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America Past and Present, Volume 1 (to 1877) 8th Edition Test Bank

America Past and Present, Volume 1 (to 1877) 8th Edition Test Bank is an essential resource to help you tackle your upcoming exams with confidence. This guide includes key questions and answers to boost your exam preparation.

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    TEST BANK A MERICA : P AST AND P RESENT TENTH EDITION Robert A. Divine University of Texas T.H. Breen Northwestern University George M. Frederickson Late of Stanford University R. Hal Williams Southern Methodist University Ariela J. Gross University of Southern California H.W. Brands University of Texas

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    Contents Chapter 1 New World Encounters 1 Chapter 2 New World Experiments: England's Seventeenth-Century Colonies 14 Chapter 3 Putting Down Roots: Opportunity and Oppression in Colonial Society 27 Chapter 4 Experience of Empire: Eighteenth-Century America 40 Chapter 5 The American Revolution: From Elite Protest to Popular Revolt, 1763-1783 53 Chapter 6 The Republican Experiment 66 Chapter 7 Democracy in Distress: The Violence of Party Politics, 1788-1800 79 Chapter 8 Republican Ascendancy: The Jeffersonian Vision 92 Chapter 9 Nation Building and Nationalism 105 Chapter 10 The Triumph of White Men's Democracy 119 Chapter 11 Slaves and Masters 133 Chapter 12 The Pursuit of Perfection 146 Chapter 13 An Age of Expansionism 159 Chapter 14 The Sectional Crisis 172 Chapter 15 Secession and the Civil War 186 Chapter 16 The Agony of Reconstruction 199 Chapter 17 The West: Exploiting an Empire 213 Chapter 18 The Industrial Society 227 Chapter 19 Toward an Urban Society, 1877-1900 240 Chapter 20 Political Realignments in the 1890s 253 Chapter 21 Toward Empire 266 Chapter 22 The Progressive Era 281 Chapter 23 From Roosevelt to Wilson in the Age of Progressivism 294 Chapter 24 The Nation at War 307 Chapter 25 Transition to Modern America 320 Chapter 26 Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal 333 Chapter 27 America and the World, 1921-1945 347 Chapter 28 The Onset of the Cold War 360 Chapter 29 Affluence and Anxiety 373 Chapter 30 The Turbulent Sixties 386 Chapter 31 The Rise of a New Conservatism, 1969-1988 399 Chapter 32 To the Twenty-first Century, 1989-2011 412 iii

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    1 CHAPTER ONE NEW WORLD ENCOUNTERS Multiple Choice 1. The most significant factor that led large numbers of nomadic hunters to enter the heart of North America was ________. A) the domestication of horses B) global warming C) population growth D) rising water levels E) a mass extinction of large mammals in Europe Answer: B Page Ref: 4 Skill: Factual Topic: Native American Histories Before the Conquest 2. Which of the following revolutionized early Native American cultures? A) the discovery of hunting B) the development of agriculture C) tribal political alliances D) the emergence of a written language E) the domestication of the horse Answer: B Page Ref: 5 Skill: Factual Topic: Native American Histories Before the Conquest 3. The people who occupied the valley of Mexico when the Spanish arrived were the ________. A) Mayas B) Apaches C) Aztecs D) Incas E) Toltecs Answer: C Page Ref: 6 Skill: Factual Topic: Native American Histories Before the Conquest 4. The Atlantic tribal group with whom the English had the most contact were ________. A) Algonquian speakers B) Mayan C) Apache D) Sioux E) Cherokee Answer: A Page Ref: 7 Skill: Factual Topic: Native American Histories Before the Conquest

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    2 5. What Indians desired most, upon encountering Europeans, was ________. A) cultural enlightenment B) victims for human sacrifice rituals C) religious instruction D) allies to help them defeat their enemies E) commercial relations Answer: E Page Ref: 8 Skill: Factual Topic: A World Transformed 6. The single greatest factor that caused the destruction of Native Americans after contact with Europeans was ________. A) warfare B) planned genocide C) disease D) loss of farmland E) enslavement Answer: C Page Ref: 9 Skill: Factual Topic: A World Transformed 7. In the Columbian Exchange, the Old World and the New exchanged ________. A) animal, plant, and microbial life forms B) technologies C) religious beliefs D) political systems E) trade goods Answer: A Page Ref: 12 Skill: Factual Topic: A World Transformed 8. The first European nation to establish contact with sub-Saharan Africa was ________. A) France B) Italy C) the Netherlands D) Portugal E) Spain Answer: D Page Ref: 14 Skill: Factual Topic: West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies

