Lecture Notes for Microsoft Visual C#: An Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming, 7th Edition

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Microsoft Visual C#:An Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming, 7thEdition1-1© 2018Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in alicense distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.Chapter 1A First Program Using C#A Guide to this Instructor’s Manual:We have designed this Instructor’s Manual to supplement and enhance your teachingexperience through classroom activities and a cohesive chapter summary.Thisdocument is organized chronologically, using the same headings that you see in thetextbook. Under the headings you will find: lecture notes that summarize the section, TeachingTips,Class Discussion Topics, andAdditional Projects and Resources. Pay special attention toteaching tips and activities geared towards quizzing your students and enhancing their criticalthinking skills.In addition to this Instructor’s Manual, our Instructor’s Resources also contain PowerPointPresentations, Test Banks, and other supplements to aid in your teaching experience.At a GlanceInstructor’s Manual Table of Contents•Overview•Objectives•Teaching Tips•Quick Quizzes•Class Discussion Topics•Additional Projects•Additional Resources•Key Terms

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Microsoft Visual C#:An Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming, 7thEdition1-2© 2018Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in alicense distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.Lecture NotesOverviewChapter 1provides an introduction to programming using the C# programming language, aswell assome basic concepts related to object-oriented programming.Your students willwrite a C# program that produces output, and they will learn about reserved words,identifiers, comments, and using namespaces. The final part of the chapter asks students towrite a program using both the command prompt and the VisualStudio IDE.Objectives•Describe theprogrammingprocess•Differentiate betweenprocedural and object-oriented programming•Describethe features ofobject-oriented programminglanguages•Describethe C# programming language•Write a C# program that produces output•Select identifiers to use within your programs•Improve programs by adding comments and using theSystemnamespace•Compileand executea C# program using the command prompt and using Visual StudioLecture NotesTheProgrammingProcess1.Define a computerprogram(also calledsoftware)as a set ofinstructionsthattell acomputerwhat to do.For emphasis you might state that computers follow instructionsexactly as they are provided.•Distinguish betweensystem softwareandapplication software.•Programmers write the instructions in terms that they can understand usinghigh-levelprogramminglanguagessuch asC# or Visual Basic.Theseinstructions are converted, or compiled,through a seriesof steps intomachinelanguage(a series of 1s and 0s)—the language the computer understands.2.Explain that high-level programming languages:•Use reasonable termssuch as “read,” “write,”or “add”instead ofthe sequenceof1s and 0sused by the computer toperform these tasks.•Allowyou to assignreasonable names to areas of computer memorywhereinformation can be stored(e.g.,variables).•Havetheirownsyntax,which are the rules of the language.

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Microsoft Visual C#:An Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming, 7thEdition1-3© 2018Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in alicense distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.TeachingTipExplain that the term“syntax”refers to more than just thewords that are used.Italso refers to punctuation and special characters.The most prominent example inlanguages likeC++,C#,and Java is the semicolon.Compare syntax rules toEnglish grammar rules.3.Discuss a language’s use ofkeywords, or reserved identifiers, and how the languageassigns specific meanings to these words.4.Mention that a compiler translates high-level language statements into machine code.Explain the differences betweencompilers, interpreters, and assemblers.•Compiler–a computer program that translates high-level language statements intomachine code.•Interpreter–a computer program that reads the source code created in a high-levellanguage such as Dartmouth Basic and executes that program line by line.•Assembler–a computer program that translates instructions written in an assemblerlanguageinto machine code.5.Explain that programminglogicinvolves executing the various statements andprocedures in the correct order to produce the desired results.Different programmerscan write the same program in differing ways and all get the correct result.6.Definedebuggingas the process of removing allsyntaxerrorsandlogical errorsfroma program.7.Explain that in order for a program to perform as intended, it must be correct inbothitssyntax and itslogic.TeachingTipAs they practice writing programs, have your students insert some deliberateerrors into their code and look at the errormessages returned when they try tocompile the program.Then when they encounter these errors later on, they willrecognize them and more readily know how to correct them.Procedural andObject-OrientedProgramming1.Explain that in aproceduralprogram, programmers create and name computermemory locations that can hold values (variables)and write a series of steps oroperations to manipulate those values.2.In a procedural program, the program and its procedures are separate from the storeddata on which they operate.

