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Solution Manual for Digital Media Primer, 3rd Edition

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    1 Answers to Review Questions. "Digita l Media Primer" Yue - Li ng Wong "Digital Media Primer" Y ue - Ling Wong, Answers to Review Questions N OTE TO INSTRUCTORS : The answers to the questions are included as hidden text in this document . If you turn on Show Paragraph Marks , you will see the answers to the questions in red at the end of each question . As hidden text, the answers will not be printed out but can be seen with Show Paragraph Marks turned on . So please do NOT give out this document in Word format to your students or copy and paste the question into a Word document that will be given to your students. Chapter 1 When applicable, please select all correct answers. 1. Digital data is _____ and analog information is ____ _. A. continuous; discrete B. discrete; continuous 2. Digitization means converting _____ into ____ _. 3. Converting from analog to digital involves a two - step process: _____ and ____ _. 4. When analog information is converted to digital data, we must consider two properties that affect the exactness of the digital representation, one from sampling and one from quantizing. Which of the following is from sampling? A. sampling rate B. bit depth 5. Which of the following refers to the number of allowable levels of digitized data? A. sampling rate B. bit depth 6. Which of the following can reduce the file size of digital media? A. decrease sampling rate B. increase sampling rate C. decrease bit depth D. increase bit depth 7. Our everyday decimal numbering system is base - ____ _. Computers use base - _____ , which is also known as the _____ numbering system. 8. The smallest unit in a binary system is a _____ , A. bit B. byte which refers to a binary digit (i.e., a _____ or a ____ _. ) (Enter a digit or number.) 9. Fill in the blanks with “bit(s)” or “byte(s)”: Eight _____ equals one ____ _. 10. The word bit comes from the shortening of the words _____ and ____ _. 11. If you want to use hand signals to communicate only two possibilities — yes or no — to your friend, what is the minimum number of fingers you need? _____ .

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    2 Answers to Review Questions. "Digita l Media Primer" Yue - Li ng Wong We may call this hand - signal system _____ - bit. 12. A pixel that can have only one of two possible color values requires _____ bit(s) to store the color information. 13. If you use a byte to store the grayscale information of each pixel in a grayscale image, how many gray levels are possible for each pixel? 14. How many bits are in the binary notation 0011010? How many possible values can this many bits represent? 15. Which of the following sizes is the largest? A. 24 GB B. 24 MB C. 240 MB D. 2,400 KB 16. Fill in the names and abbreviations for the following: Name Abbr. Size in bytes Kilobytes KB 2 10 = 1,024 17. How many bits is each of the following binary numbers? Also, convert each to a decimal number. i. 00000000 ii. 0000 iii. 01101000 iv. 0110100 v. 11 vi. 111 vii. 0000000000000010 18. Convert the following decimal numbers into binary. i. 0 ii. 1 iii. 2 iv. 3 v. 12 vi. 123 vii. 11 viii. 111 ix. 128 x. 255 19. i. Name three general strategies to reduce the size of a digital media file. ii. Which of these strategies does not necessarily sacrifice the quality of the media file? Why? 20. You should avoid using lossy compression for any file that you want to keep as the start file for further editing because ____ _.

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    3 Answers to Review Questions. "Digita l Media Primer" Yue - Li ng Wong Chapter 2 When applicable, please select all correct answers. 1. The process of converting from analog to digital information is a two - step process — sampling and quantizing. In converting an analog image to a digital image, the sampling rate affects ____ _. A. the bit depth of the resulting digital image B. the pixel dimensions of the resulting digital image 2. The process of converting from analog to digital information is a two - step process — sampling and quantizing. In the quantization step, to convert an analog image to a digital image, ____ _. A. a two - dimensional grid is applied on the image and each tiny cell on the grid is converted into a pixel B. a two - dimensional grid is applied on the image to apply dithering to the image C. an infinite number of color shades and tones in an analog image is mapped to a finite set of discrete color values D. the resulting digital image file is compressed to have a smaller file size 3. Which of the following factors will increase the file size of a digital image? A. larger pixel dimensions of the image B. higher color depth 4. A digital image captured at a higher resolution ___ __ than it would have if it had been captured at a lower resolution. A. captures more details B. has more different colors C. has a higher bit depth D. has a larger file size E. has larger pixel dimensions F. uses a higher sampling rate 5. A digital image captured at a higher bit depth _____ th an it would have if it had been captured at a lower bit depth. A. captures more details B. has more different colors C. has a larger file size D. has larger pixel dimensions E. uses a higher sampling rate 6. The term pixel is contracted from the words _____ and ____ _. 7. True/False : A pixel is a point sample, not a little square. 8. True/False : An 1 - bit color depth allows only black and white colors. 9. An 1 - bit color depth allows _____ colors. 10. An 8 - bit color depth allows _____ colors. 11. A 24 - bit color depth allows _____ colors. 12. Bitmapped images are composed of ____ _. A. individual pixels, which represent spatial samples of the image or scene B. mathematical descriptions of image elements, which include points, lines, curves, and shapes

