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LSAT Logic Games Prep 2022: Real Preptest Questions + Proven Strategies + Online (2021)

With LSAT Logic Games Prep 2022: Real Preptest Questions + Proven Strategies + Online (2021), you�ll learn exam strategies that help you approach questions methodically.

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    LSAT ® LOGIC GAMES PREP 2022 LSAT is a registered trademark of the Law School Admission Council, Inc., which neither sponsors nor endorses this product.

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    LSAT ® is a registered mark of the Law School Admission Council, Inc., which neither sponsors nor endorses this product. This publication is designed to provide accurate information in regard to the subject matter covered as of its publication date, with the understanding that knowledge and best practice constantly evolve. The publisher is not engaged in rendering medical, legal, accounting, or other professional service. If medical or legal advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. This publication is not intended for use in clinical practice or the delivery of medical care. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the Editors assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising out of or related to any use of the material contained in this book. © 2021 by Kaplan, Inc. Published by Kaplan Publishing, a division of Kaplan, Inc. 1515 W. Cypress Creek Road Fort Lauderdale, FL 33309 All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the non-exclusive, non-transferable right to access and read the text of this eBook on screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded, decompiled, reverse engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of the publisher. ISBN: 978-1-5062-8044-8 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Kaplan Publishing print books are available at special quantity discounts to use for sales promotions, employee premiums, or educational purposes. For more information or to purchase books, please call the Simon & Schuster special sales department at 866-506-1949.

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    TABLE OF CONTENTS Your Kaplan Resources—Getting Started How to Use This Book How to Use Your Online Resources Next-Level Self-Prep Model Study Schedules LSAT Reasoning and Strategy Spotlight: Secrets of Logic Games Preparation PART ONE: LOGIC GAMES METHOD AND STRATEGY Chapter 1: The Logic Games Method Chapter 2: Logic Game Types and Sketches How to Identify and Sketch the Game Types Chapter 3: Logic Games Rules and Deductions The Role of Rules and Deductions in Logic Games How to Interpret and Sketch Rules How to Combine Rules to Make Deductions Spotlight: Limited Options Chapter 4: Logic Games Questions How to Answer Logic Games Questions Strategically Spotlight: Using Previous Work Practice and Perform Full Games Explanations ( online only ) PART TWO: GAME TYPES UNLOCKED Chapter 5: Basic Strict Sequencing Games Unlocked Basic Strict Sequencing In Real Life Basic Strict Sequencing Games Tasks and Sketches Basic Strict Sequencing Games Rules Basic Strict Sequencing Games Deductions Basic Strict Sequencing Games—Full Games with Questions Perform Full Games Explanations ( online only ) Chapter 6: Complex Strict Sequencing Games Unlocked Complex Strict Sequencing in Real Life Complex Strict Sequencing Games Tasks and Sketches Complex Strict Sequencing Rules Complex Strict Sequencing Games Deductions Complex Strict Sequencing Games—Full Games with Questions Spotlight: Circular Sequencing Practice and Perform Full Games Explanations ( online only )

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    Chapter 7: Loose Sequencing Games Unlocked Loose Sequencing in Real Life Loose Sequencing Games Rules Loose Sequencing Games—Full Games with Questions Perform Full Games Explanations ( online only ) Chapter 8: Formal Logic and Selection Games Unlocked Selection Games in Real Life Selection Games Tasks and Sketches Formal Logic in LSAT Logic Games Spotlight: Minimum Increasers and Maximum Decreasers Selection Games Rules Selection Games Deductions Selection Games—Full Games with Questions Perform Full Games Explanations ( online only ) Chapter 9: Matching and Distribution Games Unlocked Matching and Distribution Games in Real Life Matching Games Tasks and Sketches Matching Games Rules Matching Games Deductions Matching Games—Full Games with Questions Distribution Games Tasks and Sketches Distribution Games Rules Distribution Games Deductions Distribution Games—Full Games with Questions Distribution Perform Full Games Explanations ( online only ) Chapter 10: Hybrid Games Unlocked Hybrid Games in Real Life Hybrid Games Tasks and Sketches Hybrid Games Rules Hybrid Games Deductions Hybrid Games—Full Games with Questions Spotlight: The Dinosaur Game Perform Full Games Explanations ( online only ) Chapter 11: Rare Games Unlocked: Process and Mapping Process Games Unlocked Spotlight: The Return of Process Mapping Games Unlocked Mapping Practice Full Game Explanations ( online only ) PART THREE: APPENDICES Appendix I: Logic Games—Timing and Section Management Appendix II: The Countdown to Test Day Appendix III: Logic Games Index Appendix IV: Logic Games Strategies

