Guide To Networking Essentials, 7th Edition Lecture Notes

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Guide to Networking Essentials, Sixth Edition1-1Chapter 1Introduction to Computer NetworksAt a GlanceInstructor’s Manual Table of ContentsOverviewObjectivesTeaching TipsQuick QuizzesClass Discussion TopicsAdditional ProjectsAdditional ResourcesKey TermsTechnical Notes for Hands-On ProjectsUsing Virtualization for Hands-On Projects

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Guide to Networking Essentials, Sixth Edition1-2Lecture NotesOverviewChapter 1 offers an introduction to basic computer components and operation. Studentslearn about the fundamental reasons for networking, as well as how to identify essentialnetwork components. They also learn to compare different types of networks. Studentslearn about servers, their role, and the types of servers that are available. Finally, at theend of the chapter, studentsareable to describe specialized networks that have recentlygained popularity in the world of networking.ObjectivesDescribe basic computer components and operationExplain the fundamentals of network communicationDefine common networking termsCompare different network modelsIdentify the functions of various network server typesDescribe specialized networksTeaching TipsAn Overview of Computer Concepts1.Provide a brief introduction to networking and why it is so important to have a basicunderstanding of computer concepts and terminology.Basic Functions of a Computer1.Introduce students to the three basic tasks that all computers perform.a.Inputb.Outputc.Processing2.Give students an idea of where each of the three basic tasks is utilized. For example, akeyboard would be used for input, a screen would be used for output.TeachingTipStudents can view a basic breakdown of a computer’s parts and functions athttp://www.howstuffworks.com/pc.htm.

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Guide to Networking Essentials, Sixth Edition1-3Storage Components1.Explain the differences between short-term storage and long-term storage.Personal Computer Hardware1.Introduce students to the four major PC components.Computer Boot Procedure1.Describe the six steps in the typical computer boot procedure.How the Operating System and Hardware Work Together1.Explain the critical services provided by a computer’s OS.The Fundamentals of Network Communication1.Describe the most basic network as two or more computers connected by some kind oftransmission media.Network Components1.Discuss the three components needed in order to “network” a stand-alone computer.TeachingTipRead an in-depth look at different network media types athttp://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=31276.Steps of Network Communication1.Basic steps of a user accessing a network resourceLayers of the Network Communication Process1.Explain how the steps of network communication are referred toaslayers, and the twomodels used to describe this process: OSI and TCP/IP.

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Guide to Networking Essentials, Sixth Edition1-4TeachingTipHave students review Simulation 1: Layers of the Communication Process on thebook’s CD.TeachingTipMicrosoft has an article on the OSI model that helpsexplain the workings of alayered network:http://support.microsoft.com/kb/103884.How Two Computers Communicate on a LAN: Some Details1.Introduce students to idea of a computer’s logical and physical address.2.Use a street address andZIPcode to help explain the difference between a computer’stwo addresses.TeachingTipHave students review Simulation 2: CommunicationBetweenTwoComputerson the book’s CD.Quick Quiz 11.Name the three basic tasks all computersperform:Answer: Input, Processing, Output.2.True or False: Random access memory (RAM) is considered long-term storage.Answer: False–RAM is considered short-term storage because when power to thecomputer is turned off, RAM’s contents are gone.3.A computer’s _______________________ provides a number of critical services,including a user interface, memory management, a file system, multitasking, and theinterface to hardware devices.Answer: operating system (OS)4.What is the name given to software that provides the interface between the OS andcomputer hardware?Answer:device driver5.What is the physical address assigned to NICs called?a.Media Address Controlb.Physical Address Controlc.Media Access Controld.Media Control Access

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Guide to Networking Essentials, Sixth Edition1-5Answer: Media Access ControlNetwork Terms Explained1.Explain the importance of learning the “language” of computer networking.LANs, Internetworks, WANs, and MANs1.Use Figure 1-13 to show the components of a basic network consisting of computersinterconnected by a hub.TeachingTipFor a list of networks and their scopes, seehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network#Types_of_networks_based_on_physical_scope.Packets and Frames1.Briefly discuss how data is segmented into packets and then encapsulated into framesfor transmissiona.IP addressing information exists in packetsb.MAC addressing added in framesClients and Servers1.Explain the different uses of the term client in relation to software / software suites /OS2.“Server” can also be ambiguous, cover different definitions in relation to service-basedsoftware, server operating systems, and server computers.Network Models1.Discuss the two major types of network models: peer-to-peer and server-based.Peer-to-Peer/Workgroup Model1.Peer-to-peer networking model as it relates to client PCsa.Cover the benefits (cost) of a peer-to-peer network model versus thedisadvantages (scalability).b.Members are all simultaneously servers and clients for whichever resources theymay host.Server/Domain-Based Model