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Microsoft Visual C#:An Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming, 7thEdition1-4© 2018Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in alicense distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.3.Define anidentifieras a one-word name with no embedded spaces used to reference avariableor a procedure.Explain that programmers in C# usecamel casingwhencreating variable names andPascal casingwhen creating method names.4.Define procedures,ormethods,as logical units that group individual operations used ina computer program. Procedures and methods arecalled or invokedby otherprocedures or methods–ultimately aMain()method.5.Explain thatobject-oriented programming(OOP)is an extension of proceduralprogrammingthat effectively combines data and the methods that maintain it.6.Define an object, and discussbehaviors, states, andattributes of an object. Point outthat another term for behaviors is methods, while another term for attributes isproperties. These terms may be used interchangeably.7.Discuss the basic approach to OOP and the types of applications in which it is used.8.Explain the use ofComputer Simulations. You may want to site an example ofdesigning a car on a computer instead of building a clay model. Other possibilitiesinclude architectural design, CGI in movies, etc.9.List the benefits of using aGraphical User Interface (GUI). Ask students if they thinkcomputers would be popular todayif Windows or MAC OS didn’t exist and everythinghad to be done via command line entries.TeachingTipAlthough procedural and object-oriented programming techniques are somewhatsimilar, they raise different concerns in the design and development phasesthatoccur before programs are written.Features ofObject-OrientedProgrammingLanguages1.Define and describe the following features of object-oriented programming:•Classes–an abstract representation of an object, its attributes(properties), and itsbehaviors (methods).•AnInstance of a classis called anObject.•Encapsulation–ablack boxtechniquein which an object’s attributes and methodsare packaged ina cohesive unit that can be used as an undivided entity.•Interfaces–a behavior (method) that is available (exposed) to calling modules.TeachingTipExplain that one of the big advantages to using methods is that you can breaklarge problems into smaller, less intimidating pieces. In other words you cancode a method to address one part of the application, test it, and when you aresatisfied with the results, move on to the next part of the application.

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Microsoft Visual C#:An Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming, 7thEdition1-5© 2018Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in alicense distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.•Inheritance–a sub-class that is derived from and used to extend a super (parent)class.•Polymorphism–methods that act appropriately depending on the context.The C#ProgrammingLanguage1.Explain that theC# programming languagewas developed as anobject-oriented andcomponent-oriented language. It is partof Microsoft Visual Studio.2.Mention that C# allows every piece of data to be treated as an objectand contains aGUI interface that makes it similar to Visual Basic. C# was modeled after theC++programming languagebut eliminates some of the most difficult-to-understandfeaturesin C++.3.Point out that C# is very similar to Java because Java was also based on C++. However,every piece of data in C# is an object, unlike in Java.TeachingTipRead the C# standard at:www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-334.htm.Writinga C#ProgramthatProducesOutput1.Use Figure 1-2to describe the main parts of a C# program.2.Define a string and explain the use of aliteral string.3.Explain that arguments represent information that amethod needs to perform its task.Point out that arguments to methods always appear within parentheses.4.Define anamespaceas ascheme or mechanism that provides a way to group similarclasses.5.Describe the components of any C# method as follows:•Themethod header,sometimes called method signature, which includes themethod name and information about what will pass into and be returned from amethod.•Themethod body,which is contained within a pair of curly braces ({}) andincludes all the instructions executed by the method.6.Definewhitespaceas anycombination of spaces, tabs, and carriage returns (blanklines)used to organize your program code and make it easier to read.7.Explain that keywords are predefined and reserved identifiers that havespecial meaningto the compiler.8.Explain that classes that contain a Main() method areapplication classesand thatapplications are executable orrunnable. Note also that classes that do not contain a

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Microsoft Visual C#:An Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming, 7thEdition1-6© 2018Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in alicense distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.Main() method arenon-application classes, and are not runnable. Non-applicationclasses provide support for other classes.