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    4 Answers to Review Questions. "Digita l Media Primer" Yue - Li ng Wong 13. Vector graphics are composed of ____ _. A. individual pixels, which represent spatial samples of the image or scene B. mathematical descriptions of image elements, which include points, lines, curves, and shapes 14. The main advantage(s) of bitmapped images over vector graphics is (are) ____ _. A. scalability or resolution independence of images B. ease of editing the image content pixel by pixel C. more compact file size compared to vector graphics 15. The main advantage(s) of vector graphics over bitmapped images is (are) ____ _. A. scalability or resolution independence of images B. ease of editing the image content pixel by pixel C. more compact file size compared to bitmapped images 16. Sometimes when you magnify a picture on your comput er screen, lines that should be straight lines appear to be jagged. This effect is called ____ _. A. anti - aliasing B. aliasing C. dithering D. indexing 17. Generally speaking, how does the file size change if t he total number of pixels of an image is doubled? 18. Generally speaking, how does the file size change if the number of pixels of both the width and height of an image are doubled? 19. Generally speaking, how does the file size change if the bit depth of an image is increased from 8 bits to 16 bits? 20. Generally speaking, how does the file size change if the bit depth of an image is increased from 8 bits to 24 bits? 21. Give one example of the image file type that supports lossy compression and one that supports lossless compression. 22. Which of the following are file extensions of pixel - based files? BMP DOC JPEG TXT PNG GIF FLA JPG PSD TIFF EPS WMF SWF AI 23. Which of the following are file extensions of vector graphic files? BMP DOC JPEG TXT PNG GIF FLA JPG PSD TIFF EPS WMF SWF AI 24. What are the primary colors in the RGB color model? 25. What are the primary colors in the CMY color model? 26. What are the primaries in the HSB color model? 27. Which of the following color models takes the form of a color cube? A. RGB B. CMY C. HSB D. CIE XYZ

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    5 Answers to Review Questions. "Digita l Media Primer" Yue - Li ng Wong 28. Which of the following color models takes the form of a hexacone? A. RGB B. CMY C. HSB D. CIE XYZ 29. Which of the primaries in the HSB color model takes the form of a color wheel? A. hue B. saturation C. brightness 30. What is the color mixing method for the RGB color model? A. additive B. subtractive 31. What is the color mixing method for the CMY color model? A. additive B. subtractive 32. For the 24 - bit color depth, w hat are the RGB values for (i) white (i i) black (iii) red (iv) green (v) blue (vi) cyan (vii) magenta (viii) yellow (You can use the color picker in your image editing program to confirm your answers.) 33. What are the theoretical CMY values for (i) white (ii) black (iii) red (iv) green (v) blue (vi) cyan (vii) magenta (viii) yellow 34. What are the HSB values for (i) white (ii) black (iii) red (iv) green (v) blue (vi) cyan (vii) magenta (viii) yellow (You can use the color picker in your image editing program to confirm your answers.) 35. What is the primary use of the CMYK color model? 36. Why don’t the colors in a printed image look exactly the same as those you see on the computer screen?

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    6 Answers to Review Questions. "Digita l Media Primer" Yue - Li ng Wong Chapter 3 When applicable, please select all correct answers. 1. What are the different types of scanners? 2. What is the method of acquiring digital images besides scanning? 3. Resampling an image is often referred to as ____ _. A. rotating B. scaling C. translating D. repositioning 4. Scaling an image usually deteriorate s the image quality somewhat. In four sentences or less, explain why in terms of what happens to the pixels by scaling up and scaling down. 5. The Apple iPhone 4S camera can take digital photographs with pixel dimensions of 3264  2448 pixels . i. Show the math that the resolution capability of the camera is 8 megapixels. ii. Show the math that with these pixel dimensions, the physical dimensions of th e printed image are about 10 - inch  8 - inch if you print it at 300 ppi. 6. Suppose that you scan a 3 - inch  5 - inch photograph in at a resolution of 300 dpi. i. What are the pixel dimensions of the scanned image? _____  _____ pixels ii. What will the physical dimensions of the image be if you print it at 300 ppi, without changing the image’s pixel dimensions? _____ inches  _____ inches iii. What will the physical dimensions of the image be if you print it at 600 ppi, without altering the image’s pixel dimensions? _____ inches  _____ inches iv. What will the physical dimensions of the image be i f you print it at 150 ppi, without altering the image’s pixel dimensions? _____ inches  _____ inches v. True/False : You gain image detail if yo u print the image at 600 ppi as noted in (iii). vi. True/False: You lose image detail if you print the image at 150 ppi as noted in (iv). 7. True/False: When a digital image is printed, each im age pixel is represented by one printer ink dot. 8. The “per inch” in the units dots per inch and pixels per inch is in ____ _. A. square inches B. linear inches 9. True/False: The optimization of tonal adjustment at the time of capturing images — scanning or digital photography — does not matter be cause you can always extend the tonal range of the image to any extent afterward in P hotoshop to recover the missing color information. 10. Given here are the general steps of image retouching of a scanned image. i. Order the steps by labeling 1 through 6. _____ Adjust the overall contrast or tonal range of the image _____ Crop and straighten the image _____ Fine - tune specific parts of the image _____ Remove color casts _____ Remove dirt and dust _____ Sharpen the image ii. Explain your choice for the first step. iii. Explain your choice for the last step.