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Guide to Networking Essentials, Sixth Edition1-61.Explain what it means to be a part of a domain-based network architecture and how itaffects user accounts and resource accessa.Advantages in relation to peer-to-peer (centralization, scalability).b.Services that are related and most likely part of a domain architecture shouldalso be mentioned, such as naming services, or e-mail services.TeachingTipMicrosoft Active Directory hasn't always been the only directory servicesproduct. Take a look at Novell's older solution, eDirectory:http://www.novell.com/products/edirectory/fsd/comparison.html.Quick Quiz 21.An _________________ is a networked collection of LANs tied together by devicessuch as routers.Answer: internetwork2.What is the more well-known term for chunks of data sent across the network?Answer: Packet ( Frame is another term that is often used)3.What is the difference between a client and a server, in networking terms?Answer: A client can be a workstation that requests network resources from a server. Aserver provides a network service to client computers.4.Networks fall into two major types: peer-to-peer and client/server (also called____________________).Answer: server-based5.On a Windows-based peer-to-peer network, all computers are members of a:a.Domainb.Workgroupc.Server networkd.WANAnswer: WorkgroupTeachingTipYou can find a comparison of various operating systems athttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_system.Network Servers1.Discuss common services found on network servers in various sized networks.

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Guide to Networking Essentials, Sixth Edition1-7Domain Controller/Directory Servers1.Explain the use of directory services to centralize account management and unifiedresource access.TeachingTipGive students the chance to take an in-depth look at Windows Server 2008Active Directory Domain Services athttp://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc770946%28WS.10%29.aspx.File and Print Servers1.File and print servers provide a single point of access for storage and printers, as well asadditional features such as fault tolerance and load balancing.Application Servers1.Explain that an application server takes most of the responsibility for processing anddata storage, while a client (such as aWebbrowser) does considerably less work.a.Common examples of application servers are web-based platforms.Communication Servers1.Emphasize the use of communication servers and their ability to service remote userswith network resources that would not be available otherwise.E-Mail/Fax Servers1.E-mail servers handle and deliver e-mail using a variety of different protocols, while faxservers consolidate incoming and outgoing faxes.a.SMTP is used to send e-mailb.POP3 is used to deliver e-mailWeb Servers1.Web servers hostWebpages for access byWebbrowsers such as Internet Explorer orFirefox.a.Web servers often provide additional services such as FTP for remote fileaccess.Additional Network Services1.Discuss the importance of DNS and DHCP to the functionality of domain services aswell as their importance outside of domain environments.Server Hardware Requirements

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Guide to Networking Essentials, Sixth Edition1-81.Emphasize that hardware requirements between client operating systems and serveroperating systems differ due to the tasks they’re expected to complete.a.Servers require increasingly more resources depending on load and servicesprovided.b.Client operating system hardware requirements have increased, while serveroperating systems have remained relatively the same.Specialized Networks1.Discuss various non-computer-centric networks.Storage Area Networks1.A SAN provides access to large amounts of networked storage.a.SANs typically use Fibre Channel or iSCSI.Wireless Personal Area Networks1.WPANs help to connect mobile devices to other devices but typically have short range.a.IEEE 802.15 is the standard for WPANs.Quick Quiz 31.What is the role of an application server?Answer: Application servers supply the server side of client/server applications, and oftenthe data that goes along with them, to network clients.2.What is the role of a communication server?Answer: Communication servers provide a mechanism for users to access a network’sresources remotely.3.What is the name of the network service that provides name resolution services thatallow users to access both local and Internet servers by name rather than address?Answer: DNS–Domain Name System4.A ____________________ is a short-range networking technology designed to connectpersonal devices to exchange information.Answer:wireless personal area network (WPAN)Class Discussion Topics1.Have any of the students installed/configured a LAN before? If so, ask them to brieflydiscuss their experiences.

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Guide to Networking Essentials, Sixth Edition1-92.Do students have previous experience configuring servers? If so, ask them to brieflydiscuss their experiences.Additional Projects1.Students can research a list of operating systems (client or server) and detail theirhardware requirements. Have them look at Microsoft and non-Microsoft solutions, andcompare benefits of either solution in relation to hardware requirements.2.Give students the chance to look at network comparisons of small, home peer-to-peernetworks versus a larger domain-based server network. Ask them to identify whatservices they have in common (DHCP, DNS)Additional Resources1.Computer Networking:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network2.Linux Networking-Concepts HOWTO:www.netfilter.org/documentation/HOWTO/networking-concepts-HOWTO.html3.Networking Glossary:www.nextecsystems.com/networking-glossary.html4.Client-server:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client-server5.How Home Networking Works:http://computer.howstuffworks.com/home-network.htmKey Termsapplication serverA computer that supplies the server side of client/serverapplications, and often the data that goes along with them, to network clients.busA collection of wires that carry data from one place to another on a computer’smotherboard.clientCan be used to describe: an operating system designed mainly to access networkresources; a computer’s primary role in a network which is that of running userapplications and accessing network resources; software that requests network resourcesfrom servers.communication serverA computer that provides a mechanism for users to access anetwork’s resources remotely.corea core is an instance of a processor inside a single CPU chip. See multicore CPU.

