The Official LSAT PrepTest 90: (June 2020 LSAT) (2020)

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LSAC.orgTHE OFFICIAL LSATPREPTEST• PrepTest 90• Form FL0A0890MAY 2020A Publication of the Law School Admission Council,The Producers of the LSAT®®

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2© 2020 by Law School Admission Council, Inc.All rights reserved. No part of this work, including information, data, or other portions of the work published inelectronic form, may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, includingphotocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission of the publisher.For information, write: Communications, Law School Admission Council, 662 Penn Street, Box 40, Newtown, PA,18940-0040.LSAT is a registered trademark of the Law School Admission Council, Inc.All actual LSAT questions printed within this work are used with the permission of Law School Admission Council,Inc., Box 2000, Newtown, PA 18940, the copyright owner. LSAC does not review or endorse specific test preparationmaterials or services, and inclusion of licensed LSAT questions within this work does not imply the review orendorsement of LSAC.

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3• Reading Comprehension..........................SECTION I• Logical Reasoning.....................................SECTION II• Analytical Reasoning.................................SECTION III• Logical Reasoning.....................................SECTION IVCONTENTS

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SECTION ITime—35 minutes27 QuestionsDirections: Each set of questions in this section is based on a single passage or a pair of passages. The questions are to be answeredon the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage or pair of passages. For some questions, more than one of the choices couldconceivably answer the question. However, you are to choose the best answer; that is, choose the response that most accurately andcompletely answers the question and mark that response on your answer sheet.(5)(10)(15)(20)(25)(30)(35)(40)(45)A major problem facing industrial societies is theirexponentially increasing production of toxic waste.Environmental regulations and expenses for landfills andincinerators have increased significantly in recent years.In an effort to save time and money, many industrieshave turned to alternative methods of hazardous-wastedisposal, including increased use of deep-well injection.In this method, wells are drilled into porous andpermeable rock strata that are already saturated with saltwater. Liquid wastes are then injected into the rockstrata. Most of these wells are drilled to a depth of atleast 300 meters—the minimum depth that generally putsthe injected waste at a safe distance below any aquifer, inthis case a rock stratum containing drinkable water. Suchwells are rarely deeper than 1,800 meters, because belowthis depth it is more cost-effective to consider analternative method of disposal. Deep-well injection,which has been used to some extent since the 1930s, hasbecome a matter of controversy as growing numbers ofcommunities come to rely on underground sources ofdrinking water. The controversy arises because there arethree serious problems with this method of wastedisposal.Under the best conditions, wastes are injected intorock strata saturated with salt water and separated byimpermeable rock strata from aquifers containingdrinkable water. However, injection wells may leak,allowing significant amounts of noxious chemicals tomix with supplies of drinking water. In other cases,mistakes by personnel working on the wells may lead tothe pollution of aquifers. In one such case, workersinstalling a 500-meter-deep well left a gap alongapproximately 30 meters of its steel casing. This allowedwaste to escape at depth of only 200 meters, threateninga regional aquifer supplying water to 100,000 people.Because such accidents take place deep within the earth,people may be exposed to dangerous levels of wastematerials for long periods of time before the problem iseven discovered.The third problem associated with deep-wellinjection arises from the fact that it is nearly impossibleto predict how the injected wastes will be acted on by thegeological features of the injection area. Unlike surfacewater, the water in underground rock strata does not flowentirely under the influence of gravity. Moving alongsubterranean pressure gradients, it can flow in anydirection and, in some cases, can be transportedthousands of meters per year through geologic faults,porous rock, or other geologic formations.(50)(55)The significant uncertainty about whereinjected wastes will flow, along with thepossibilities of mechanical failure and humanerror, makes deep-well injection a risky means ofmanaging hazardous wastes. Unfortunately, associeties produce more toxic waste, industry willrely increasingly upon this relatively cheap,efficient means of disposal.1.Which one of the following most accurately states themain point of the passage?(A) Deep-well injection of hazardous wastes is unsafewhen expensive precautionary measures are nottaken.(B) Although deep-well injection of hazardous wastescan be unsafe, it is generally safe when properprocedures are followed and sites are carefullyselected.(C) Because of the high costs and extensiveregulations associated with other methods, deep-well injection has wholly supplanted alternativemethods of hazardous-waste disposal.(D) The increasing use of deep-well injection as amethod of hazardous-waste disposal is seriouslyproblematic.(E)Careful design and location of deep-well-injectionfacilities is important because communitiescommonly rely on groundwater for drinking.GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.1-4-11

