Powerscore: LSAT reading Comprehension (2020)

Ace your certification with Powerscore: LSAT reading Comprehension (2020), packed with essential study resources.

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DownloadedfromStudyXY.com[=Ww+StudyXYoias.Za\Rr'BE\StudyAnythingThisContentHasbeenPostedOnStudyXY.comassupplementarylearningmaterial.StudyXYdoesnotendroseanyuniversity,collegeorpublisher.Allmaterialspostedareundertheliabilityofthecontributors.|8)www.studyxy.com

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Copyright©2008-2019byPowerScoreIncorporated.AllRightsReserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,stored

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inaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeanselectronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanning,orotherwise,withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthePublisher.PartsofthisbookhavebeenpreviouslypublishedinotherPowerScorepublicationsandonthepowerscore.comwebsite.AllactualLSAT®contentreproducedwithinthisworkisusedwiththepermissionofLawSchoolAdmissionCouncil,Inc.,(LSAC)Box40,Newtown,PA18940,thecopyrightowner.LSACdoesnotrevieworendorsespecifictest-preparationmaterials,companies,orservices,andinclusionoflicensedLSATcontentwithinthisworkdoesnotimplytherevieworendorsementofLSAC.LSATisaregisteredtrademarkofLSAC.PowerScore®isaregisteredtrademark.TheReadingComprehensionBible™,TheLogicGamesBible™,TheGamesBible™,TheLogicalReasoningBible™,VIEWSTAMP™,TheConclusionIdentificationMethod™,TheFactTest™,TrapsofSimilaritiesandDistinctions™,TrapofSeparation™,TrapofProximity™,TrapofInsertedAlternateViewpoint™,TrapsofChronology™,PassageTopicTraps™,TheLocationElement™,TheUniquenessRuleofAnswerChoices™,TheAgree/DisagreeTest™,PassageCommonality™,PassageExclusivity™,PassageAggregate™,andPlus2TimingFormula™aretheexclusiveservicemarkedpropertyofPowerScore.AnyuseofthesetermswithouttheexpresswrittenconsentofPowerScoreisprohibited.PublishedbyPowerScorePublishing57HasellStreetCharleston,SC29401

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Authors:DavidM.KilloranandJonM.DenningSpecialthanksto:StevenG.SteinManufacturedinCanada08272019ISBN:978-0-9887586-1-2

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Contents+Studyxy

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ChapterOne:IntroductionIntroductionHowLSATStudyingisDifferentThan“Regular”StudyingANoteAboutTimingAdditionalResourcesABriefOverviewoftheLSATTheLogicalReasoningSectionTheAnalyticalReasoningSectionTheReadingComprehensionSectionTheExperimentalSectionLSATWritingTheLSATScoringScaleTheLSATPercentileTableTheDigitalLSATChapterTwo:TheBasicsofReadingComprehensionTheReadingComprehensionSectionWhyReadingComprehension?TheSectionDirections

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What’sReallyBeingTested?TheTwoPassageTypesPassageTopicsPassageSourcesandCreationApproachingthePassagesBasicPassageStrategyYourFocusWhileReadingYourAttitudeWhileReadingUnderstandtheTypeofDifficultyintheReadingComprehensionSectionReadingSpeedandReturningtothePassageUnknownsandUncertaintyActiveReadingandAnticipationActiveReadingDrillActiveReadingDrillAnswerKeyDecodingTextKillerSentencesUncoveringMeaning:Context,Simplification,andRephrasing

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ChapterThree:WhattoReadFor-VIEWSTAMPWhattoReadForReadingTheTabletScreenWhatisVIEWSTAMP?AnalyzingthePassageUsingVIEWSTAMPWhenToApplyVIEWSTAMPHowToApplyVIEWSTAMPReadDirectlyVIEWSTAMPExamined1.ViewpointIdentificationandAnalysis2.Tone/AttitudeViewpointandAttitudeIdentificationDrillViewpointandAttitudeIdentificationDrillAnswerKey3.PassageArgumentationIdentifyingPremisesandConclusionsOneConfusingSentenceFormAdditionalPremiseIndicatorsCounter-argumentIndicators