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Microsoft Visual C#:An Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming, 7thEdition1-7© 2018Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in alicense distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.TeachingTips1.Point out how in Figure 1-2the lines are indented.This helpsvisually withgrouping lines of code into code blocks.It also makes how code flows indecisions and loops more understandable.2.Emphasize that when creating code blocks, be careful to match up the braces({}) correctly.It is far too easy to neglect a brace, add an additional brace,orinsert a brace in the wrong location.SelectingIdentifiers1.Describe the C# requirements to select an identifier, including the following:•Identifiers must begin with an underscore, the“at”sign (@), or a letter; lettersinclude foreign-alphabet letters.•Identifiers can contain only letters ordigits, not special characters such as #, $, or &.•Identifiers cannot be a C# reserved keyword.•The“at”sign (@) denotes averbatim identifier.2.Use Table 1-1 to illustrate some of the most common C# keywords.3.Discuss some conventional,unconventional, valid, and invalid identifiers in C# usingTables 1-2 through 1-4.ImprovingPrograms byAddingCommentsandUsing theSystemNamespace1.Emphasize that adding comments and using theSystemnamespace are particularlyhelpful in large programs.TeachingTipsExplain that:•Commentscanbe usedto describe the processing being done within a blockof code.This is of particular value where the code contains complexelements.•Comments helpwith analysis when program changes become necessary.•Comments can be used to track code changesand those who made them.AddingProgramComments1.Defineprogram commentsas nonexecuting statements that you add to document aprogram.The C# compiler will ignore this line.2.Explain the reason you might want tocomment outa statementor statements.

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Microsoft Visual C#:An Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming, 7thEdition1-8© 2018Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in alicense distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.3.Describe the following three types of comments in C#:•Line comments–can be on their own line or at the end of a line.•Blockcomments–used to enclose multi-line comments.•XMLdocumentation format comments–create an XML documentthatcontainsthe comments preceded by three forward slashes (///).One potential use of thecontents of this XML file istocreatehelp files.4.Use Figure 1-4to illustrate how to use comments within a C# program.UsingtheSystemNamespace1.Use Figures 1-5through 1-7to show how to eliminate the reference toSystembyusing theSystemnamespace.2.Using Figure 1-8, explain the use of the systemconsole.3.Tell the students that there are many namespaces they could potentially use in theirprograms.Quick Quiz 11.What do programmersuseto translate their high-level language statements intomachine code?a.hardwareb.compilerc.objectd.identifierAnswer: b2.Which of the followingprovides the ability to extend a class so asto create a morespecific class?a.inheritanceb.identifierc.argumentd.namespaceAnswer: a3.Programs that attempt to mimic real-world activities so that their processes can beimproved are known as which of the following?a.objectsb.methodsc.computer simulationsd.procedural programsAnswer: c

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Microsoft Visual C#:An Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming, 7thEdition1-9© 2018Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in alicense distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.4.Which of the followingprovides a shortcut way of referring to the classes in anamespace?a.using clauseb.methodsc.encapsulationd.literal stringAnswer:aCompilingandExecutinga C#Program1.Describe the steps that you need to perform to view a program’s output, including:•Compile yoursource codeintointermediate language (IL).•The C#just in time (JIT)compiler must translate the intermediate code intoexecutable statements.2.Explain the difference between thecommand lineandcommand promptas comparedto anIntegrated Development Environment(IDE).TeachingTipExplain to the students that whenyou compile a C# program, your source codeistranslatedinto intermediate language(IL).The JITcompiler converts ILinstructions intonative code at the last momentand appropriately for eachdifferent type ofcomputer on which the code might eventually be executed. Inother words, the same set of IL can be JITcompiled andexecuted on anysupported architecture(e.g.,Windows, Mac, Unix,or Linux).Compiling Codefromthe Command Prompt1.Use Figure 1-10to explain how to compile a C# program from thecommand promptusing thecsccommand.2.Describe someof the most common problemsstudentsmight encounter whenreceivinganOperating System Error Messageatthe command prompt.•Misspellingthe command csc.•Misspellingthe filename.•Forgettingto include the extension .cs with the filename.•Not within the correct subdirectory or folder onyour command line.•The C# compiler was not installed properly.3.Describe some of the most common problems students might encounter when receivinga Programming Language Error Message at the command prompt.•Syntax Error.•Logic Error.Compiling CodeUsingthe Visual Studio IDE