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2.The passage most strongly suggests that which one of thefollowing is true?(A) The use of landfills and incinerators for the disposal ofhazardous wastes is no longer considered safe.(B) Injection of hazardous wastes at depths of more than1,800 meters is less expensive but more dangerousthan injection of such wastes at 300 meters.(C) Deep-well injection of hazardous wastes cancontaminate aquifers of drinking water that are greatdistances from the deep-well-injection site.(D) Disposal of hazardous wastes in landfills involvesvarious risks, but—unlike deep-well injection—itdoes not involve the risk of contaminatinggroundwater.(E)Drinking-water wells are usually deeper than the wellsthat are drilled for deep-well injection of hazardouswastes.3.Which one of the following would, if true, most strengthenthe author’s position regarding the risks of deep-wellinjection of hazardous wastes?(A) Few of the rock formations that industries considersuitable for deep-well injection of hazardous wastesare adjacent to or connected to sources of drinkablegroundwater.(B) Few of the toxic substances that are commonlydisposed of through deep-well injection have beenthoroughly tested for their effects on nonhumanorganisms.(C) Many of the sites at which hazardous-waste-injectionwells are drilled are many miles from the industrialfacilities that use them for waste disposal.(D) The movement of underground water is even morerapid and less predictable than most geologistsbelieve.(E)Methods of predicting and monitoring the movementof underground water have significantly improved inthe time since the author gathered data.4.According to the passage, which one of the following istrue of underground water?(A) It can be suitable as a source of public drinking watereven when contaminated by low levels of deep-well-injected wastes.(B) It can seldom be found at depths of less than 200meters in regions in which deep-well injection ispracticed.(C) It can seldom be used as a source of water forindustrial processes.(D) It can contain a high concentration of salt as a result ofcontamination by deep-well-injected wastes.(E)It can move from one underground formation toanother due to factors other than gravity.5.Based on the passage, which one of the following mostaccurately states the purpose of deep-well injection ofhazardous waste?(A) It serves as a short-term storage method for wasteswhile their toxicity is neutralized.(B) It makes aboveground hazardous-waste disposalmethods obsolete.(C) It contains hazardous wastes in saltwater-saturatedunderground areas.(D) It creates underground pools of waste that can easilybe continuously and reliably monitored.(E)It recycles certain low-toxicity wastes.6.According to the passage, deep-well injection of hazardouswastes has become(A) more controversial because of an increaseddependence on underground sources of drinking water(B) more controversial because of an increase in toxin-related illnesses near deep-well-injection areas(C) more widely accepted because newly developedalternatives are more expensive than deep-wellinjection(D) more widely accepted because of increasing publicawareness of environmental issues(E)more widely accepted because of relatively hightoxicity of wastes that are disposed of by deep-wellinjection7.Based on the passage, which one of the following mostaccurately describes the ideal characteristics of anunderground area suitable for the deep-well injection ofhazardous wastes?(A) At 300 meters or more below the surface, the areacontains a layer of impermeable rock below whichthere are no permeable layers.(B) At 300 meters or more below the surface, the areacontains a layer of permeable rock above which thereis a layer of impermeable rock.(C) The area contains one or more layers of impermeablerock extending from near the surface to a depth of atleast 300 meters.(D) At a depth of 300 meters or less, the area contains anaquifer into which water flows.(E)The area contains a layer of impermeable rock overlainby a layer of permeable rock at a depth of 1,800meters or more.GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.11-5-1