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    Appendix V: Formal Logic Statements and Translations

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    Your Kaplan Resources—Getting Started HOW TO USE THIS BOOK Three Keys: Practice, Personalization, and Expertise Some LSAT prep materials are written to demonstrate the author’s mastery of the test, but Logic Games Prep is designed to build your mastery and raise your score. Empirical evidence makes it clear that the majority of test takers consider the Logic Games section to be the most difficult section on the test. However, it is equally clear that, on average, Kaplan students make their biggest improvements in this section. The three keys to their success are practice, personalization, and expertise, and those keys distinguish Logic Games Prep from any other title. Practice . No matter who you are—no matter your starting point or ultimate goal—practice is the foundation for LSAT mastery. In Logic Games Prep , you’ll find over 30 real logic games from officially released LSAT PrepTests (more than in any other Logic Games–specific title available). Each is accompanied by Kaplan’s exclusive “worked example” explanations that break down each game’s setup and all of its questions, step by step. In addition, this book contains hundreds of exercises that target all of the skills and strategies you’ll learn. In the book’s online resources, there are video lessons (The LSAT Channel Spotlight features) that highlight special topics and exclusive strategies from some of Kaplan’s most highly rated LSAT instructors. Also online, you’ll find the LSAT Logic Games Training Camp which contains sets of skill-building exercises to help you get sharp and stay sharp with everything you’ll learn. In short, everything you need for Logic Games mastery is right here. Personalization . LSAT logic games are consistent, but LSAT test takers vary. Your strengths, weaknesses, learning style, study time, and motivations are not exactly like anyone else’s. Logic Games Prep was created with that in mind. Every lesson in this book ends with an assessment that will help you evaluate your own, personal performance , and each assessment is accompanied by recommendations tailored to your results . When you knock a particular skill or game type out of the park, the recommendations give you next steps and suggestions for advanced practice. When you run into an area that requires more work, the recommendations guide you to further practice with the fundamentals. Expertise . In these pages, you’ll encounter the knowledge and experience of more than a dozen Kaplan LSAT experts—not only teachers , but also instructional designers and even psychometricians , who analyze the test’s design, scoring, and validity. Collectively, this team of top scorers has trained tens of thousands of LSAT test takers, helping them to achieve their goal scores and gain acceptance to the nation’s top law schools. They know the LSAT. They know LSAT test takers. Most importantly, they are now your team . The skills tested on the LSAT—including those tested in the Logic Games section—are strongly correlated to your performance in law school. Indeed, they are skills you will use throughout your legal career. This book gives you everything you need to master the Logic Games section, and thus, to get a head start on the reasoning skills you’ll use as an attorney. Welcome to the start of your legal education . Take a few minutes to learn how Logic Games Prep is designed, how you can get the most out of each chapter, and how you can design a study schedule that fits your life as you learn to unlock LSAT logic games. This Book’s Organization For you to master LSAT logic games, you’ll need to learn the skills involved, practice them, and assess your performance on each one. This book is designed to allow you to take all three of those steps with each of the skills that form the foundation for success on logic games. To make the process as efficient and effective as possible, the book is divided into four sections. Getting Started This is where you are right now. Here, you’ll learn how to use the book (and its associated online features) to maximize your performance. You’ll see how the lessons in this book have been designed by Kaplan’s Learning Science and Instructional Design teams to maximize efficacy and retention for every learner. This includes information about how to assess your own performance and personalized recommendations for further practice on each skill. Also included here are three model study schedules, tailored to different lengths of preparation. Next, you’ll find information about how to log into your online Study Plan, what’s available there, and how and when to use it. Logic Games Prep is more than just a book. The LSAT Channel Spotlight features also give you the opportunity to learn from some of our finest instructors, and the explanations and analyses available for PrepTests 71 and 73 (the official LSAT tests available free with an LSAC LSAT Prep subscription) demonstrate the power of self-assessment on your practice. The final portion of the Getting Started material introduces you to the LSAT, and then specifically to the Logic Games section. You’ll learn about the test’s structure and format, the core skills that it tests, how it’s scored, and how law schools use those scores to evaluate applicants. After this, there is a short introduction to the Logic Games section, which includes an LSAT Channel Spotlight lesson on the secrets that Kaplan’s expert instructors tell their students who are just beginning their Logic Games preparation. You’ll learn more about The LSAT Channel Spotlight lessons in the section of this introduction focused on your online resources. Part I: Logic Games Method and Strategy The foundation of success on logic games is the five-step Kaplan Logic Games Method. By mastering the Logic Games Method, you’ll learn to handle logic games effectively within the short amount of time provided on the LSAT (four logic games in 35 minutes). KAPLAN LOGIC GAMES METHOD Step 1: Overview —Ask four key questions to assess the game’s entities and action(s). Step 2: Sketch —Create a simple framework in which to record the game’s rules and deductions. Step 3: Rules —Analyze and draw the game’s explicit rules. Step 4: Deductions —Combine the game’s rules and restrictions to reveal what must, can, and cannot be true within the game. Step 5: Questions —Approach each question strategically to maximize the number of correct answers in the shortest amount of time. This part of the book has four chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the Logic Games Method and demonstrates how LSAT experts use it to handle full logic games. Chapter 2 goes deeper into Steps 1 and 2, and gives you the opportunity to practice and assess your performance on these Steps. Chapter 3 breaks down Steps 3 and 4, again with ample practice and self-evaluation. Chapter 4 introduces the question types found in the Logic Games section, provides strategies for answering each type, and then allows you to practice and assess with full, officially released LSAT logic games. There are two more LSAT Channel Spotlight lessons in this part of the book. One, at the end of Chapter 3, focuses on Limited Options, a powerful type of deduction LSAT experts use to simplify and speed up their performance on certain games. The other, at the end of Chapter 4, examines how LSAT experts use previous work to unlock certain LSAT questions quickly and accurately. Part II: Game Types