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    3 9. The Portuguese explored West Africa searching for ________. A) lands to settle B) spices and timber C) converts to Christianity D) slaves and gold E) land for a convict colony Answer: D Page Ref: 14 Skill: Factual Topic: West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies 10. Columbus was originally determined to prove that ________. A) a westward water route to China existed B) the world was not flat C) the continents of North and South America existed D) the lost continent of Atlantis was actually part of South America E) the world was smaller than scientists believed at the time Answer: A Page Ref: 16 Skill: Factual Topic: Imagining a New World 11. At the time of Columbus’s first voyage in 1492, ________. A) most educated Europeans believed the earth was flat B) no European nation had any interest in exploration C) most educated Europeans knew the world was round D) no one thought he would find anything E) the Catholic Church condemned this kind of exploration Answer: C Page Ref: 17 Skill: Factual Topic: Imagining a New World 12. The Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494 resulted in ________. A) war between Spain and Portugal B) Portuguese control of what would become Brazil C) English control of what is now Canada D) French control of Martinique E) the withdrawal of the Spanish from the New World Answer: B Page Ref: 18 Skill: Factual Topic: Imagining a New World

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    4 13. The men largely responsible for Spain’s conquest of the New World were known as ________. A) conquistadores B) coureurs de bois C) “Sea Dogs” D) pirates E) encomenderos Answer: A Page Ref: 18 Skill: Factual Topic: Imagining a New World 14. In order to better control the conquistadors in the New World, the Spanish government created ________. A) the Inquisition B) the hacienda C) the encomienda D) the missions E) colonial governments Answer: C Page Ref: 19 Skill: Factual Topic: Imagining a New World 15. Before his attacks on the Aztecs, Hernán Cortés was ________. A) an accomplished ship captain B) a civil servant in Cuba C) a wealthy aristocrat D) a seasoned diplomat E) unconcerned about his public image Answer: B Page Ref: 18 Skill: Factual Topic: Imagining a New World 16. From its beginnings, Spain regarded her New World domain as primarily a(n) ________. A) provider of gold and silver B) place to send exiled Moors and Jews C) opportunity to further promote the Catholic faith D) source of cheap Native American labor to be used on Spanish estates E) place to establish penal colonies Answer: A Page Ref: 18 Skill: Factual Topic: Imagining a New World

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    5 17. Most Spanish colonists were ________. A) members of wealthy families B) more racially tolerant than their English counterparts C) unconcerned about economic opportunities D) unwilling to have contact with native groups E) unusually racist for their time Answer: B Page Ref: 20 Skill: Factual Topic: Imagining a New World 18. The first French explorers were ________. A) interested in finding the mythical “northwest passage” to China B) determined to find gold and silver C) eager to Christianize the Native Americans D) ruthless and exploitive of the native peoples E) considered stupid by the Native Americans Answer: A Page Ref: 20 Skill: Factual Topic: The French Claim Canada 19. In their relations with the Native Americans, the French ________. A) were as interested in Christian conversion as the Spanish B) cultivated close cooperation in order to sustain their fur trade C) were ruthless in their treatment of the Native Americans D) drove Indians from their lands in order to set up plantations E) were at a distinct disadvantage Answer: B Page Ref: 20 Skill: Factual Topic: The French Claim Canada 20. The financial success of the French empire in North America depended upon the ________. A) fur trade B) complete annihilation of the Native American tribes in Canada C) discovery of huge amounts of gold D) establishment of plantations E) withdrawal of the Spanish Answer: A Page Ref: 20 Skill: Factual Topic: The French Claim Canada