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(5)(10)(15)(20)(25)(30)(35)(40)(45)(50)(55)Native American stories often feature a charactercalled the trickster, a comic figure who has both mortalweaknesses and supernatural powers. Recently, the term“trickster” has also appeared in criticism of sixteenth-and seventeenth-century European literature, particularlyin reference to the picaresque novel and its centralcharacter, the picaro (Spanish for “rogue”): both thepicaro and the trickster are heroes of episodic adventures,and both live on the peripheries of society and aremorally flawed.Yet closer examination reveals that applying theterm “trickster” to both characters obscures essentialdifferences between them. The picaro—typically a malecharacter—operates primarily as an agent of satire. Mostcommonly, the picaro’s adventures begin when hespontaneously yields to his own roguish, thoughinnocent, impulses. The picaro indulges in vices andfollies with relish and freedom, much to the outrage ofother members of society, who often secretly indulge insimilar pastimes out of a habitual compulsion. Thus thepicaro’s authenticity serves as a foil to the perceivedhypocrisy of conventional society. To such a society, thepicaro can represent a dangerous, disruptive freedom,and it reacts by marginalizing him. It is in that distance—between the ostensibly disreputable freedom of thepicaro and the hypocrisy of the safely ensconced socialbeing—that the satire occurs.But the trickster, usually an animal acting as ahuman agent, does not serve a satiric function. For whilethe picaresque novel takes place in and satirizes humansociety, the trickster operates in the ahistorical world ofmyth; where the targets of the picaresque novel are theidiosyncrasies and inconsistencies of a historical humansociety, trickster stories seek, using the trickster'snegative example, to instruct listeners about moralbehavior of individuals. In fact, whatever flaws thetrickster reveals are thoroughly the trickster's own. Theyare not a foil to a corrupt society; they are insteadessential to who the trickster is. The trickster is a comicfigure precisely because of these somewhat irrational,compulsive, and foolish—in short, mortal—actions.Similarly, the trickster is a socially peripheral characternot by being forced to the periphery by a hypocriticalsociety, but rather because the trickster's thoroughlyflawed character makes the trickster fundamentallyantisocial, even anarchic, all the while helping listenersto avoid these flaws.It is this combination of mythic setting and mortalweakness that determines the particular targets of thetrickster's comic high jinks: the eternal and unchangingfoibles of mortal beings. In one story, for example, acoyote trickster falls in love with a star. The trickster isquite tenacious and human, even though the object ofdesire is beyond reasonable mortal possibility. In the endthe star takes the trickster up into the sky, only to let thetrickster fall back to Earth; the story's listeners realizethat the trickster has gotten a comeuppance for reachingbeyond proper limits, but all the while they recognize inthemselves the trickster's extravagant hopes.8.The passage provides the most support for inferringthat conventional society as portrayed in picaresquenovels perceives the picaro as representing adangerous, disruptive freedom for which one of thefollowing reasons?(A) The picaro has the potential to inflict physicalinjury on society members.(B) The picaro threatens to upset long-standingpolitical structures.(C) The picaro has been marginalized by conventionalsociety.(D) The picaro threatens to force society to face itshypocrisy.(E)The picaro suffers no consequences for indulgingin his vices.9.Based on the author’s view in the passage, applyingthe term “trickster” to the character of the picaro ismost similar to which one of the following?(A) claiming that someone supports an extremepolitical view when it is clear that the personsupports a centrist view(B) characterizing the panda as a bear based onsuperficial similarities when a deeperunderstanding shows it to be related instead tothe raccoon(C) calling a court decision a milestone as a way ofsuggesting metaphorically that the decision issignificant(D) classifying a species of pine tree as an evergreeneven though many of its needles turn brown andfall off during certain seasons(E)describing a common weed as aggressive becauseit outcompetes certain garden flowers for sun andwaterGO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.1-6-11