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RecognizingConclusionsWithoutIndicatorsInferencesandAssumptionsComplexArgumentationRelationshipIndicatorsAWordAboutIndicatorWords4.TheMainPoint5.PassageStructureBasicSummaryandPurposeDrillBasicSummaryandPurposeDrillAnswerKeyASamplePassageAnalyzedChapterFour:PassageElementsandFormationsChapterPreviewSourcesofDifficulty:TheTestMakers”ArsenalPassageElementsThatGenerateQuestionsViewpoint-specificElementsText-basedQuestionsTwoBroadReasoningStructuresPitfallstoAvoid

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FinalChapterNotePassageElementsandFormationsRecognitionDrillChapterFive:TrackingInformationTrackingPassageInformationWhatYouCanUsetoDiagramHowToReadandNotateMarkingthePassageTextPassageNotesWhattoDiagram—ReviewedbyDiagramElementPassageDiagrammingandSummarizationExamplesPassageDiagrammingandSummarization:HeavyUnderliningExamplePassageDiagrammingandSummarization:MinimalDiagrammingExampleFinalChapterNoteChapterSix:TheQuestionsandAnswersTheQuestionsAnalyzingtheQuestionStemTheLocationElement™

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LocationDesignationDrillMainReadingComprehensionQuestionTypesRephrasingQuestionStemsQuestionClassification(Uptothispoint)IdentifytheQuestionStemDrillReadingComprehensionQuestionTypesExaminedinDetailMustBeTrue/MostSupportedQuestionsAttackingMustBeTrueQuestionsMustBeTrueQuestionSubtypesCorrectAnswersinMustBeTrueQuestionsIncorrectAnswersinMustBeTrueQuestionsNon-MustBeTrueQuestionTypesStrengthenQuestionsHowtoStrengthenanArgumentThreeIncorrectAnswerTrapsWeakenQuestionsParallelReasoningQuestionsCannotBeTrueQuestions

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QuestionModifiersandOverlays“Most”and“Best”inQuestionStems“Except”and“Least”inQuestionStemsExceptandLeastIdentifytheQuestionStemMini-DrillPrincipleQuestionsQuestionTypeVarietyLocation,Type,andSub-typeDrillPrephrasingAnswersTheAnswerChoicesAnalyzingTheAnswerChoicesTricksoftheTradeTheDigitalLSAT:ProblemFlaggingandAnswerMarkingFlaggingQuestionsvsDwellingonProblemsPracticingwithTimeFinalChapterNoteChapterSeven:PuttingItAllTogetherChapterPreviewReadingApproachReview

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ChapterThreeReviewChapterFourReviewMini-PassageDrill:TheElementsofVIEWSTAMPMini-PassageDrill:TheElementsofVIEWSTAMPAnswerKeyTwoPassagesAnalyzedPracticePassageI—June2006Passage#1PracticePassageII—December2005Passage#1ChapterEight:ComparativeReadingPassagesDualPassagesSimilaritiesbetweenComparativeReadingPassageSetsandSinglePassagesDifferencesbetweenComparativeReadingPassageSetsandSinglePassagesPassageDiagrammingWhereComparativeReadingAppearsOneSpecialDualPassageStrategyTwoComparativeReadingQuestionTypesPointatIssueQuestionsIncorrectAnswersinPointatIssueQuestions

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TheAgree/DisagreeTestI™PointofAgreementQuestionsTheAgree/AgreeTest™AFinalTip:ExplicitversusImplicitBeliefsAComparativeReadingPassageAnalyzedPassageAnalysis—December2007Passage#3TwoComparativeReadingPracticePassagesPracticePassageI—October2008Passage#2PracticePassageII—September2007Passage#2ChapterNine:CommonPassageThemesRecurrentThemesDiversityPassagesHowDoesTestBiasPlayaRoleinTestContent?1.AffirmingUnderrepresentedGroups2.UnderminingOverrepresentedGroups3.MixedGroupPassagesCommonDiversityPassageThemes1.TheBlendingoftheOldandNew

