78) The years from 1875 to 1900 are known as the bacteriological period of public health. Answer: TRUE 79) Entire libraries were burned and knowledge about the human body was seen as sinful during the Middle Ages. Answer: TRUE 80) The contagion concept associated with leprosy and bubonic plague severely weakened the argument of those promoting the sin-disease theory. Answer: TRUE 81) In order to join the Brotherhood of the Flagellants, group members had to pledge to ritualistically torment themselves three times daily for 33 days and eight hours. Answer: TRUE 82) The plague caused widespread fear and superstition regarding the cause of disease. Answer: TRUE 83) Religious leaders and physicians often were the first victims of the plague thus increasing fear and superstition as to the cause of disease. Answer: TRUE 84) While disagreement existed as to the cause of the plague, many believed the disease was contagious. Answer: TRUE 85) There was widespread agreement that the plague was caused by sin. Answer: FALSE 86) If professional health educators had existed during the Middle Ages, millions of lives could have been saved. Answer: FALSE 87) During the Renaissance period science again emerged as a legitimate field of inquiry, and numerous scientific advancements were made. Answer: TRUE 88) Health status improved significantly in the first half of the 19th century. Answer: FALSE

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    13 89) The practice of dentistry by professionally trained practitioners was a significant contribution of the Renaissance period. Answer: FALSE 90) Due to their high standard of living, the English royalty experienced very few health problems. Answer: FALSE 91) Disposal of human waste was still a major problem during the Renaissance period. Answer: TRUE 92) Health boards were instituted to fight the plague during the 16th century. Answer: TRUE 93) Health boards first began to provide oversight on the sewage system, cemeteries, and professional activity of physicians during the 18th century. Answer: FALSE 94) By removing the handle from the Broad Street water pump, John Snow demonstrated that disease could be transmitted by water and not just through the air. Answer: TRUE 95) The first life expectancy tables were developed in the United States in 1789 by Dr. Edward Wigglesworth. Answer: TRUE 96) Life expectancy tables are used to project the average number of years a person from a specific cohort will live from a given point. Answer: TRUE 97) In 2006, life expectancy at birth in the United States reached the highest level ever at 77.7 years. Answer: TRUE 98) The history of the U.S. Public Health Service dates back to 1798 when Congress passed the Marine Hospital Service Act. Answer: TRUE 99) The Marine Hospital Service Act provided funding for the first floating hospital that rotated among U.S. port cities. Answer: FALSE 100) In the early part of the 20th century, nostrums and quackery were major problems facing health educators. Answer: TRUE

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    14 101) The National Hospital Survey and Construction Act, also known as the Hill-Burton Act, was crafted to improve the distribution and enhance the quality of hospitals. Answer: TRUE 102) Medicaid was created to assist in the payment of medical bills for the elderly. Answer: FALSE 103) The coordinated school health program model has been expanded and revised, and is known as the Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child Model (WSCC). Answer: TRUE 104) The Healthy People initiative has evolved into an important strategic planning tool for federal, state, and local public health professionals. Answer: TRUE 105) Healthy People 2020 was developed to improve the effectiveness of public health departments. Answer: FALSE 106) The U.S. Department of Health approved the creation of a new, distinct classification for the occupation of health educator. Answer: TRUE 107) As a result of health education becoming a recognized profession, it is possible to determine the number of health education specialists employed and the outlook for future health education positions. Answer: TRUE 108) Health education becoming a recognized profession means the salary of health education specialists will increase. Answer: FALSE 109) The teaching of health was part of the earliest education curricula in the United States. Answer: FALSE 110) Only girls attended the earliest schools, as boys were too valuable to spare from the farms. Answer: FALSE 111) Religious leaders initiated the push for formal education in the mid-1600s. Answer: TRUE 112) Horace Mann, whose writings and speeches helped to promote the importance of education in general, was believed to be the first spokesperson for teaching health in schools. Answer: TRUE

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    15 113) was critical in the development of public health and provided strong support for school health as well. Answer: TRUE 114) The demonstration projects of the 1920s and 1930s showed that habits could be changed and health improved through health education. Answer: TRUE 115) Results of The School Health Education Study, conducted by Dr. Elena M. Sliepcevich, were very positive and demonstrated that health education could change health behaviors. Answer: FALSE 116) Comprehensive school health education refers to the development and delivery of a planned, sequential, effective school health instruction program. Answer: TRUE 117) Comprehensive school health education is the curricular component of the coordinated school health program. Answer: TRUE 118) There is currently a process for school health education teachers to become nationally certified teachers. Answer: TRUE 119) It is anticipated that the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act will create expanded opportunities for health education specialists to promote health. Answer: TRUE 120) Discuss specific examples of how health beliefs and practices have changed from earliest humans to present day. 121) Describe two examples of the earliest efforts at health education. 122) Discuss the contributions of Hippocrates to health education and epidemiology. 123) What contributions did the Romans make to the field of public health? 124) Compare and contrast what it might have been like to live through a plague epidemic of the Middle Ages and the HIV/AIDS epidemic of today. 125) Why did the profession of health education finally begin to emerge in the mid-1800s and why did it not emerge prior to that time? 126) Identify and describe three governmental documents that have been important to the field of health promotion and education. 127) was important to the history of both school health and public health.