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10.The author of the passage states that the flaws of thetrickster are not a foil to a corrupt society (middle of thethird paragraph) primarily in order to(A) demonstrate that the trickster is a comic figure withsupernatural powers(B) allude to the functional similarities between thetrickster and the picaro(C) contrast the role of the trickster with that of the picaro(D) illustrate how the trickster is used to engage in socialcommentary(E)emphasize the disruptive, anarchic character of thetrickster11.Based on the passage, the author would be most likely toagree with which one of the following statements about theliterary criticism mentioned in the second sentence of thefirst paragraph?(A) It has systematically denigrated the literary traditionsof Native Americans.(B) Its use of the trickster appellation has nothing to dowith the Native American trickster character.(C) Its reading of picaresque novels is at odds with itsreading of Native American trickster stories.(D) It reflects an attempt to be precise in the use of literaryterminology.(E)It bases its analysis on an incomplete understanding oftrickster stories.12.In the context of the passage, which one of the followingmost accurately captures the meaning of the term“authenticity” in the middle of the second paragraph?(A) conforming to an original(B) having certain essential features(C) behaving as others do(D) inspiring absolute trust(E)following one’s natural inclinations13.The author refers to the story concerning the coyotetrickster and the star for each of the following reasonsEXCEPT:(A) It provides evidence showing why coyotes makeparticularly poignant trickster characters.(B) It illustrates the claim that the targets of tricksterstories are human foibles.(C) It supports the assertion that tricksters are comicfigures.(D) It illustrates a way in which human listeners canidentify with the trickster figure.(E)It indicates that one typically human trait tricksters canhave is extravagant desire.GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.11-7-1

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(5)(10)(15)(20)(25)(30)(35)(40)(45)(50)Passage A is adapted from an essay by historianChristopher Ricks; passage B is from the introduction, byhistorian Paulina Kewes, to a book in which Ricks’sessay appears.Passage AIn her 1996 history of plagiarism in EnglishRenaissance drama, Laura J. Rosenthal tells us that herpurpose is to “question differences between plagiarism,imitation, adaptation, repetition, and originality.” Butsuch rhetorical questioning invariably leads to therequired postmodern answer: that there is no differencebetween these things—other than that those in power usethe opprobrious term “plagiarism” when the work inquestion emanates from those whom they dislike.Though the book is animated by a political fervorthat is clearly moral, the author writes as if a politicalapproach has to extirpate all moral considerations fromany discussion of plagiarism. What in moral terms is amatter of honesty or dishonesty—plagiarism beingdishonest—is instead reduced to “the cultural location ofthe text and the position of the author.”The consequence of a historical approach that seeksto “delegitimize” the distinction between imitation andplagiarism is that it demeans and degrades moral thought.That no moral standard is universal does not of itselfentail that moral standards are nothing but expressions ofpower. Moral conventions, though not universal, may bevaluable, indispensable, worthy of respect. Theextirpation of moral considerations from politicalhistories such as this one is a sad loss to political history.Passage BThe idea of plagiarism, like all ideas, has a history.To earlier generations it had semantic inflections andresonances different from those we recognize today. Thevaried impulses behind these varying views—which havethemselves evolved in response to commercialcircumstances, new theories of artistic creation, anddevelopments in copyright law—have repeatedlycomplicated judgments of plagiarism. Despite an abidingsense that plagiarism is morally wrong, there has beenmuch fluidity in the way the charge has been applied, andvirtually identical acts of illicit appropriation have beensometimes denounced, sometimes excused, andsometimes praised.Christopher Ricks is suspicious of historicalapproaches to ethical issues; to him, emphasis on changeacross generations produces an extenuating moralrelativism that shields the evil of plagiarism from its dueobloquy. But there are historical approaches, and thereare historical approaches.Ricks is rightly dismissive of the postmodernreduction of moral standards to expressions of power.And it is also true that there has been some shoddyscholarship that anachronistically projects modern-dayideologies having to do with gender, race, or class ontohistorically remote controversies. Yet bad history is noargument against history itself. To reconstruct the(55)(60)attitudes of the past is not necessarily to vindicatethem. It is merely to acknowledge that whateverwe might think is the correct way of apprehendingplagiarism—and there is hardly a consensus onthe matter even today—our predecessors may not,and often did not, share our perspectives.14.Both passages are concerned with answering whichone of the following questions?(A) How did the modern concept of the authordevelop in previous centuries?(B) During what historical period did moral stricturesagainst plagiarism originate?(C) How has the relationship between moral standardsand power changed over time?(D) What are the significant differences betweenplagiarism and simple imitation?(E)How is the moral dimension of plagiarism to beunderstood historically?15.The authors of the two passages would be most likelyto agree that(A) despite widely held beliefs to the contrary, there isno significant difference between plagiarism andimitation(B) the fact that no moral position is universalsuggests that moral standards are ultimately littlemore than manifestations of power(C) currently widespread views regarding plagiarismare more stringent than the views held by most ofour predecessors(D) historical scholarship that focuses on changes inattitudes toward plagiarism ultimately absolvesplagiarists of responsibility for their actions(E)an inferior kind of historical scholarship practicedtoday has a tendency to project currentideological preoccupations inappropriately ontothe pastGO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.1-8-11