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2.DefianceofClassificationFinalNoteTwoDiversityPracticePassagesDiversityPracticePassageI—December2007Passage#1DiversityPracticePassageII—October2004Passage#2Law-RelatedPassagesTwoSpecialTopicsALaw-RelatedPassageAnalyzedLaw-RelatedPassageAnalysis—October2005Passage#3TwoLaw-RelatedPracticePassagesLaw-RelatedPracticePassageI—September2006Passage#2Law-RelatedPracticePassageII—December2006Passage#4SciencePassagesTypesofSciencePassagesWhyYouShouldNotFearSciencePassagesHandlingScientificElementsASciencePassageAnalyzedSciencePassageAnalysis-December2007Passage#4

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TwoSciencePracticePassagesSciencePracticePassageI—June2005Passage#3SciencePracticePassageII—October2004Passage#3ChapterTen:SectionStrategyandManagementApproachingtheSectionStrategicallySectionStructureTimeManagement:TheNexusofSpeedandAccuracyDoingFewerPassagesThe“Plus2”TimingFormulaUsingaTimerPacingGuidelinesAFinalNoteonSpeed:ComfortversustheClockLimitedTimeStrategiesTheAnswerChoicesFourinarow?GuessingStrategyProblemDiagnosticsScoreReportsandProblemLogs

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SkillTestsBroadvsDetailReadingTestDiagrammingTestComprehensionTestSpeedTestPredictionTestPrephrasingTestPracticeandSkillBuildingSolutionsTheTeachingTestSectionTriageStrategiesTestReadinessThedaybeforethetestThemorningofthetestAtthetestcenterAfterthetestAfterwordReadingComprehensionPassageReChallengeReadingComprehensionPassageReChallengeSet#1

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ReadingComprehensionPassageReChallengeSet#2ReadingComprehensionPassageReChallengeSet#3AppendixConsolidatedAnswerKeyChapter-by-ChapterAnswerKeyTest-by-TestPassageUseTrackerGlossaryGlossaryandIndexAboutPowerScorePowerScoreisoneofthenation’sfastestgrowingtestpreparationcompanies.Foundedin1997,PowerScoreoffersLSAT,GMAT,GRE,SAT,andACTpreparationclassesinover150locationsintheU.S.andabroad.PreparationoptionsincludeInPersoncourses,Acceleratedcourses,LiveOnlinecourses,OnDemandcourses,aswellasbothInPersonandLiveOnlineprivatetutoring.Formoreinformation,pleasevisitourwebsiteatpowerscore.comorcallusat(800)545-1750.Forsupplementalinformationaboutthisbook,pleasevisittheReadingComprehensionBiblewebsiteatpowerscore.com/rcbible.AbouttheAuthorsDaveKilloran,agraduateofDukeUniversity,isanexpertintestpreparationwithover25yearsofteachingexperienceanda99thpercentilescoreonanLSAC-administeredLSAT.Inadditiontohavingwritten

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PowerScore’slegendaryLSATBibleSeries,andmanyotherpopularpublications,DavehasoverseenthepreparationofthousandsofstudentsandfoundedtwonationalLSATpreparationcompanies.JonDenning,agraduateoftheGeorgiaInstituteofTechnology,overseesproductcreationandinstructortrainingforalloftheexamservicesPowerScoreoffers.HeisalsoaSeniorInstructorwith99thpercentilescoresontheLSAT,GMAT,GRE,SAT,andACT,andforthepast15yearshasassistedthousandsofstudentsinthecollege,graduate,andlawschooladmissionsprocesses.ChapterOne:IntroductionIntroductionHowLSATStudyingisDifferentThan“Regular”StudyingANoteAboutTimingAdditionalResourcesABriefOverviewoftheLSATTheLogicalReasoningSectionTheAnalyticalReasoningSectionTheReadingComprehensionSectionTheExperimentalSectionLSATWritingTheLSATScoringScaleTheLSATPercentileTable+StudyXy