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Guide to Networking Essentials, Sixth Edition1-10credentialsThe username and password or other form of identity used to access acomputer.device driverSoftware that provides the interface between the OS and computerhardware.directory serviceThe software that manages centralized access and security in a server-based network.domain controllerA computer running a Windows server OS on which the directoryservice role called Active Directory is installed.A domain controller maintains adatabase of user and computer accounts as well as network access policies in aWindows domain.See directory service.domainA collection of users and computers in a server-based network whose accountsare managed by Windows servers called domain controllers.See domain controller.encapsulationThe process of adding header and trailer information to chunks of data.file and print serverA computer that provide secure centralized file storage andsharing and access to networked printers.frameApacket with the source and destination MAC addresses added to it. In addition,an error-checking code is added to the back end of the packet.Frames are generated byand processed by the network interface.See alsopacket.headerInformation added to the front end of a chunk of data so that the data can beproperly interpreted and processed by network protocols.internetworkA networked collection of LANs tied together by devices such as routers.See alsolocal area network (LAN).local area network (LAN)A small network limited to a single collection of machinesand connected by one or more interconnecting devices in a small geographic area.mail serversA computer that handles sending and receiving e-mail messages fornetwork users.metropolitan area network (MAN)An internetwork that is confined to a geographicregion such as a city or county.Uses third-party communication providers to provideconnectivity among locations.See alsointernetwork.multicore CPUA CPU that contains two or more processing cores.See core.multitaskingAn operating system’s capability to run more than one application orprocess at the same time.name serverA computer that stores the names and addresses of computers on anetwork allowing other computers to use computer names rather than addresses tocommunicate with one another.network clientsoftwareThe application or operating system service that can requestinformation stored on another computer.Network Information Service (NIS)A Linux-supported directory service that supportscentralized logon.network modelDefines how and where resources are shared and how access to theseresources is regulated.

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Guide to Networking Essentials, Sixth Edition1-11network protocolsThe software on a computer that defines the rules and formats acomputer must use when sending information across the network.network server softwareThe software that allows a computer to share its resources byfielding requests generated by network clients.packetA chunk of data with source and destination IP addresses (as well as other IPprotocol information) added to it.Packets are generated by and processed by thenetwork protocol.peer-to-peer networkThe network model in which all computers can function asclients or servers as necessary and in which there is no centralized control over networkresources.serverCan be used to describe: an operating system designed mainly to share networkresources; when a computer’s primary role is to give client computers access to networkresources; the software that responds to requests for network resources from clientcomputers.server-based networkThe network model in which server computers take onspecialized roles to provide client computers with network services and to providecentralized control over network resources.stand-alone computerA computer that does not have the necessary hardware orsoftware to communicate on a network.storage area network (SAN)A specialized network that uses high-speed networkingtechnologies to provide servers with fast access to large amounts of disk storage.trailerInformation added to the back end of a chunk of data so that the data can beproperly interpreted and processed by network protocols.Web serverA computer running software that allows users to access HTML and otherdocument types using a Web browser.wide area networks (WANs)An internetwork that is geographically dispersed and usesthird-party communication providers to provide connectivity among locations.See alsointernetwork.wireless personal area network (WPAN)A short-range networking technologydesigned to connect personal devices to exchange information.Technical Notes for Hands-On ProjectsAll projects in this book that use the Sharing and Security option for folders assume that theUse simple file sharing option has been disabled.Hands-On Project 1-1: This project requires the NET HELP and NET VIEW utilities.Hands-On Project 1-2: This project requires Windows Explorer and the NET VIEW utility.Hands-On Project 1-3: This project requires Internet access and a Web browser.

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Guide to Networking Essentials, Sixth Edition1-12Hands-On Project 1-4: This project requires Internet access and a Web browser.Hands-On Project 1-5: This project assumes students are using Windows XP Professional asthe operating system, but the tasks can be accomplished in other operating systems.Students also use a word processor or a simple text editor.Using Virtualization for Hands-On ProjectsThe following Hands-On Projects/Challenge Labs have been identified as those that studentscan do using virtual machines rather than physical machines.Hands-On Project 1-1Hands-On Project 1-2Hands-On Project 1-3Hands-On Project 1-4Hands-On Project 1-5

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Guide to Networking Essentials, Sixth Edition2-1Chapter 2Network Hardware EssentialsAt a GlanceInstructor’s Manual Table of ContentsOverviewObjectivesTeaching TipsQuick QuizzesClass Discussion TopicsAdditional ProjectsAdditional ResourcesKey TermsTechnical Notes for Hands-On ProjectsUsing Virtualization for Hands-On Projects

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Guide to Networking Essentials, Sixth Edition2-2Lecture NotesOverviewChapter 1 offers an introduction to the basic operation of network repeaters and hubs.Students learn about the purpose of network switches as well as how to summarize theoperation of wireless access points. They will also be able to describe the basicoperation of network interface cards.At the end of the chapter, students learn about thevery important function of routers in a network.ObjectivesDescribe the basic operation of network repeaters and hubsExplain the purpose of network switchesSummarize the operation of wireless access pointsDescribe the basic operation of network interface cardsExplain the function of routersTeaching TipsNetwork Repeaters and Hubs1.Describe how repeaters take a weakened signal and repeat it at its original strength.2.Show students that many networking devices, such as hubs, switches, and bridges, actas repeaters.3.Discuss the purpose of a repeater, or why a device might be used as a repeater.a.Most often repeaters are used to connectPCs over several hundred feet, wheresignal would normally degenerate.4.Explain the purpose of a hub.a.Network hubs serve as a connection point to a single network segment.b.All network devices connected to the hub share the same media and must take turnswhen using the network.Multiport Repeaters and Hubs1.Explain that a multiport repeater, or hub, will clean a signal as well as regenerate it.2.Show that hubs come in a variety of sizes, from 4 ports to 24 ports most commonlyHubs and Network Bandwidth1.Explain why when devices are connected to a hub, they must wait their turn tocommunicate.