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16.Which one of the following is a central purpose common toboth passages?(A) to trace the historical development of an important idea(B) to find fault with a way of approaching a scholarlytopic(C) to examine shifting scholarly attitudes toward aparticular topic(D) to explain why a type of scholarship has becomedominant(E)to argue that a particular book is deeply problematic17.By using the phrase “political fervor” (first sentence of thesecond paragraph of passage A), the author of passage Asuggests that Rosenthal exhibits(A) a zealous determination to transform traditionalcategories of thought(B) an intense ambition to exercise influence over publicpolicy(C) a powerful desire to foster political revolution(D) a passionate eagerness to provoke heated debate(E)a heartfelt support for a political party18.It can be inferred that the author of passage B regards thehistorical approach of the author of passage A as(A) irresponsible(B) incomprehensible(C) deceitful(D) simplistic(E)reprehensible19.Passage A asserts that the inevitable answer to the questionraised in Rosenthal’s book is that(A) political history must avoid engaging in theconsideration of moral issues(B) there is no difference between plagiarism, imitation,and adaptation(C) moral conventions are worthy of respect(D) there has been much fluidity in the way the charge ofplagiarism has been applied(E)bad history is not an argument against history itself20.Which one of the following most accurately characterizesthe relationship between the two passages?(A) Passage B recommends an approach to historicalscholarship, and the historical analysis in passage Aconforms to that recommendation.(B) Passage B advances an argument that is undermined bythe evidence offered in passage A.(C) Passage B supports the overall argument advanced inpassage A but also indicates that passage A errs insome of its details.(D) Passage B concurs with certain views in passage A butalso suggests that the author of passage A carries hisposition to an unjustifiable extreme.(E)Passage B implies that all of the assertions made by theauthor of passage A, though interesting, aremisguided.GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.11-9-1