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TheDigitalLSATIntroductionWelcometothePowerScoreLSATReadingComprehensionBible!Wecongratulateyouonyoursavvypurchase—younowownthemostadvancedbookeverpublishedforLSATReadingComprehension.ThepurposeofthisbookistoprovideyouwithapowerfulandcomprehensivesystemforattackingtheReadingComprehensionsectionoftheLawSchoolAdmissionTest(LSAT).Bycarefullystudyingandcorrectlyapplyingthetechniquesweemploy,wearecertainthatyouwillincreaseyourReadingComprehensionscore.IfyouarelookingtofurtherimproveyourLSATscore,wealsorecommendthatyoupickupacopyoftherenownedPowerScoreLSATLogicalReasoningBibleandLSATLogicGamesBible.TheLogicalReasoningBiblecontainsoursystemforattackingtheLogicalReasoningsectionoftheLSAT,andtheLogicGamesBibleexplainsourmethodologyforattackingtheAnalyticalReasoningsection.Bothbooksareavailablethroughourwebsiteatpowerscore.com.InanefforttoclearlyexplainthefundamentalprinciplesoftheReadingComprehensionsection,thisbookcontainssubstantialdiscussionsofhowtodeconstructthepassagesasyouread,howtoidentifyandattackthequestions,andhowtosuccessfullyavoidthetrapssetbythetestmakers.Indoingso,werecommendtechniquesandapproachesthathavebeentestedinourliveLSATpreparationclasses,throughindividualtutoring,andontheLSATitself.WefeeltheuseofrealReadingComprehensionpassagesisessentialtoyoursuccessontheLSAT,andnoLSATpassageinthisbookhasbeenmodifiedfromitsoriginalform.Inordertoeffectivelyandefficientlyapplyourmethods,westronglyrecommendthatyou:

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eCarefullyreadandre-readeachoftheconceptdiscussions;eLookattheexplanationforthecorrectanswerchoiceaswellastheexplanationsfortheincorrectanswerchoicesonceyouhavefinishedeachquestionorexample;eCloselyexamineeachproblemanddeterminewhichelementsledtothecorrectanswer,andthenstudytheanalysesprovidedinthebookandcheckthemagainstyourownwork;eTrackeveryquestionthatyoumissorthatyoustrugglewith,andrecordeachinstanceofdifficultyinaperformancetracker(seetheStudyPlansreferencedonpage6formoreinformation).Bydoingso,youwillgreatlyincreaseyourchancesofquicklyrecognizingandreactingtokeyRCelementsandultimatelymaximizingyourscore.Thisbookalsocontainsavarietyofdrillsandexercisesthatsupplementthediscussionoftechniquesandquestionanalysis.ThedrillshelpstrengthenspecificskillsthatarecriticalforLSATexcellence;forthisreasontheyareasimportantastheLSATquestions.IntheanswerkeystothesedrillswewilloftenintroduceanddiscussimportantLSATpoints,sowestronglyadviseyoutoreadthroughalloftheexplanations.Thelastchapterofthisbookisanextensiveanalysisofoverallsectionstrategyandtimemanagement.Theprecedingchaptersalsoaddresstimingandhowtogofaster,butifyoustrugglewithtimemanagementyoucanreadthefinalchapteratanypointinyourstudies(andifyoucannotfinishtheentirebookpriortoyourtest,besuretoatleastreadthelastchapterbeforetheLSAT).Thatchapteralsocontainsanumberoftargetedexercisestohelpyouidentifyandremedyanyspecificissuesstillgivingyoutrouble,soagainfeelfreetorefertoitasneededifdifficultiesarise.+StudyXY