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    In the second part of the book, you’ll learn to apply the Logic Games Method to specific game types. This part of the book has seven chapters: Chapter 5: Basic Strict Sequencing Games Chapter 6: Complex Strict Sequencing Games Chapter 7: Loose Sequencing Games Chapter 8: Formal Logic and Selection Games Chapter 9: Matching and Distribution Games Chapter 10: Hybrid Games Chapter 11: Rare Games In each of Chapters 5–11, you’ll learn how to identify the game type and how the testmaker introduces variations within the tasks. Then, you’ll have the opportunity to practice applying each step of the Logic Games Method to the game type in question. When you’re ready, you’ll assess your mastery of the game type with full officially released LSAT games. Each chapter ends with recommendations for additional practice on games at three skill levels: Foundations, Mid-Level, and Advanced. Chapter 6 ends with an LSAT Channel Spotlight feature on Circular Sequencing, a rare but challenging variation on this common game type. Chapter 10 ends with an LSAT Channel Spotlight feature on the Dinosaur game, a Hybrid game that some consider the hardest game ever to appear on an officially released LSAT test. Chapter 8—the chapter covering Selection games—also includes a section with lessons covering everything you need to know to master Formal Logic as it is tested in the LSAT Logic Games section. Formal Logic is tested more comprehensively in the LSAT’s Logical Reasoning section, so this section may improve your performance on the LSAT beyond the Logic Games section, as well. The Formal Logic section features an LSAT Channel Spotlight feature on two conditional statements that hold the key to unlocking many Selection games. Even if you’re a Formal Logic whiz, this Spotlight will be worth your time. Chapter 11—on the two rarest game types: Process and Mapping—is shorter than the other chapters in this part of the book. Although you are unlikely to encounter one of these games, understanding their defining features and having practice with officially released examples of each type will give you confidence that there is nothing you could see on test day that you aren’t familiar with. The LSAT Channel Spotlight in this chapter covers a Process game from December 2016, the first game of these rare types to show up on a released LSAT in more than a decade. Appendices At the end of the book, you’ll find helpful information collected into a handful of short appendices: Appendix I: Logic Games—Timing and Section Management—A short essay filled with tips and strategies LSAT experts use to finish the section faster and to maximize their scores. Appendix II: The Countdown to Test Day—Advice about how best to study and practice during the week (and on the day) before your official exam. Appendix III: Logic Games Index—A list of every logic game on every officially released LSAC PrepTest, including section, question numbers, and game type. Appendix IV: Logic Games Strategies—A quick reference digest covering the Logic Games Method, game types, model sketches, and rules. Appendix V: Formal Logic Statements and Translations—A quick reference digest covering conditional statements, contrapositives, and cause-effect relationships. You’ll want to read Appendices I and II after you’ve done the bulk of your work in this book. Appendix I is especially helpful if you plan to take full-length LSAT tests or complete Logic Games sections as practice in your run-up to test day. The remaining Appendices are there for your reference. Familiarizing yourself with Appendix IV, in particular, may be the best way for you to put your finger on a particular definition or sketch pattern when you need it. This Book’s Instructional Design “Instructional Design” is a fancy way of talking about how this book helps you learn, practice, and retain skills. In each chapter of this book, you will find one or more lessons, each focused on a specific Learning Objective, or on two or three related objectives. To get the most out of this book, it is helpful for you to become familiar with each piece of a lesson. Learning Objective Each Learning Objective is a measurable performance goal that contributes to your mastery of the LSAT Logic Games section. Here’s one from Chapter 3: LEARNING OBJECTIVES In this section of Chapter 3, you’ll learn to Analyze and draw logic games rules effectively. Pay attention to the Learning Objective that forms the basis for the lesson you’re in. Logic games are complex, and it is easy to become distracted by an interesting feature of a sample game or question on which you are working. This can lead you off on tangents that take your focus away from the goal of the lesson. Each lesson culminates with a quiz or a series of exercises that allow you to evaluate your performance on the lesson’s learning objective. Keep your focus on the “need to know,” and don’t get caught up in the “nice to know.” Prepare Accompanying the Learning Objective is the Prepare portion of the lesson. Here, you’ll learn the terms, definitions, and concepts you need to know for the lesson. These are often illustrated with relevant examples. Study the Prepare section carefully so that you will be ready to put the strategies and tactics outlined there into practice. Practice This portion of the lesson gives you the opportunity to apply what you’ve learned in context. Practice exercises will range from the analysis and drawing of individual rules all the way up to practice on full games. In the practice sections, work at your own pace, and make your best effort to apply the lesson’s skills to the examples at hand. When you have completed a Practice exercise, compare your work to the analysis of Kaplan LSAT experts, always found at the end of the Practice section. Don’t merely check to see that you got the correct answer. Read the experts’ analyses thoroughly to see their thought processes and to make sure your analysis was as effective and efficient as possible. Throughout this book—especially in the Practice and Perform portions of lessons—you’ll see the analyses of Kaplan LSAT experts depicted in a format called a “worked example,” and it provides you with a chance to think along with a Logic Games superstar as he or she approaches all or part of a logic game. Expert analysis is always laid out with the expert’s thinking adjacent to the official test question. Where the LSAT is demonstrating more than one step of the Logic Games Method, you’ll see the steps in bold to help you train yourself to take the most effective route through the game setup or question. Here are a few things to be aware of whenever you study expert analyses:

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    Throughout the book, you’ll have practice exercises in which you’ll have the chance to analyze a game’s setup, rules, or question stem. Use the spaces provided to record your own analysis. In the answers and explanations, we’ll always provide expert analysis so that you can compare your thinking to that of an LSAT expert. The format of our expert analyses is the result of work by leading academics in learning science. Merely answering LSAT questions and checking to see whether you got the right answer is fine, but studies indicate that studying expert thinking alongside actual test material produces better results and is a more effective (and faster) way to master LSAT skills. As you complete the questions, don’t just check to see if you got them right or wrong. Use each question as an opportunity to better understand the patterns of the test, as well as your own strengths and weaknesses. When you complete full games (as in the Full Game Practice and Perform sections for Chapters 4-11), the worked examples containing the expert analyses will be found in your online resources. These are in PDF files that you can review on your computer, or download and print out, as you prefer. In other cases—particularly when you are practicing rules and deductions—the exercises are laid out to provide more space for you to record your answers.

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    For these exercises, you’ll find the expert analysis in italics. Perform In the Perform portion of each lesson, you will put your new skills to the test. Perform exercises look and feel just like those you do in the Practice portion of each lesson, but they come with timing guidelines. Your goal here is not perfection, but valid self-assessment. Do your best under the timing guidelines, and then, when you’re done, compare your work to that of a Kaplan LSAT expert. Thorough review is a great learning opportunity, not just to find out what you got right and wrong, but to see how top scorers applied the Logic Games Method

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    and its associated strategies and tactics to maximum effect. For Chapters 4-11, the answers and explanations for complete game Perform quizzes are found in your online resources. Review them on your computer, or download and print them, as you prefer, but make sure to review them thoroughly. Assess Most Perform exercises are followed by specific criteria that you can use to evaluate your performance. For Perform exercises with full LSAT logic games, the assessment criteria will be the number of logic games questions you answered correctly. For Perform exercises that lack a numerical value (such as number correct), the assessment will outline how you should compare your performance to that of an LSAT expert to get a clear perspective on your skill level. Assessments are accompanied by recommended next steps for each level of mastery. For the assessments accompanying the game-type chapters in Part II, the recommended additional practice refers to games from officially released LSAT tests. Here’s the recommended additional practice from Chapter 5: Recommended Additional Practice: Basic Strict Sequencing All of the following games will provide good practice on basic Strict Sequencing games. They are grouped by difficulty as determined from empirical student practice results. All PrepTests included are available on LawHub with an LSAC LSAT Prep Plus subscription. Foundations PrepTest 70, Section 3, Game 1: Benefit Concert PrepTest 67, Section 3, Game 2: Literary Theory Lectures PrepTest 63, Section 2, Game 2: Skydiving Team PrepTest 62, Section 3, Game 4: Testifying Witnesses PrepTest 57, Section 1, Game 1: Student Activities Mid-Level PrepTest 66, Section 3, Game 2: Shopping Center Businesses PrepTest 64, Section 2, Game 1: Employee Parking PrepTest 62, Section 3, Game 1: Motel Service Appointments PrepTest 56, Section 1, Game 1: Saxophone Auditions PrepTest 54, Section 3, Game 3: Cake Layers Advanced PrepTest 71, Section 2, Game 4: Paintings in a Museum PrepTest 69, Section 2, Game 1: Manuscript Ages PrepTest 63, Section 2, Game 3: Vehicle Service PrepTest 59, Section 1, Game 2: Museum Photographs PrepTest 59, Section 1, Game 4: Organization’s Annual Meetings Complete explanations and analysis for all of the more-than-70 