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    6 21. Which of the following was NOT a feature of the French experience in the New World? A) the fur trade B) Samuel de Champlain C) encomiendas D) coureurs de bois E) lack of royal support for colonizing efforts Answer: C Page Ref: 19 Skill: Factual Topic: The French Claim Canada 22. What sixteenth-century European upheaval had a profound impact upon England’s settlement of the New World? A) the Crusades B) the War of the Roses C) the Reformation D) the Hundred Years’ War E) the Renaissance Answer: C Page Ref: 21 Skill: Factual Topic: The English Enter the Competition 23. The English monarch responsible for quieting religious conflict and strengthening England in the face of Spanish power was ________. A) Henry VII B) Henry VIII C) Elizabeth I D) Mary Tudor E) James I Answer: C Page Ref: 21 Skill: Factual Topic: The English Enter the Competition 24. The mission of the Spanish Armada was to ________. A) suppress a revolt in the Netherlands B) defend Queen Elizabeth I of England against challenges to her rule C) defeat Queen Elizabeth I and make England a Catholic country D) replace Queen Elizabeth I with Mary Queen of Scots E) get revenge against the English for their seizure of Spanish treasure galleons Answer: C Page Ref: 24 Skill: Factual Topic: The English Enter the Competition

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    7 25. In the 1580s, the English attempted to make a settlement at ________. A) Jamestown B) Newfoundland C) Plymouth D) Hatteras E) Roanoke Answer: E Page Ref: 24 Skill: Factual Topic: An Unpromising Beginning: Mystery at Roanoke 26. What was the most important result of the domestication of maize (corn), beans, and squash by some Native American groups? A) moving from nomadism to a settled lifestyle B) no longer hunting mammals C) the evolution of Indians into a single continental cultural unit D) the disappearance of the Anasazi culture E) a general move to the coasts Answer: A Page Ref: 5 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Native American Histories Before the Conquest 27. By the time Europeans arrived, the Aztecs had all of the following EXCEPT ________. A) large cities ruled by effective bureaucracies B) tools and weapons made of iron and bronze C) hieroglyphic writing D) an accurate solar calendar E) a religion that involved human sacrifice Answer: B Page Ref: 6 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Native American Histories Before the Conquest 28. Which best describes how divisions among Algonquian groups helped facilitate European conquest of their lands? A) Algonquian groups were so busy fighting each other that they did not notice the European arrivals. B) Algonquian groups competed among each other to become trading partners with European arrivals. C) Algonquian groups could not communicate with each other and thus could not warn each other of European invaders. D) Algonquian groups had a strict hierarchy that made it much easier for Europeans to conquer them. E) Algonquian groups were likely to form alliances with outsiders than each other. Answer: E Page Ref: 7 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Native American Histories Before the Conquest

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    8 29. Which of these was quickly adopted by Native Americans after contact with Europeans? A) guns B) marriage customs C) public education D) Christianity E) urbanization Answer: A Page Ref: 9 Skill: Conceptual Topic: A World Transformed 30. Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) Native American men were more receptive to Christianity than were the women. B) When Indians and whites married, the European partner usually chose to live among the Indians. C) When trading with Native Americans, Europeans easily took advantage of the Indians. D) Europeans had little success “civilizing” the Indians. E) Native American women jealously guarded their traditional cultures. Answer: C Page Ref: 9 Skill: Conceptual Topic: A World Transformed 31. What was the main result of the deadly diseases brought to the New World by Europeans? A) an extremely high mortality rate among the natives, destroying the culture of many tribes B) a diminution of these diseases throughout Europe C) some deaths, but a low number compared to those caused by warfare between Native Americans and Europeans D) a death rate that was high only where Native Americans lived in low concentrations E) no significant deaths since Native Americans were already immune to these diseases Answer: A Page Ref: 9 Skill: Conceptual Topic: A World Transformed 32. Which statement about West Africa during the era of the European slave trade is TRUE? A) Africans were isolated from the rest of the world. B) Africans had a simple, self-sufficient economy. C) A single culture covered most of the African continent. D) Muslim missionaries had introduced Islam. E) Africans were united by a single language. Answer: D Page Ref: 11 Skill: Conceptual Topic: West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies