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Attheendofthisbookthereisalsoacompletequick-referenceanswerkeyforallofthequestions,includingauniquereverselookupthatlistsallpassagesandpassagesetsusedinthisbooksortedbytheLSATadministrationdateandPrepTestnumber.Thisishelpfulifyouaretryingtoschedulepracticetestsandwishtoavoidanyoverlap.HowLSATStudyingisDifferentThan“Regular”StudyingStudyingfortheLSATisdifferentthanstudyingforahistoryorchemistrytest.Inthosedisciplines,whenyoulearnafactorformulathereisoftenadirectandimmediateincreaseinyourscoreontheexam.However,theLSATisnotafact-basedtest;itisatestofreasoningprocesses,sothecorrelationbetweenlearninganideaandseeinganinstantaneousscoreimprovementisnotasstrong.Inasense,itislikelearningtodriveacar:evenafteryoulearntherulesoftheroadandthemechanicsofthevehicle,thefirstseveraltimesyouattempttodriveyouareprobablynotagooddriveratall.Nothingfeelsfamiliarorcomeseasily,andyouaremorelikelyamenaceontheroadthananythingelse(wecertainlywere!).Butwithtimeandproperpractice—andahealthydoseofpatience—youeventuallyreachastateofcomfort,possiblyevenexpertise,sothatnowgettingbehindthewheelisentirelynaturalandintuitive.LearningtoroutinelybeattheLSATisnodifferent!ManyofthetoolswetalkaboutinthisbookarefundamentaltotheLSAT,buttheytaketimetointegrateintohowyouapproachthetest,soatfirsttheymayseemslowandunwieldy.Itwillgetbetter!Forthetimebeing,focusmoreonlearningtheideas,andlessonhowtheyimpactyourpracticetestsresults.Onceyouhavecompletedmostofthebook,youshouldshiftintoapracticetestingmodethatwillallowyoutoworkwiththetechniquesandtomakethemsecondnature.Thispracticewillcementtheideasand

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providethegreatestscoringimpact.ANoteAboutTimingAswillbediscussedinmoredetaillater,timepressureisoneofthedefiningchallengesoftakingtheLSAT.Thus,whenstudyingLSATquestions,therecanbeanoverwhelmingurgetofocusontheclock.Butfornowyoumustresistthatimpulse.Whenyouarefirstlearningnewconcepts,takeyourtimetounderstandwhatisbeingsaidandfocusonthemechanicsofhowtoapplythetechniquespresented.Don’tworryaboutyourpace!Onceyouhaveinternalizedtheconceptsandmethodology,thenyoucanstartslowlyworkingontimingasanelementofyourapproach.TheoldadageaboutlearningtowalkbeforeyoucanrunappliesperfectlytoLSATpreparation,soconcentratemoreonhowkeystrategiesandideasworkthanonyourinitialspeed.AdditionalResourcesBecausenewLSAT:areadministeredregularly,andaccesstoaccurateandup-to-dateinformationandassistanceiscritical,therearealsoseveralotherfreePowerScoreLSATpreparationresourcesavailabletoReadingComprehensionBiblestudents:1.TheReadingComprehensionBiblebooksite.Thisfreeonlineresourceareaoffers:eWrittensupplementstothebookeLSATBiblestudyplanseUpdatestothematerialeAbookevaluationandcommentsform

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TheexclusiveLSATReadingComprehensionBibleonlineareacanbeaccessedat:powerscore.com/rcbible2.OurcomprehensiveSelf-StudysiteforstudentsusingourLSATBiblesasthebasisoftheirpreparation.Thesiteincludes:eLSATBiblestudyplansbasedonhowmuchtimeyouhaveavailabletoprepare,andinconjunctionwiththeotherLSATBibleseFreetestscoringanalytics,includingabreakdownofeachLSATbyquestiontypeperformance,areasofstrengthandweakness,andhistoricalperformanceeFreeonlinetestproctoringThePowerScoreLSATSelf-StudySitecanbefoundhere:studentcenter.powerscore.com/self-studyForumusersaskaboutallaspectsoftheLSAT,includingtestmentality,thebeststudyplans,howtosolvecertaintypesofquestions,andhowtogofasterontheLSAT.3.ThePowerScoreLSATDiscussionForum,whereyoucantalktotheauthorsofthebookandaskquestionsaboutthematerial:forum.powerscore.com/Isat