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Guide to Networking Essentials, Sixth Edition2-3a.Because the media must be sharedamongall connected devices, the averagebandwidth available per machine when communicatingismuch less than whateverspeed the hub is rated for.2.Discuss the additional cost to bandwidth for the time lost due to network collisions.a.If two machines try to use the media on the hub at the same time, a collision willoccur. All machines must then wait for a period of time before trying again to usethe media.b.Try to demonstrate this with an actual hub and several connected devices generatingtraffic.3.Explain that all devices connected to a hub will see any traffic passed through the hub.a.While protocol analyzers aren’t covered until much later, this can be demonstratedusing Wireshark. Try to connect to a service that passes information in cleartext,such asTelnet, to illustrate how traffic on a hub will work.4.You should emphasize the limitations of hubs.a.Devices on a hub operate in half-duplex mode, meaning that they can only send orreceive, not both at the same time.5.If you have old hubs available, demonstrate the collision process. Many hubs have anindicator light to show that a collision has occurred or is occurring on the network.Have students review Simulation 3—BasicOperation of a Hub on the book’s CD.TeachingTipFor additional information about shared traffic on hubs, seehttp://wiki.wireshark.org/HubReference.Network Switches1.Explain the benefits of using a switch versus a hub.Basic Switch Operation1.Illustratehow switches separate connections into individual network segments. In otherwords, a switch eliminates the possibility of a collision caused by multiple transmittingmachines.a.Use the fact that each port is a separate collision domain as a talking point.2.Explain how a switch directs traffic to the correct port by using a MAC address.a.When a switch powers on, it begins collecting MAC addresses into a switchingtable, which it then uses as a map to reach specific network devices.b.MAC addresses are 12 hexadecimal digits long, or 48 bits.3.Describe the process of a network transaction with a switch.a.When a switch receives a frame, it records the sender’s MAC address on theport it was received in the switching table. If the destination MAC address isunknown to the switch, it broadcasts the frame to all connected ports except theoriginal sending port.b.You can demonstrate this if you have three machines on an isolated networkswitch, withWireshark running as you plug all three machines in.

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Guide to Networking Essentials, Sixth Edition2-44.Discuss the advantages inherent in using switches compared to a hub.a.Switch-based networks do not suffer from the same bandwidth drawbacks ashubs do. Network devices connected to a switch can operate in full-duplexmode, allowing them to transmit while also receiving.b.Devices connected to a switch do not see each others traffic, unlike a hub. Theywill only see broadcasted traffic and traffic intended for that device. There are afew exceptions to this, namely the situation described in #3-a. A switch will alsosimply flood all packets to all connected devices if it finds itself out of memory.Under most normal conditions,however, this shouldn’t happen.Have students review Simulation 4—BasicOperation of aSwitch on the book’s CD.TeachingTipsSwitches also have the ability to perform more advanced tasks such as linkaggregation, or port bonding, to increase link speeds.TeachingTipFor a visual guide in explaining how a MAC address is structured, seehttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/MAC-48_Address.svg.Quick Quiz 11.What does a repeater do?Answer:Itreceives bit signals generated by NICs and otherdevices, strengthens them, andthen sends them along or repeating them to other parts of the network.2.A multiport repeater is often referred to as a _________________.a.Switchb.Bridgec.Hubd.Network Interface CardAnswer: c. hub3.The amount of data that can be transferred on a network during a specific interval iscalled the ________________________________.a.Network bandwidthb.Network speed ratingc.Line speed ratingd.Duplexing speedAnswer: network bandwidth4.True or False: A switch operates just like a hub?

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Guide to Networking Essentials, Sixth Edition2-5Answer:False: Instead of simply regenerating incoming bit signals and repeating them toall other ports, a switch actually reads data in the message, determines which port thedestination device is connected to, and forwards the message to only that port5.How long are MAC addresses?a.42 bitsb.16 hexadecimal charactersc.4 octetsd.12 hexadecimal charactersAnswer: d.12 hexadecimal charactersWireless Access Points1.Explain the use of access points as means of wireless distribution.Basic AP Operation1.Make a comparison of access points to hubs.a.All wireless clients must share the access media (the air), and multiple machinescannot transmit at the same time. They must all share the bandwidth of the accesspoint.2.Explain that althoughaccess points are wireless distributors, they still commonlyconnect to a wired network connection.3.Discuss the limitations of wireless, as well asadvantages/disadvantages of using awireless connection.a.Bandwidth available on a wireless network is often half what is advertised due tooverhead in establishing and maintaining the connection.TeachingTipWidely available consumer home routers that provide wireless access are actuallyseveral devices combined into one, including an access point. It might be helpfulto point out some wireless router models as access points.Network Interface Cards1.Discuss how network interface cards use different types of media, but all have similarfunctions and methods of working with operating systems.NIC Basics1.Describe the process by which a NIC turns aframe into transmittable signals forwhatever media type it is made for.