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(5)(10)(15)(20)(25)(30)(35)(40)(45)(50)(55)The use of criminal sanctions against corporationsis well established, but the practice has recently comeunder fire from legal theorists who maintain thatcorporations should be held civilly rather than criminallyliable for wrongdoing. Civil liability, these theoristsargue, shares important features with criminal liability:both impose punishment on a company, both aim atdeterrence, and both degrade a company’s reputation.Yet, they claim, civil liability is better able to determineappropriate levels of damages. Furthermore, becausecriminal liability causes a greater loss of reputation, itsoverall cost to corporations is far higher than that of civilliability; this additional cost is borne by society at largein the form of higher product prices. Finally, civilliability is also more cost-effective from the point ofview of the government: the greater proceduralprotections of criminal law make deterrence throughcriminal prosecution extremely expensive.Even if it is less economical, however, criminalliability is a much stronger deterrent. The considerableenforcement powers involved, including the ability todetain and question corporate officials, are themselvessignificant deterrents. Furthermore, the fact that privatecivil litigation requires an identifiable victim with thenecessary resources to commence litigation weakens itsdeterrent impact. Most importantly, the main function ofcriminal law is to censure wrongdoing and to emphasizethat society forcefully rejects such conduct. Civil liabilityis ill suited for this purpose.Other legal theorists who do not object to criminalsanctions per se argue that individuals withincorporations, rather than corporations themselves, are theappropriate target of criminal prosecution in casesinvolving corporate wrongdoing. They maintain thatindividuals within corporations are more responsive todeterrence because they generally fear prosecution andthe loss of employment that can result from it.Additionally, they say, punishment of a corporation, inthe form of a fine, essentially punishes shareholders,creditors, employees who may be laid off, and ultimatelythe public, which is forced to absorb higher prices.However, this approach is also misguided.Corporations often bury responsibility within complexhierarchies, with the result that no individual responsiblefor corporate misdeeds can be identified. Anotherproblem is that under this approach, a corporation willoften find it cheaper to designate and compensate aninternal scapegoat to face prosecution than to refrainfrom wrongdoing. The most effective way to ensure thatcorporations improve their practices is to holdcorporations themselves criminally liable for theirconduct. Indeed, criminal liability works on shareholdersas well as corporate officers and employees: becausecriminal punishment of corporations decreases theirwealth, it can motivate shareholders to push for bettercorporate practices. Arguments that shareholders andemployees need economic protection are outweighed bythe greater societal interest in ensuring the safety ofemployees, the public, and the environment.21.Which one of the following most accurately expressesthe main point of the passage?(A) Although the use of criminal sanctions againstcorporations has recently faced criticism, itremains the most effective way of deterringcorporate wrongdoing.(B) While civil sanctions against corporations wouldbe more cost-effective than criminal sanctions, itis difficult to identify victims of corporatewrongdoing who have the resources to file civilsuits.(C) Neither civil sanctions against corporations norcriminal sanctions against individuals withincorporations are capable of deterring corporatewrongdoing.(D) The best way to ensure that corporations improvetheir practices is to use criminal sanctions againstboth corporations and individuals withincorporations.(E)The use of criminal sanctions against individualswithin corporations is preferable to the use ofcivil sanctions because the latter fails to censurewrongdoing adequately.22.Which one of the following most accurately describesthe author’s purpose in saying that corporations oftenbury responsibility within complex hierarchies?(A) to explain why corporations might find itadvantageous to appoint an internal scapegoat(B) to highlight the reasons why individuals are,according to critics of corporate criminalliability, more responsive to deterrence(C) to underscore the extent to which corporatecriminal liability penalizes certain peopleunfairly(D) to indicate that the proposal that individuals besubject to criminal liability for corporatewrongdoing is likely to be impracticable(E)to suggest that critics of criminal corporateliability have misunderstood the legal definitionof criminal liabilityGO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.1-10-11