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StaffedregularlybyourLSATinstructors,theForumoffersthousandsofsearchableanswerstostudentinquiries,includingmanydetailedexplanationsofindividualLSATquestions,andadditionalconceptandstrategydiscussions.4.AndpleaseconnectwithusdirectlyviaTwitterandourPodCast:@DaveKilloran@JonMDenningpowerscore.com/lsat/podcastWefrequentlypostabouttheLSATanddevelopmentswiththetest,andprovidebreakingnewsontestdaysandscorereleases.WearehappytoassistyouinyourLSATpreparationinanyway,andwelookforwardtohearingfromyou!ABriefOverviewoftheLSATTheLawSchoolAdmissionTestisadministeredmultipletimeseachyear.ThisstandardizedtestisoftenrequiredforadmissiontoAmericanBarAssociation-approvedlawschools.AccordingtoLSAC,theproducersofthetest,theLSATisdesigned“tomeasureskillsthatareconsideredessentialforsuccessinlawschool:thereadingandcomprehensionofcomplextextswithaccuracyandinsight;theorganizationandmanagementofinformationandtheabilitytodrawreasonableinferencesfromit;theabilitytothinkcritically;andtheanalysisandevaluationofthereasoningandargumentsofothers.”TheLSATconsistsofthefollowingfivesections:

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2SectionsofLogicalshortarguments,24-26totalquestionspersectionReasoning1SectionofReading3longreadingpassages,2shortcomparativeComprehensionreadingpassages,26-28totalquestions1SectionofAnalytical4logicgames,22-24totalquestionsReasoning1ExperimentaloneoftheabovethreesectiontypesSectionYouaregiven35minutestocompleteeachsection.Theexperimentalsectionisunscoredandisnotreturnedtothetesttaker.Abreakof10to15minutesisgivenbetweenthe3rdand4thsections.TheLogicalReasoningSectionEachLogicalReasoningSectioniscomposedofapproximately24to26shortprompts.Everyshortargumentisfollowedbyaquestionsuchas:“Whichoneofthefollowingweakenstheargument?”“Whichoneofthefollowingparallelstheargument?”or“Whichoneofthefollowingmustbetrueaccordingtotheargument?”Thekeytothissectionistimemanagementandanunderstandingofthereasoningtypesandquestiontypesthatfrequentlyappear.SincetherearetwoscoredLogicalReasoningsectionsoneveryLSAT,thissectionaccountsforapproximately50%ofyourscore.TheAnalyticalReasoningSectionThissection,alsoknownasLogicGames,isprobablythemostdifficultforstudentstakingtheLSATforthefirsttime.Thesectionconsistsoffourgamesorpuzzles,eachfollowedbyaseriesoffivetoeightquestions.Thequestionsaredesignedtotestyourabilitytoevaluateasetofrelationships

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andtomakeinferencesaboutthoserelationships.Toperformwellonthissectionyoumustunderstandthetypesofgamesthatfrequentlyappearanddeveloptheabilitytoproperlydiagramtherulesandmakeinferences.TheReadingComprehensionSectionThissectioniscomposedofthreelongreadingpassages,eachapproximately450wordsinlength,andtwoshortercomparativereadingpassages.Thepassagetopicsaredrawnfromavarietyofsubjects,andeachpassageisfollowedbyaseriesoffivetoeightquestionsthataskyoutodetermineviewpointsinthepassage,analyzeorganizationaltraits,evaluatespecificsectionsofthepassage,orcomparefacetsoftwodifferentpassages.TheExperimentalSectionEachLSATcontainsoneundesignatedexperimentalsectionwhichdoesnotcounttowardsyourscore.Theexperimentalcanbeanyofthethreesectiontypespreviouslydescribed,andthepurposeofthesectionistotestandevaluatequestionsthatwillbeusedonfutureLSATSs.Bypretestingquestionsbeforetheiruseinascoredsection,theexperimentalsectionhelpsthemakersofthetestdeterminethetestscale.LSATWritingA35-minutewritingsectionisadministeredseparatelyfromtheLSAT,usingsecureonlineproctoringsoftware.LSATWritingisnotscored,butlawschoolswillhaveaccesstoacandidate’sthreemostrecentsamples.FormanyyearstheWritingSamplewasadministeredbeforetheLSAT,andthenlateraftertheLSAT.Nowknowas“LSATWriting,”thesectionisadministeredseparatelyfromthetest.InLSATWriting,youareaskedtowriteashortessaythatdefendsoneof+StudyXY
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