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Microsoft Visual C#:An Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming, 7thEdition1-10© 2018Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in alicense distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.1.Illustrate the Visual Studio IDEusingFigure 1-12.2.Explain that programming language error messages are handled in the same way in boththe text editor and the IDE.Use Figure 1-13 as an example.3.Point out that if you receive no error messages after compiling the code, the programcompiled successfully and you can run the program. Explain to students that they canselect Debug from the menu bar, and then select Start Without Debugging.Noticing the Differences Between the Programs in the Text Editor and the IDE1.Using Figure 1-14, explain that the Visual Studio IDE contains the following by default:•Fiveusingstatementsat the top of the fileincluding theSystemnamespace.•A namespace declaration and its opening and closing curly braces.The namespacehas the same name as the project.•A class namedProgram.•The wordsstring[]argsbetween the parentheses of theMain()methodheader.•Explain that these optional terms provide a way to pass command lineparameters to the program.Deciding Which Environment to Use1.Describe the advantages ofwriting, compiling, and executing a C# program using thecommand line.•C# programs can be written with your text editor of choice and compiledaslong asyou have the .NET environment available.•This could be an acceptable solution if the application is both relatively small andstraightforward and the IDE is not available.2.Describe the advantages of writing, compiling, and executing a C# program using theVisual Studio IDE.•Some of the code you need is already created for you.•The code is displayed in color.•The IDE includes an auto-complete feature.•You can double-click an error message and the cursor will move to the line ofcodethat contains the error.•Other debugging tools are available.Quick Quiz 21.In order to view the program output, you mustcompile the C# program you wrote(called the source code) into which of the following?a.integrated codeb.developer commandsc.intermediate language (IL)d.debugging code

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Microsoft Visual C#:An Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming, 7thEdition1-11© 2018Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in alicense distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.Answer:c2.What is the name of the C#compilerthattranslates the intermediatecode intoexecutable code?Answer:just in time (JIT)just in timeJIT3.Which data type can hold a series of characters?a.usingb.staticc.maind.stringAnswer:d4.You can use either the command line or which of thefollowing to compile your C#program?a.debugb.IDEc.intermediate language (IL)d.system consoleAnswer:bClass Discussion Topics1.You are writing a new program.What information should be contained in a commentblock at the top of that program?(Suggestions: Program name, author, date written, purposeof the program, changehistory, classes used…)2.Why is C# sometimes called a “semi-compiled” language?Additional Projects1.Use the Internet to determine the attributes and methods of astringobject in C#.Report your findings.2.Have students use Table 1-1 (the listof C# keywords) and write what eachkeywordisused for.3.Write a C# program that prints the phrase “Hello, World!”, but with one word per line.Your program output should look asfollows:Hello,World!

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Microsoft Visual C#:An Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming, 7thEdition1-12© 2018Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in alicense distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.Additional Resources1.Learn Visual C#:https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/learning/visual-studio-training.aspx2.XML documentation format comments:https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/programming-guide/xmldoc/xml-documentation-comments3.C# for Dummieshttp://csharp102.info/default.htm#BeginnersKey Terms➢A computerprogramis a set of instructions that tell a computer what to do.➢Softwareiscomputer programs.➢System softwaredescribes the programs that operate the computer.➢Application softwareis the programs that allow users to complete tasks.➢Hardwarecomprises all the physical devices associated with a computer.➢Machine languageis the most basic circuitry-level language.➢Ahigh-level programming languageallows you to use a vocabulary of keywordsinstead ofthe sequence of on/off switches that perform these tasks.➢Keywordsare predefined and reserved identifiers that have special meaning to thecompiler.➢Camel casing, also calledlower camel casing, is a style of creating identifiers in whichthefirst letter is not capitalized, but each new word is.➢A language’ssyntaxis its set of rules.➢Acompileris a computer program that translates high-level language statements intomachine code.➢Asyntax erroris an error that occurs when a programming language is usedincorrectly.➢Thelogicbehind any program involves executing the various statements and methods inthecorrect order to produce the desired results.➢Abugis an error in a computer program.➢Debugginga program is the process of removing all syntax and logical errors from theprogram.➢Aprocedural programis created by writing a series of steps or operations tomanipulate values.