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Guide to Networking Essentials, Sixth Edition2-6a.In the case of Ethernet, the frame is transmitted electrically. A fiber-optic NIC,however, transmits using light.2.Explain whyNICs are assigned MAC addresses.a.These addresses must be unique, or communication on the network no longerworks properly.b.MAC addresses are divided into two parts:the 24-bit organizationally uniqueidentifier (OUI) assigned to the manufacturer and the remaining 24 bits used fora serial number to identify the specific NIC.3.Demonstrate the broadcast MAC address.a.A MAC address of FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF is reserved for broadcasts and cannot beused by any NIC.b.A frame using this broadcast MAC as its destination will be seen by allconnected devices.Have students review Simulation 5—How a NICWorks on the book’s CD.Selecting a NIC1.Discuss with students that when selecting a NIC to install in a computer there areanumber of factors to consider:a.What bus type should be used? Several are available, such as PCI and PCIe.Some network cards are available for USB as well.b.Is the NIC compatible with your operating system? Not all NICs have driversavailable for the latest operating systems.c.How fast should the NIC be? Workstations won’t require a NIC as fast as aserver, but faster NICs have become cheap and widely available.NIC Drivers1.Students should learn that NIC driversin most caseswillbe automatically installed oralready available to modern operating systems.Wireless NICs1.Discuss the prevalence of wireless NICs in mobile devices.a.This makes itdifficult or impossible to replaceNICs on anything butdesktopPCs, but eliminatesthe need to hunt for drivers as well.2.Talk about the use of wireless standards and how it affects wireless transmission speedsas well as compatibility.a.Keep in mind that several wireless standards exist, such as 802.11b and 802.11g.Even though these two standards are backwards compatible, they are notcompatible with 802.11a, which uses a different frequency.b.Another common issue during recent years involved “Draft N” devices that werebuilt by various manufacturers. These devices may or may not work with other“DraftN” devices from other manufacturers.3.Discuss what information is needed in order to connect to a wireless network.

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Guide to Networking Essentials, Sixth Edition2-7a.You must know the service set identifier (SSID). Most wireless routers availablefor home consumers have default SSIDs configured out of the box, such as“linksys”, “default”, or “2WIRE”.TeachingTipIf you have a wireless device, or preferably a workstation/laptop with wireless,try doing a wireless survey around your area. Show students just how prevalentwireless technology is! Netstumbler is a common tool for doing a wirelesssurvey, and can be found atwww.netstumber.com.Quick Quiz 21.What is the main difference between a wireless access point and a hub?Answer:Signals don’t travel through a physical medium; they travel through the airwavesas radio signals.2.Before a computer can transmit data to the AP, it must first send a short________________________message to let the AP know it intends to transmit data.a.Broadcastb.Request to Send (RTS)c.Beacond.SSIDAnswer: b.request to send (RTS)3.What is the name of the address that is part of a NIC?Answer: Media Access Control or MAC address4.A frame with a destination MAC address composed of all binary 1s or FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF in hexadecimal is a____________________.a.Unicast frameb.Anycast framec.Multicast framed.Broadcast frameAnswer: d. broadcast frame5.In order to connect to a wireless network, you need to have the __________.a.Name of the switchb.SSIDc.MAC address of the routerd.MAC address of the switchAnswer: b. SSID

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Guide to Networking Essentials, Sixth Edition2-8TeachingTipTo see more information about the latest 802.11 wireless standard, 802.11n, visithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11n-2009.Routers1.Discuss the role of routers in delivering packets or information to other non-locallyconnected networks.Have students review Simulation 6—RouterOperation in aSimpleInternetwork on the book’sCD.Routers Connect LANs1.Explain that in order to communicate between two LANs or networks with differentaddressing schemes, you need a router.a.A router is configured to know or find the paths to other networks, eitherthrough directly connected interfaces or via other routers.TeachingTipAn easy way to explain the idea of how routers handle traffic is to use the postalanalogy. To see how this works, readhttp://cs.gmu.edu/cne/itcore/internet/tcpip/tcpip.html.Routers Create Broadcast Domains1.Detailhow and why a router will create broadcast domains.a.Also discuss the benefits of creating broadcast domains and how broadcasttraffic can affect network performance on large scales.Routers Work with IP Addresses and Routing Tables1.Describe how arouter maintains a table of addresses to direct networking traffic.a.While a switch uses a MAC address to move traffic, a router uses an IP addressto route traffic.b.An IP address is 32 bits long and is separated into four base 256 octets, such as192.168.1.1.2.Briefly discuss what a subnet is and how it works.a.The network address for a given IP is determined by a subnet mask. Subnetmasks, while similar in appearance to IP addresses, use bits to designate thenetwork portion of an address and separate it from the host portion of anaddress. For example, if the IP address 192.168.1.1 had a subnet mask of255.255.255.0, then the network address would be 192.168.1.0.