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    7 Answers to Review Questions. "Digita l Media Primer" Yue - Li ng Wong 11. Suppose you want to scan part of a photograph to use in a digital collage. The part of the picture you want to scan is 2 - inch  2 - inch on the photograp h. You want this scanned piece to appear as 6 - inch  6 - inch in the final c ollage that will be printed out at 300 ppi. If you scan the picture at a resolution insufficient to print it at a size of 6 - inch  6 - inch at 300 ppi, you will have to scale up the scanned image, which will deteriorate the image quality and make it look pixelated. What is the minimal scanning resolution (dpi) you should use to scan this 2 - inch  2 - inch area so that you do not have to resize the image to meet the printing requirement? Show your calculations. ( Tip : First calculate the pixel dimensions of that pie ce of image needed in the final collage.) 12. What kind of images are GIF files most appropriate for? A. images with big areas of solid colors B. continuous - tone photographs C. images with lots of gradients 13. What kind of images are JPEG files most appropriate for? A. images with big areas of solid colors B. continuous - tone photographs C. images with lots of gradients 14. Shown in Figure 3.4 2 is a grayscale image and its histogram: Figure 3.4 2 (a) A grayscale image. (b) The image’s histogram. i. Match each of the bars in the histogram to the color it represents. (Draw arrows linking each bar and the color in the grayscale image in Figur e 3.42 .) ii. To maximize the contrast and tonal range of this image, what changes of the sliders should be made? Show the new positions of the sliders in the h istogram provided in Figure 3.42 . iii. Figure 3.42 shows four different adjustments of the sliders made in the grayscale image’s histogram. For each of the four image outlines in Figure 3.42 , label the areas with the resulting grays. Specify whether it is black, white, or gray. If it is gray, estimate an RGB value for that gray.

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    8 Answers to Review Questions. "Digita l Media Primer" Yue - Li ng Wong (a) (b) (c) (d)

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    9 Answers to Review Questions. "Digita l Media Primer" Yue - Li ng Wong Figure 3.42 Four pairs of histograms and outlines of images, the colors of which are to be predicted based on the adjustment made in their histograms. 15. SVG stands for ___. 16. What are the two possible ways to create a SVG ? 1 7 . What are the two possible w ays to show your vector graphics on Web pages ?

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    10 Answers to Review Questions. "Digita l Media Primer" Yue - Li ng Wong Chapter 4 When applicable, please select all correct answers. 1. A sound with higher _____ is perceived to have a higher pitch. A. volume B. frequency C. fidelity D. sampling rate E. bit depth 2. The unit used for measuring _____ is Hertz (Hz). A. amplitude B. frequency C. sampling rate D. bit depth E. dynamic range 3. A waveform is a graphical representation of the _____ fluctuations of a sound wave. A. pressure – time B. space – time C. pressure – space 4. The horizontal axis of a waveform is ____ _. A. pressure B. distance C. time 5. The vertical axis of a waveform is ____ _. A. pressure B. distance C. time 6. True/False: Zero decibels is when there is absence of sound or no sound wave. 7. The _____ of a sound relates to the sound intensity or loudness. A. amplitude B. frequency C. sampling rate D. bit depth E. dynamic range 8. The _____ of a digitized sound affects the accuracy of the sampled amplitudes being stored. A. amplitude B. frequency C. sampling rate D. bit depth E. dynamic range 9. In digital audio, the number of sample points taken per second is called the ____ _. A. amplitude B. frequency C. sampling rate D. bit depth