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    9 33. Which was NOT a reason why Scandinavian outposts in the New World were eventually abandoned? A) a colder climate B) hostile groups of Native Americans C) political upheavals in Scandinavia D) poor communication E) competition with Portuguese fishing groups Answer: E Page Ref: 15 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Europe on the Eve of Conquest 34. Why did the Portuguese reject Columbus’s proposed route to Cathay? A) They wanted Columbus to sail to India, not Cathay. B) They believed that Columbus had underestimated the Earth’s circumference. C) They believed the Earth was round. D) They believed that Columbus had no intention of reaching Cathay and was presenting a false route simply to gain monetary support. E) They thought that Columbus would encounter too many hostile Indians on his proposed route. Answer: B Page Ref: 16 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Europe on the Eve of Conquest 35. Why was “America” named after Amerigo Vespucci? A) Vespucci published a falsified travel account that convinced mapmakers that he had been the first European to reach the continent. B) Vespucci had been on Columbus’s last voyage, but unlike Columbus realized that they had found a new continent. C) Vespucci’s travels to the Americas brought great wealth to Spain, and he was rewarded with a continent named for him. D) Vespucci was the first person to make contact with what is now the Bahamas, and the continent he reached was named after him. E) Vespucci convinced the king and queen of Spain that Columbus had falsified reports of his travels, and proved that it was he who had been the first to reach the Americas. Answer: A Page Ref: 17 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Imagining a New World 36. Which was a key reason Cortés was able to conquer Montezuma, the Aztec emperor? A) Montezuma’s unarmored horseman were unable to fight the armored horses that Cortés brought with him. B) Cortés convinced the Aztecs to fight against their own corrupt leader, Montezuma. C) Cortés and his men overwhelmingly outnumbered the Aztecs. D) Cortés was able to recruit thousands of nearby Native Americans who helped him defeat Montezuma. E) Montezuma believed that the Spaniards were gods and did not resist them at first. Answer: E Page Ref: 18 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Imagining a New World

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    10 37. How did the Historia de las Indias change the colonization of the New World? A) It helped the Spanish recognize that they needed to be ruthless in order to prevail. B) It led Spain to improve its treatment of Indians under their rule. C) It helped the Spanish recognize that they would not be able to prevail over the powerful empires in the New World. D) It led the Spanish to the conquest of the Aztecs. E) It helped the Spanish recognize that Spanish culture was vastly inferior to native culture. Answer: B Page Ref: 19 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Imagining a New World 38. Why was Spain’s wealth acquired from the New World considered to be a mixed blessing? A) Spain was forced to send a large proportion of its population to the New World to help ship gold and silver back to Spain. B) The Spanish got wealthy from silver and gold in the New World, but lost most of their army and navy in battles with Native Americans. C) Because Spain used the New World only as a source of wealth, it did not consider establishing real settlements there. D) Because Spain gained its wealth so quickly, it caused great inflation for ordinary Spaniards. E) Most of the wealth ended up in the hands of Portuguese shippers. Answer: D Page Ref: 20 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Imagining a New World 39. Which statement best describes how the early French colonists viewed Native Americans? A) as obstacles to dominating the fur trade B) as potential slaves C) as valuable economic partners D) as obstacles to settling the land in North America E) as likely converts to Christianity Answer: C Page Ref: 20 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The French Claim Canada 40. What was the chief reason France was slow to establish a North American empire? A) poor relations with the Indians of Canada and the West B) the French government’s indifference to affairs in the New World C) too many French settlers moving to the New World too quickly D) an inability to find anything of economic consequence in the New World E) too much competition with the English settlers over land in the New World Answer: B Page Ref: 21 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The French Claim Canada

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    11 41. Why was England initially reluctant to establish an empire in the Americas? A) Colonization threatened the English alliance with Spain. B) Colonization threatened the English alliance with France. C) Colonization would force Spain to ally itself with Portugal and France against England. D) The English did not want to bring about conflict with the Pope. E) Colonization threatened English trading agreements with the Dutch. Answer: A Page Ref: 21 Skill: Conceptual Topic: English Dreams of Empire 42. Which of the following identifies the catalyst for the Protestant Reformation in England in the 1500s? A) Henry VII’s severing of all ties with the pope B) the Act of Supremacy C) the death of Edward VI D) land that belonged to the Catholic Church was transferred to private owners E) Henry VIII’s wish to dissolve his marriage to Catherine of Aragon Answer: E Page Ref: 21 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The English Enter the Competition 43. Who backed the first colonization efforts undertaken by the English in the New World? A) Henry VII B) Italians acting for the English monarch C) Parliament D) Catholic merchants E) Elizabeth I Answer: E Page Ref: 21 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The English Enter the Competition 44. Why was English Protestantism able to spread so successfully in the 1500s? A) popular dissatisfaction with the clergy B) the fact that Martin Luther and John Calvin were both English C) the fervent Catholicism of the Tudor Kings D) the English hostility to the French Huguenots E) Mary I becoming queen of England Answer: A Page Ref: 21 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The English Enter the Competition