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Guide to Networking Essentials, Sixth Edition2-93.Break down and describe what happens when a router receives a packet addressed toanother networka.First,it checks itsrouting table for a match.b.If a match is found for the specific network, the packet is forwarded to thedestination.c.If no match is found, and the router has a default route, the router forwards thepacket to the default route.d.If no match is found and no default route is configured, the packet is dropped.Usually a router will respond to the sender of the packet with a NetworkUnreachable message.Quick Quiz 31.True or False:Routersare devices that enable multiple LANs to communicate with oneanother by forwarding packets from one LAN to another.Answer: True2.The scope of devices to which broadcast frames are forwarded is called a_________________.Answer:broadcast domain3.What is another name for a port on routers?Answer: Interface4.The __________________ tells a router where to send a packet with a destinationnetwork that can’t be found in the routing table.Answer:default routeClass Discussion Topics1.Discuss the potential reasons for choosing a hub versus a switch, whether it be cost,speed, security,or other.2.What might prevent wireless from being used extensively in an enterprise? Ask studentsto consider how adding a wireless infrastructure might affect a hospital or large creditcard company.Additional Projects1.If Cisco equipment is available, set up two switches with connections to each other,then connect one PC to each switch. After setting up networking on both PCs, showwhat the MAC address table of each switch looks like.

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Guide to Networking Essentials, Sixth Edition2-10Additional Resources1.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_domain.2.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collision_domain.Key Termsaccess point (AP)A wireless device that serves as the central connection point of awireless LAN.An AP mediates communication between wireless computers.bandwidth sharingA network design in which the interconnecting devices allow only oneconnected device to transmit data at a time, thus requiring the devices to share the availablebandwidth the interconnecting device provides.broadcast domainThe scope of devices to which broadcast frames are forwarded.Routerinterfaces delimit broadcast domains because they do not forward broadcasts whereasswitches and hubs do forward broadcasts.broadcast frameA network message that is intended to be processed by all devices on theLAN.A broadcast frame carries a destination address of FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF.clear to send (CTS)A signal generated by an access point in response to a request to send(RTS) signal.A CTS indicates that the computer that sent an RTS may transmit data.Seealsorequest to send and access point.dedicated bandwidthA property of switches in which the bandwidth of each port isdedicated to the device or devices connected to the port.This differs from a hub in whichthe bandwidth of a port is shared among all the devices connected to the hub.default gatewayThe address configured ina computer’s IP address settings that is set tothe address of a router to which the computer can send all packets destined for othernetworks.default routeAn entry in a router’s routing table that tells a router where to send a packetwith a destination network address that can’t be found in the routing table.full-duplex modeA communication mode in which a device can simultaneously transmitand receive data on the same cable connection. Switches can operate in full-duplex modebut hubs cannot.half-duplex modeA communication mode in which a device can send or receive data butcannot do both simultaneously.Hubs can only operate in half-duplex mode,whereasswitches can operate in both half-duplex and full-duplex modes.hubA network device that performs the same function as a repeater but has several ports toconnect a number of devices. Sometimes called a multiport repeater.Seealsorepeater.network bandwidthThe amount of data that can be transferred on a network during aspecific interval, usually measured in bits per second.network interface card (NIC)A device that creates and mediates the connection betweena computer and the network medium.

Guide To Networking Essentials, 7th Edition Lecture Notes - Page 24 preview image

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Guide to Networking Essentials, Sixth Edition2-11promiscuous modeAn operational mode of a NIC in which all frames are read andprocessed rather than only broadcast and unicast frames addressed to the NIC.Protocolanalyzer software sets a NIC to promiscuous mode so that all network frames can be readand analyzed.repeaterA network device that takes incoming signals and regenerates, or repeats,them toother parts of the network.request to send (RTS)A signal used in wireless networks indicating that a computer hasdata ready to send on the network.routerA device that enables multipleLANstocommunicate withone anotherbyforwarding packets from one LAN to another. They also forward packets from one router toanother when LANs are separated by multiple routers.Routers have multiple interfaces andeach interface communicates with a LAN.service set identifier (SSID)The name assigned to a wireless network so that wirelessclients can distinguish between wireless networkswhen more than one is detected.switchA network device that reads the destination MAC address of incoming frames todetermine out which port to forward the frame.switching tableA table used by switches that contains MAC address and port pairs.Thetable is used by the switch to determine which port to forward frames it receives to reachthe destination computer.unicast frameA network message that is addressed to only one computer on the LAN.uplink portA designated port on a hub or switch used to connect to another hub or switchwithout using a crossover cable.Technical Notes for Hands-On ProjectsHands-On Project 2-1: This project requiresregular classroom computers or virtual machineswith a connection to the Internet, or the instructorcanprovide the Wireshark setup programon a network share.Hands-On Project 2-2: This project requires threecomputers (minimum) with Ethernet NICsinstalled; 10/100 Mbps or 10/100/1000 NICs are preferable, but 10 Mbps NICs will alsowork.Hands-On Project 2-3: This project requires threecomputers (minimum) with Ethernet NICsinstalled; 10/100 Mbps or 10/100/1000 NICs are preferable, but 10 Mbps NICs will alsowork.Three patch cables and a 10/100 switch, although a single-speed switch or Gigabitswitch will also work.Hands-On Project 2-4: This project requires three computers (minimum) with Ethernet NICsinstalled; 10/100 Mbps or 10/100/1000 NICs are preferable, but 10 Mbps NICs will also