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    11 Answers to Review Questions. "Digita l Media Primer" Yue - Li ng Wong E. dynamic range 10. In digital audio, higher resolution means higher _____ _. A. amplitude B. frequency C. sampling rate D. bit depth E. dynamic range 11. How many levels of amplitude values does an 8 - bit sound allow? 12. How many levels of amplitude values does a 16 - bit sound allow? 13. Generally, the audio CD music sampling rate is _____ and bit depth is ____ _. 14. True/False: Eight - bit sound is generally considered to be more than adequate for recording music. 15. True/False: MP3 is a good file format to keep as a source file for further editing. 16. Which of the following are audio file formats ? BMP WAV JPEG AIF F MP3 GIF JPG PSD TIFF WMF 17. According to Nyquist’s theorem, we must sample at l east _____ points in each sound wave cycle to be able to reconstruct the sound wave sati sfactorily. In other words, the sampling rate of the audio must be at least _____ of the audio frequency. 18. The reduction of a digital audio file size can be achieved by ____ _. A. reducing the sampling rate B. reducing the pitch of the audio C. reducing the bit depth D. reducing the amplitude of the audio E. applying file compression techniques 19. Higher ______ will result in larger file size. A. amplitude B. frequency C. sampling rate D. bit depth E. dynamic range 20. Reducing the sampling rate from 44.1 kHz to 22.05 kHz will ____ _. A. have no effect on the file size B. decrease the file size by half C. decrease the file size to about 1/22th D. decrease the file size to about 1/44th 21. Reducing the bit depth from 16 bit to 8 bit will ____ _. A. have no effect on the file size B. decrease the file size by half C. decrease the file size to 1/8th D. decrease the file size to 1/16th 22. Reducing the number of channels from two (stereo) to one (mono) will ____ _. A. have no effect on the file size B. decrease the file size by half

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    12 Answers to Review Questions. "Digita l Media Primer" Yue - Li ng Wong C. decrease the file size to 1/5th D. decrease the file size to 1/10th 23. The MIDI standard specifies the ____ _. A. sampling rate for the synthesized sound B. bit depth for the synthesized sound C. configurations of cables and cable plugs D. format of the data

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    13 Answers to Review Questions. "Digita l Media Primer" Yue - Li ng Wong Chapter 5 When applicable, please choose all correct answers. 1. True/False: The optimal meter level for recording is going past the red area of the meter. 2. Which type of microphone is most sensitive to sound coming from the front? A. U ndirectional B. O mnidirectional 3. If you do not know the directional property of a micro phone, as a general rule, where do you place the sound source relative to the microphone? 4. Why is it important to monitor the input level meter during recording? 5. The x - axis of the waveform view represents the _____ _. A. amplitude value B. frequency C. time 6. The y - axis of the waveform view represents the _____ _. A. amplitude value B. frequency C. time 7. The x - axis of the spectral view represents the _____ _. A. amplitude value B. frequency C. time 8. The y - axis of the spectral view represents the _____ _. A. amplitude value B. frequency C. time 9. The color of the spectral view represents the _____ _. A. amplitude value B. frequency C. time 10. Which view allows you to inspect the audio frequency distribution over time? A. W aveform B. S pectral C. Multitrack 11. True/False: Application of special effects, such as rev erb, to a noisy audio should be done before the noise reduction. 12. The fade - in and fade - out effects can be created by applying the ______ effect. A. a mplify B. e nvelope C. noise r eduction D. n ormalize E. reverb

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    14 Answers to Review Questions. "Digita l Media Primer" Yue - Li ng Wong 13. The ______ effect (s) is/are for changing the audio amplitude. A. a mplify B. e nvelope C. noise r eduction D. n ormalize E. reverb 14. The ______ effect changes the audio amplitude such th at the highest is the amplitude you specify. A. a mplify B. e nvelope C. noise r eduction D. n ormalize E. reverb 15. The ______ effect can create a feeling of being in a big auditorium. A. a mplify B. e nvelope C. noise r eduction D. n ormalize E. reverb 16. The order of performing noise reduction is: ______ , ______, ______ , _____ _. A. Select the segment of the audio you want to apply noise reduction to. B. Select a segment that contains pure noise. C. Have the program perform a statistical analysis of the noise to generate a profile. D. Have the program reduce the noise of the selected segment based on the noise profile. 17. ______ deals with musical notations, staff, and musical instrument assignments. A. MIDI B. Loop music 18. What is the disadvantage of MIDI compared to composing music with loop music? 19. Name several uses of digital audio. 20. In which of the following uses of audio is a smaller fil e size generally a more crucial consideration? A. video B. multimedia authoring C. playback on the Web D. music CD E. podcast 21. In which of the following uses of audio is the audio q uality generally a more crucial consideration? A. video B. multimedia authoring C. playback on the Web D. music CD E. podcast

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