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Microsoft Visual C#:An Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming, 7thEdition1-13© 2018Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in alicense distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.➢Variablesare named computer memory locations that hold values that might varyduringprogram execution.➢Anidentifieris the name of a program component such as a variable, class, or method.➢Methodsare compartmentalized, named program units containing instructions thataccomplish tasks.➢Pascal casing, also calledupper camel casing, is a style of creating identifiers inwhich thefirst letter of all new words in a name, even the first one, is capitalized.➢A programcallsorinvokesmethods.➢Object-oriented programming (OOP)is a programming technique that featuresobjects,classes, encapsulation, interfaces, polymorphism, and inheritance.➢Anobjectis a concrete entity that has attributes and behaviors; an object is an instanceof a class.➢Theattributes of an objectrepresent its characteristics.➢Thestate of an objectis the collective value of all its attributes at any point in time.➢Thebehaviors of an objectare its methods.➢Taking anobject-oriented approachto a problem means defining the objects neededtoaccomplish a task and developing classes that describe the objects so each maintainsits owndata and carries out tasks when another object requests them.➢Computer simulationsare programs that attempt to mimic real-worldactivities tofoster a better understanding of them.➢Graphical user interfacesGraphical User Interfaces, or GUIs (pronouncedgooeys),areprogram elements that allow users to interact with a program in a graphicalenvironment.➢Aclassis a category of objects or a type of object.➢Aninstance of a classis an object.➢Thepropertiesof an object are its values.➢Encapsulationis the technique of packaging an object’s attributes and methods into acohesiveunit that can be used as anundivided entity.➢Ablack boxis a device you use without regard for the internal mechanisms.➢Aninterfaceis the interaction between a method and an object.➢Inheritanceis the ability to extend a class so as to create a more specific class thatcontains allthe attributes and methods of a more general class; the extended classusually contains newattributes or methods as well.➢Polymorphismis the ability to create methods that act appropriately depending on thecontext.

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Microsoft Visual C#:An Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming, 7thEdition1-14© 2018Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in alicense distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.➢TheC# programming languagewas developed as an object-oriented and component-orientedlanguage. It exists as part of Visual Studio, a package used for developingapplicationsfor the Windows family of operating systems.➢Aliteral stringof characters is a series of characters enclosed in double quotes that isusedexactly as entered.➢Anargumentto a method represents information that a method needs to perform itstask; it isused between parentheses when you call a method.➢Anamespaceis a construct that acts like a container to provide a way to group similarclasses.➢Amethod headerincludes the method name and information about what will pass intoand bereturned from a method.➢Themethod bodyof every method is contained within a pair of curly braces ( {} ) andincludesall theinstructions executed by the method.➢Whitespaceis any combination of spaces, tabs, and carriage returns (blank lines). Youusewhitespace to organize your program code and make it easier to read.➢The keywordstatic, when used in a method header, indicates that a method will beexecutedthrough a class and not by an object.➢The keywordvoid, when used in a method header, indicates that the method does notreturnany value.➢Application classescontain a Main() method and are executable programs.➢Runnabledescribes files that are executable.➢Non-application classesdo not contain a Main() method; they provide support forotherclasses.➢Averbatim identifieris an identifier with an @ prefix.➢Program commentsare nonexecuting statements that you add to document a program.➢Tocomment outa statement is to make a statement nonexecuting.➢Line commentsstart with two forward slashes ( // ) and continue to the end of thecurrentline. Line comments can appear on a line by themselves or at the end of a linefollowingexecutable code.➢Block commentsstart with a forward slash and an asterisk ( /* ) and end with anasteriskand a forward slash ( */ ). Block comments can appear on a line by themselves,on a linebefore executable code, or after executable code. Theyalso can extend acrossas many lines asneeded.➢XML-documentation format commentsuse a special set of tags within angle bracketstocreate documentation within a program.➢Ausingclauseorusingdirectivedeclares a namespace.➢Source codeis the statements you write when you create a program.

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Microsoft Visual C#:An Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming, 7thEdition1-15© 2018Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in alicense distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.➢Intermediate language (IL)is the language into which source code statements arecompiled.➢The C#just in time (JIT)compiler translates intermediate code into executable code.➢Thecommand lineis the line on which you type a command in a system that uses atextinterface.➢Thecommand promptis a request for input that appears at the beginning of thecommandline.➢TheDeveloper Command Promptis a special version of the command prompt forwhichspecific settings have been enabled so that you can easily compile and run C#programs.➢AnIntegrated Development Environment (IDE)is a program developmentenvironment thatallows you to select options from menus or by clicking buttons. AnIDE provides such helpfulfeatures as color coding and automatic statement completion.➢Themenu barin the IDE lies horizontally across the top of the window, and includessubmenus that list additional options.

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