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    12 45. Which of the following is incorrectly matched with its colonies? A) France: Canada B) Portugal: Brazil C) Spain: Puerto Rico D) England: Cuba E) Spain: Mexico Answer: D Page Ref: 16, 20, 21, 24 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Imagining a New World; The French Claim Canada; The English Enter the Competition; An Unpromising Beginning: Mystery at Roanoke 46. Which does NOT identify a reason why the Roanoke colonies were doomed from their inception? A) poor planning by the organizers of the settlement B) England’s distraction because of its preparations for war C) England devoting resources to its impending war with Spain D) religious conflicts among settlers E) hostilities with Native Americans Answer: D Page Ref: 24 Skill: Conceptual Topic: An Unpromising Beginning: Mystery at Roanoke 47. How did Richard Hakluyt keep the dream of colonizing America alive? A) He explored the New World and brought exotic products back to England. B) He interviewed explorers and told their stories in a popular book. C) He started a successful colony that made reasonably good profits. D) He wrote a work on the variety and cultural diversity of Native Americans. E) He wrote a fictional story about a settlement but claimed it was a factual account. Answer: B Page Ref: 25 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Conclusion: Campaign to Sell America 48. What was the key difference between the English and Spanish colonial systems? A) The English Crown totally funded the colonies, while the Spanish Crown offered little aid to its colonizers. B) The English efforts were private, and the Spanish colonies were supported by the Crown. C) The English settled the interior lands, while the Spanish settled primarily in coastal regions. D) Religion played a central role in all the English colonies, but had little or no impact in New Spain. E) The English were more concerned with finding wealth in the New World, while the Spanish wanted to establish permanent settlements. Answer: B Page Ref: 16, 24 Skill: Analytical Topic: Imagining a New World, An Unpromising Beginning: Mystery at Roanoke

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    13 49. Which is the best interpretation of historian Davis Eltis’s statement: “In terms of immigration alone... America was an extension of Africa rather than Europe until the late nineteenth century.” A) The colonists set up communities in the New World that were much closer to the communities of Africa than those of Europe. B) Many European colonists gave up the traditional ways of their homelands, while people brought to America from Africa retained most of their traditions. C) The new colonies were governed in ways that were unlike any kind of European government and more like African governments. D) Africans were not the largest group to immigrate to America, but they had the greatest influence on the new colonies. E) More Africans than Europeans came to North America in the early years of colonization. Answer: E Page Ref: 14 Skill: Analytical Topic: West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies 50. Which is the best description of the most important message Richard Hakluyt’s stories communicated to European readers? A) Readers were convinced that the New World was a paradise that was theirs for the taking, disregarding the native people already living there. B) Readers were cautioned not to settle in the New World without first being aware of the potential dangers that they could face. C) Readers were convinced that the Native Americans were agreeable and eager to help them get settled in exchange for trading new ideas and goods. D) Readers were warned to be sensitive to the concerns of Native Americans and not to treat the New World as a place that was simply theirs for the taking. E) Readers were convinced that they would find precious metals in North America, and Hakluyt’s stories told them where to find those precious metals. Answer: A Page Ref: 25 Skill: Analytical Topic: Conclusion: Campaign to Sell America Essay 1. Compare the cultures that could be found in the New World prior to the arrival of Europeans. Why did such a great diversity exist among native groups? Page Ref: 4 Skill: Analytical Topic: Native American Histories Before the Conquest 2. Describe the Spanish conquest of Central and South America. How did this conquest transform Native American cultures? Page Ref: 16 Skill: Analytical Topic: A World Transformed, Imagining a New World 3. Compare and contrast the factors that attracted the Spanish, the French, and the English to the New World, and how these “pull” factors affected the development of each nation’s New World colonies. Page Ref: 16, 20, 21 Skill: Analytical Topic: Imagining a New World; The French Claim Canada; The English Enter the Competition; An Unpromising Beginning: Mystery at Roanoke

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