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    16 128) Identify four events that were important to the development of school health education in the United States and explain their specific contributions. 129) Explain the concept of a coordinated school health program. 130) Discuss what it means to health promotion and education professionals to have the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) Policy Review Committee approve the creation of a new, distinct classification for the occupation of health educator. 131) Describe the initiatives that have shaped school health education programs over the past ten years. 132) Explain two key benefits anticipated by the passing of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act for consumers. 133) Discuss the role of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act on prevention and how that will impact the work of health education specialists.

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    1 Principles and Foundations of Health Promotion and Education, 7e (Cottrell et al.) Chapter 3 Philosophical Foundations 1) The development of a well-considered philosophy provides the underpinnings that support the bridge between A) education and work. B) esoteric and practice. C) theory and practice. D) practice and patience. Answer: C 2) Which one of the following is not included in the topics studied by a philosopher in an academic setting? A) Aesthetics B) Metaphysics C) Ethics and logic D) Astrology Answer: D 3) Convictions, ideas, learning, values, experiences, and attitudes in the areas applicable to life are the building blocks that make up a A) viewpoint. B) philosophy. C) probability. D) notion. Answer: B 4) Which of the following is the literal meaning of the term philosophy? A) The love of wisdom B) The nature of the world C) The love of opinion D) One who seeks reality Answer: A 5) Using slogans to identify products is analogous to knowing a person’s philosophy by analyzing the person’s A) sayings (quotes). B) hearing and voice quality. C) ability to read. D) occupation. Answer: A

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    2 6) Loren Bensley describes a philosophy as A) a synthesis of all learning that makes you who you are. B) an abstract statement of one’s actions. C) a beacon that provides guidance for a career choice. D) a continuous state of experiences. Answer: A 7) Select the phrase that does not describe philosophy. A) A wisdom of the nature of things B) A comprehension of nature and of reality C) A body of knowledge that defines the parameters for the living and the dead D) An integration of the past, present, and future into a coherent whole that is a guide through life Answer: C 8) A philosophy that is synchronous means the philosophical viewpoint a person holds is applicable A) in all aspects of life. B) only at work and at school. C) only at leisure. D) only at home, at school, and in the workplace. Answer: A 9) The practice former Surgeon General C. Everett Koop used to demonstrate his belief that HIV/AIDS was a health problem and not a moral issue was to A) deny education about infected body fluids. B) disseminate needles to inner city addicts. C) limit condom use for sexually active couples. D) deny education about high risk behaviors for the infection of HIV. Answer: B 10) Tamayose et al. found that the two most cited reasons students chose a career in public health were A) enjoyment of the profession and the potential for high salaries. B) providing a service to other and the work conditions. C) enjoyment of the profession and providing a service to others. D) the opportunity for advancement and working conditions. Answer: C 11) Which of the following factors was not found to have a major influence on students to pursue a career in public health? A) Commitment to health improvement B) Income potential C) Community service to others D) Enjoyment of the profession Answer: B

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    3 12) The philosophy that health has physical, emotional, spiritual, and social components, and that each is just as important as the others is termed A) holistic. B) humanism. C) wellness. D) symmetry. Answer: D 13) The philosophy that the human is a unified integrated organism is termed A) holistic. B) humanism. C) eclectic. D) symmetry. Answer: A 14) The philosophy that is visualized as the integration of the spiritual, intellectual, physical, emotional, environmental, and social dimensions of health is termed A) holistic. B) humanism. C) wellness. D) symmetry. Answer: C 15) Which of the following health education specialists believes in mentorship? A) John Allegrante B) Becky Smith C) Marian Hamburg D) Lorraine Davis Answer: C 16) Which of the following health education specialists believes that the expression of health is a starting point for professional interacting, education, and enhancement of health? A) John Allegrante B) Becky Smith C) Marian Hamburg D) Lorraine Davis Answer: B 17) Who is the leading health education specialist who describes health education as that which promotes, maintains, and improves individual and community health through the educational process? A) John Allegrante B) John Seffrin C) Marian Hamburg D) Lorraine Davis Answer: A

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    4 18) Who is the leading health education specialist who believes health education programming includes inter-sectoral cooperation, coalition-building, and networking? A) Becky Smith B) John Seffrin C) Marian Hamburg D) Lorraine Davis Answer: C 19) Who is the leading health education specialist who believes that the most fundamental outcome of health education is the enabling of individuals to achieve a level of freedom, avoiding unnecessary encumbrances to make enlightened choices? A) Becky Smith B) John Seffrin C) Marian Hamburg D) John Allegrante Answer: B 20) One way that a philosophy is not formed is by A) considering both the advantages and disadvantages of certain actions. B) learning from mentors and role models. C) learning about the experiences of friends and relatives. D) experiencing every aspect of life. Answer: D 21) Which one of the following was not a common theme of the individual philosophy of leading health education specialists outlined in the text? A) Development of the individual’s potential B) Free choice C) Learning experiences that enhance decision making D) Health is a constant. Answer: D 22) Which of the following was not suggested in the chapter as being useful in the development of a professional philosophy? A) Construct a list of your personal values and beliefs B) Define what health means to you C) Examine the attributions of people you admire D) Examine the mission statements of corporations Answer: D 23) Which of the following questions is not used to formulate a personal philosophy for a health education specialist? A) What are my ideals? B) How do my values influence the way I act? C) What principles influence my friend’s decisions? D) What factors help shape reality for me? Answer: C

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