Guide To Networking Essentials, 7th Edition Lecture Notes - Page 25 preview image

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Guide to Networking Essentials, Sixth Edition2-12work. Four patch cables and a crossover cable,10/100hubs with uplink switch, and a10/100switch.Hands-On Project 2-5: This project requires two or more computers with 802.11 wireless NICsinstalled. One wireless AP or wireless router configured with the service set identifier(SSID, the name for a wireless network) “NetEss.” The 802.11 standard supported doesn’tmatter as long as the AP is compatible with the NICs. Windows 7 is the preferred OS, butsome steps can be changed to accommodate other OSs. The computers shouldn’t beconnected to a hub or switch.Hands-On Project 2-6: This project requires aclassroom computer; no other tools or equipmentarerequired. Windows 7 is the assumed OS, but this project can also be done in WindowsVista or Windows XP.Hands-On Project 2-7: This project requires three workstations, two hubs or switches, a router,and five patch cables. The router can be the same router/AP you used for Hands-On Project2-5. Assuming you’re using a typical home network router/AP such as a LinksysWRT54GL, the router should be set up sothatthe WAN interface is assigned the address192.168.2.1 with subnet mask 255.255.255.0, and the LAN interface is left as the default192.168.1.1 address.Hands-On Project 2-8: This project requires aclassroom computer, access to the Internet, and avalid DNS server.Challenge Lab 2-1: This project requires a classroom computer with Wireshark installed; the IPaddressof another classroom computer or device.Challenge Lab 2-2: This project requires acomputer with Wireshark installed; access to theInternet.Using Virtualization for Hands-On ProjectsThe following Hands-On Projects/Challenge Labs have been identified as those thatstudents can do using virtual machines rather than physical machines.Hands-On Project 2-1Hands-On Project 2-6Hands-On Project 2-8Challenge Lab 2-1Challenge Lab 2-2

Guide To Networking Essentials, 7th Edition Lecture Notes - Page 26 preview image

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Guide to Networking Essentials, Sixth Edition3-1Chapter 3NetworkTopologies and TechnologiesAt a GlanceInstructor’s Manual Table of ContentsOverviewObjectivesTeaching TipsQuick QuizzesClass Discussion TopicsAdditional ProjectsAdditional ResourcesKey TermsTechnical Notes for Hands-On ProjectsUsing Virtualization for Hands-On Projects

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Guide to Networking Essentials, Sixth Edition3-2Lecture NotesOverviewChapter3offers an introduction tothebasicprimary physical networking topologies incommon use. Studentsalsolearn about theprimary logical networkingtopologies.Theywill be able to describe themajor LAN networking technologies found in manynetworks today.ObjectivesDescribe the primary physical networking topologies in common useDescribe the primary logical networking topologies in common useDescribe major LAN networking technologiesTeaching TipsPhysical Topologies1.Explain the differences between topologies, and weigh the advantages/disadvantages ofeach one.2.Emphasize that a physical topology is different from a logical topology, where thelayout of a network could appear completely different.Physical Bus Topology1.Describe the limits of a physical bus topology and how these limits contributed to itbecoming a legacy technology.a.Limit of 30 computers per cable segmentb.Any break in the bus brings down entire networkc.Limited to 10Mbps half-duplex communication2.It is worth mentioning that although this technology is now legacy, the Ethernetstandards were born on the physical bus topology.3.Students should be told the methods by which signals were passed between machines,especially when only a single cable connected all devices. Signal propagation and signalbounce should be discussed, albeit briefly.Physical Star Topology1.Discuss the use of a central device for connecting machines on a network.2.Compare the advantages of a physical star topology to the disadvantages of older legacytopologies.a.Creates a single point of administrationb.Allows for faster network speeds

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Guide to Networking Essentials, Sixth Edition3-3c.Easily expandable(into extended star)3.In contrast to those benefits, be sure to make note that this also creates a central point offailure. While easy to troubleshoot, sometimes having a single point of failure is too bigof a risk.4.To leverage the single point of failure inherent with plain physical star topologies,students should learn that the most commonly used network topology is now theextended star.a.The extended star can provide a hierarchical topology structure for easymanagementb.Provides easy expandabilityc.Does not necessarily eliminate single point of failure concerns, but can bedesigned for redundancyTeachingTipPhysical cabling has come a long way from what was used on some of theselegacy topologies.Students may find some of the Thicknet images onhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thicknetinteresting.Physical Ring Topology1.Explain that a physical ring topology is similar to a bus in cabling structure.2.Because of their similarities, physical ring also suffers some of the samedisadvantages.a.A failure of a PC or node on the network brings the whole ring down3.Studentsshould be introduced to the idea of a network backbone. Physical ring wasmost commonly used in connecting LANs to FDDI.Point-to-PointTopology1.Describe the point-to-point topology and where it is most prevalent: WANs.2.Students should also be aware that point-to-point topologies are also used to bridgewireless networks together when physical cabling isn’t an option.TeachingTipFor a simplified look at some of these topologies, point your students tohttp://learn-networking.com/network-design/a-guide-to-network-topology.Mesh Topology1.Discuss the use of mesh topology as a means of redundancy and fault tolerance.a.Leverage this benefit with the disadvantage of cost, which in a full meshtopology can be exponential with expansion.b.Partial mesh is a valid solution that helps alleviate cost.