official LSAT tests on LawHub that come with an LSAC LSAT Prep Plus subscription are available in Kaplan’s LSAT LinK and LinK+ tools. Visit www.kaptest.com/lsat to learn more or to purchase LSAT LinK or LinK+. Recommended additional practice is drawn from officially released LSAT PrepTests, all of which are contained in LSAC’s LawHub, the digital practice tool available through LSAC’s LSAT Prep Plus platform. For the record, released PrepTests in paper-and-pencil format remain available for purchase from LSAC (both individually and in bundles of 10), but the content is identical to those same PrepTests on LawHub. To create a LawHub account, visit www.lsac.org/lsat/prep . LSAC offers a free version, called LSAT Prep, that has two released tests: PrepTests 71 and 73. Explanations for both these tests are included in your online resources for this book. LSAC also offers a paid subscription, called LSAT Prep Plus, with more than 70 released tests. These include all the tests corresponding to the additional recommended questions in this book. Learn more details in the part of this Getting Started section called How to Use Your Online Resources. For complete explanations and analysis of every test and question available on LawHub through LSAC’s LSAT Prep Plus subscription, you’ll want to link your LSAC account to Kaplan’s LSAT LinK or LinK+ (a premium version with hundreds of curated Mastery Practice assignments). You’ll see more details about LSAT LinK and LinK+ in a few pages, under the heading Next-Level Self-Prep. Visit www.kaptest.com/LSAT to learn more and to purchase LSAT LinK and LinK+. Reflect At the very end of each lesson, you’ll see a series of short thought exercises that will keep what you’ve learned fresh in your mind. Some students find it helpful to write out their answers to make their reflection more concrete. In any case, review the Reflect questions and keep them in mind until you come back to the book for your next lesson. HOW TO USE YOUR ONLINE RESOURCES Logic Games Prep comes with a wealth of online resources. They provide additional instruction, practice, and feedback that will aid your logic games preparation and improve your LSAT score. In this section, you’ll learn how to access these resources, what they include, and how to use them. Log In to Your Online Study Plan The online Study Plan gives you access to even more Logic Games content and instruction, including The LSAT Channel Spotlight videos. Register for your Online Center using these simple steps: 1. Go to https://kaptest.com/moreonline and find the appropriate book listed. Click the “Register” button next to it. 2. Enter the password as directed and click on “Next.” 3. The Online Center will appear in your shopping cart free of charge. Click “Proceed to checkout” and complete your registration. 4. Once registered, click on the “personalized Student Homepage” link to access your online materials. Please have your book with you because you will need information from the book to access your account. Access to the Online Center is limited to the original owner of this book and is nontransferable. Kaplan is not responsible for providing access to the Online Center for customers who purchase or borrow used copies of this book. Access to the Online Center expires one year after you register. Take a minute to log in now. Get familiar with the contents and organization of the online Study Plan. That way, you’ll be ready to use the resources as they come up in your work with this book. What’s In the Online Study Plan Here’s what you have in your online resources: Video: Getting Started —Hear from Kaplan’s lead instructional designer about how to make the most of your prep with Logic Games Prep . LSAT Channel episode: Screen Time: Prepping for the Digital LSAT —Get acquainted with strategies for the LSAT digital interface. Full-game Perform Quiz explanations —In Chapters 4-11, your self-evaluation will be done on complete officially released LSAT games. There is an answer key in the book that you can use to quickly score your results, but the complete worked examples with in- depth expert analysis are found in your online resources. They are PDF files, so you can review them on your computer, or download and print them, as you prefer. LSAT Channel Spotlight videos —Each LSAT Channel Spotlight feature in Logic Games Prep is accompanied by a video lesson from