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23.It can be inferred from the passage that legal theorists whorecommend the use of civil rather than criminal sanctions tocombat corporate wrongdoing believe that(A) corporate criminal liability provides no incentive forindividual corporate employees to refrain fromwrongdoing(B) there are more procedural protections in criminal lawthan there should be(C) censuring wrongdoing is not the main function ofcriminal law(D) the costs inflicted on corporations by criminalconvictions are inappropriately high in most cases(E)in most cases civil sanctions against a corporation donot harm that corporation’s reputation24.Which one of the following does the author of the passageassert to be true?(A) Civil liability is better able to assess appropriate levelsof damages.(B) Employees are just as likely to be harmed by civilsanctions against a corporation as by criminalsanctions.(C) Deterrence is the main aim of both criminal and civilliability.(D) Individuals within corporations are more easilydeterred from wrongdoing than are corporationsthemselves.(E)Private civil litigation against a corporation cannotoccur without an identifiable victim.25.It can be inferred from the passage that those who supportthe criminal prosecution of individuals within corporationsrather than the criminal prosecution of corporations believethat(A) shareholders generally do not have the power toinfluence a corporation to refrain from wrongdoing(B) corporate employees have incentive to refrain fromwrongdoing only if they are subject to individualcriminal prosecution(C) it is more difficult to prosecute a corporation forwrongdoing than it is to prosecute an individualwithin that corporation(D) it is unjust for the public to have to pay, through higherproduct prices, the costs incurred by a corporation asa result of criminal prosecution(E)corporate wrongdoing rarely harms an identifiablevictim with the resources necessary to sue26.Suppose a corporation has for decades polluted a river onwhich a major city is located with toxic waste known toincrease the incidence of certain forms of cancer. Whichone of the following scenarios would most closely conformto the author’s views regarding how corporate wrongdoingis most effectively addressed?(A) In response to criminal prosecution of the corporation,several of the corporation’s shareholders put pressureon the corporation’s board of directors to ensure thatthe corporation will dispose of waste in anenvironmentally sound manner.(B) In order to assist in civil litigation against thecorporation, the federal government moves to expandthe use of enforcement powers traditionally reservedfor criminal prosecution.(C) The corporation’s largest shareholders are sued byseveral residents of the city who suffer from a form ofcancer associated with the toxic waste dumped by thecorporation.(D) The city prosecutes the corporation’s top executivesfor violating several city ordinances when theyordered the dumping of toxic waste into the river.(E)The city government and several residents of the cityhold a press conference in which they attempt toundermine the reputation of the corporation andthereby pressure the corporation to change itspractices.27.The author would be most likely to agree with which one ofthe following statements?(A) In many instances, corporations that are not deterredby the threat of criminal sanctions would be deterredby the threat of civil sanctions.(B) The main function of civil liability is to punish harmfulacts in cases where no individual responsible forcorporate misdeeds can be identified.(C) Currently, corporations are more often subject to civillitigation than to criminal prosecution.(D) Many people who criticize the use of criminalsanctions to deter corporate wrongdoing believe thatsuch wrongdoing seldom causes harm to individuals.(E)In a significant number of cases, corporations engagein wrongdoing that does not harm anyone withsufficient resources to sue.S T O PIF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, YOU MAY CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS SECTION ONLY.DO NOT WORK ON ANY OTHER SECTION IN THE TEST.11-11-1

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SECTION IITime—35 minutes26 QuestionsDirections: The questions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief statements or passages. For some questions,more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. However, you are to choose the best answer; that is, theresponse that most accurately and completely answers the question. You should not make assumptions that are by commonsensestandards implausible, superfluous, or incompatible with the passage. After you have chosen the best answer, blacken thecorresponding space on your answer sheet.1.Many people who simply enjoy listening to popularmusic do not realize that it has been used to expressreligious and political messages. After all, popular musichas repeatedly been adopted by social movements toexpress their viewpoints, since it has the potential tocontribute to the "conversion" of nonmembers to themovement's position, as well as to raise the morale and toexpress the solidarity of the movement's participants.Which one of the following most accurately expressesthe main conclusion of the argument?(A) Popular music accounts for the success of socialmovements.(B) Popular music's entertainment value has beenoveremphasized.(C) Popular music is the most effective way ofconverting people to social movements.(D) Popular music has purposes other than mereentertainment.(E)Popular music has a profound emotional impact onits listeners.2.Council president: Councilmember Smith has proposed anew city ordinance prohibiting the use of the “bait-and-switch” sales tactic. Smith must have amnesia.Four years ago he owned an appliance store thatwas famous for its use of bait-and-switch. Clearly,Smith's proposed ordinance does not even meritconsideration.The council president's reasoning is most vulnerable tocriticism on the grounds that the president(A) dismisses the proposed ordinance because of itssource rather than because of its content(B) takes a single fact that is incompatible with a claimas enough to show that claim to be false(C) fails to make a needed distinction between deceptivesales tactics and legitimate methods of increasingsales(D) draws a conclusion that simply restates a claimpresented in support of that conclusion(E)generalizes from a limited number of instances of acertain kind to a instances of that kindGO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.2-12-222

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