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Guide to Networking Essentials, Sixth Edition3-4Quick Quiz 11.Whatis the difference between physical topology and logical topology?Answer:The arrangement of cabling and how the cables connect one device to anotherin a network is considered the network’sphysical topology, and the path data travelsbetweencomputerson a network is considered the network’s logical topology.2.True or False: Any break in a physical star topology causes the entire network to godown.Answer:true3.Thephysical star topologyuses a ___________________ to interconnect computers ina LAN.a.Central deviceb.Bus cablec.Access pointd.FDDI backboneAnswer:a. Central device, such as a hub or switch4.What is the name of the most widely used physical topology in networks today?Answer:extendedstar5.How many links would you need in a full mesh configuration if you had 4 nodes?a.4b.5c.6d.7Answer:c.6Logical Topologies1.Focus on the idea that the logical topology, while partially determined by physicaltopology, may not be similar to the physical topology itself. Mention the following forstudents:a.For example, there are physical star topologies that act as a bus logically, suchas a star topology that makes use of a hub.b.Another example is wireless LANs. While the technology may appear to be astar, it is in fact a logical bus.c.Star topologies can also have a logical ring topology when using a multistationaccess unit (MAU).d.Refer students to Figures 3-7 to 3-9 for a visual representation.

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Guide to Networking Essentials, Sixth Edition3-5TeachingTipStudents may findhttp://www.cisco.com/iam/unified/ipt701/ENT/Network_Topology_Diagrams.htmhelpful in documenting network topology diagrams. However, students mayrequire a guided look.NetworkTechnologies1.Discuss with students what network technology is, namely how it applies to what datalink layer protocols are in use.a.Explain how this might define frame format and which media types areavailable.Network Technologies and Media1.Show students a strand of unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cable.While showing thecable, illustrate the various speeds capable over UTP and discuss the meaning ofcategories for UTP.2.Next, show students some fiber-optic cabling if available to contrast the size difference.Students should learn where fiber is most commonly used.3.When detailing coaxial cable, make mention that this is most commonly used for cable-based ISPs, such as Comcast or Cablevision. Briefly explain why coaxial becameobsolete for LANs.4.Explain to students the difference between baseband and broadband, and give anexample of which network technologies use either method of signal transmission.a.Ethernet uses baseband, while cable TV/modem access uses broadband.Ethernet Networks1.Detail how Ethernet has scaled to various connection speeds over time, and how itwillscale in the future.2.Explain that despite how the speed of the interface may change,the underlying Ethernetprotocol remains essentially the same.Ethernet Addressing1.Review some of the information discussed inChapter 2 about MAC addressing:whyevery NIC needs a unique MAC address, and what the broadcast MAC address is usedfor.Ethernet Frames1.Teach students some of the different kinds of frame types, and then explain that frametype has no affect on the attributes of a frame.2.Students should know the size of a frame can vary between 64 bytes and 1518 bytes.Discuss the common frame headers and fields.

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Guide to Networking Essentials, Sixth Edition3-6a.There are exceptions to the 1518 maximum byte frame size, but this generallyrequires all hardware to be compatible with whatever extension is being used.Ethernet Media Access1.Discuss the Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)access method, and explain when it is used.a.Explain how the network responds to collisions with this method, how the methodchanges when hubs versus switches are used (switches eliminate collisions).TeachingTipHave students review Simulation 7—The CSMA/CDProcess on the book’s CD.Collisions and Collision Domains1.Emphasize that collisions are only possible when Ethernet is used on shared media.a.(FYI) This technically includes the current wireless networks based on 802.11, butthe method of access is significantly different; CSMA/CA (Collision Avoidance)attempts to prevent a collision altogether, rather than respond to one after the fact.b.Explain that although a switch will eliminate collisions on segments it is connectedto, this will not provide collision domains to a hub if connected. The hub-connecteddevices will be on shared media, and a collision will be possible for these devicesonly.c.Briefly mention that a collision on a switch is technically possible, but only undercertain circumstances that are highly unlikely and almost entirely dependent onconfiguration.Ethernet Error Handling1.Discuss Ethernet’s best effort delivery system.a.Students should understand that reliable delivery is left to higher-level protocols toensure.b.Make students aware that while 1-a means Ethernet makes no effort to retransmit abad frame (in most cases; see 1-c), it is capable of detecting whether a frame is badusing a Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) that is added to the frame trailer.c.If a collision is detected, Ethernet will retransmit a frame after the backoff period.Half-Duplex Versus Full-Duplex Communication1.Describe how half-duplex communication compares to full-duplex.a.How does half-duplex affect speeds? Accessmethods?b.How does full-duplex affect speeds? Accessmethods?Ethernet Standards

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