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    one or more of Kaplan’s top LSAT instructors. The videos present full answers and explanations for logic games found in LSAT Channel Spotlight features in the book. After the title of each video in this list, you’ll see the location of the corresponding Spotlight feature in the book: Secrets of Logic Games Preparation (Getting Started) Limited Options (Chapter 3) Using Previous Work (Chapter 4) Circular Sequencing (Chapter 6) Minimum Increasers and Maximum Decreasers (Chapter 8) The Dinosaur Game (Chapter 10) The Return of Process (Chapter 11) The LSAT Logic Games Training Camp —This is a place for you to hone the skills you’re learning in this book. It is made up of sets of fast-paced online drills to give you “reps” on deductions and strategies central to Logic Games mastery. There are Training Camp drills for each of Chapters 2-10, and they are broken up into Foundations, Mid-Level, and Advanced sets to fit your individual strengths and opportunities. Training Camp drills can be done at any time, as a warmup, a refresher, or just to keep you sharp. “Fundamentals” quizzes —For Chapters 2–4, each Assessment may recommend that you practice and review an additional quiz on the foundations of each lesson topic. PrepTest Analysis and Explanations —The best full-length LSAT test practice experience is available through the testmaker, LSAC, on its LawHub platform, where you can take released tests in the official digital interface, with the same tools and timing you’ll see on test day. Register for LawHub at www.lsac.org/LSAT/Prep . LSAC offers a free version of its practice tool, called LSAT Prep, with two released exams, PrepTests 71 and 73. Because Kaplan recommends that every self-prep student use at least those two free practice tests, you’ll find complete explanations for every question on those tests in your online companion to this book. For self-prep students who choose to upgrade to LSAC’s paid option (called LSAT Prep Plus), with more than 70 released tests to take in the digital interface, Kaplan offers LSAT LinK. When you link your LSAC LSAT Prep Plus subscription to LSAT LinK, your answers from tests taken in LawHub will automatically export to LinK, where you’ll get in-depth analysis and explanations for all 70+ PrepTests. With the premium version, LSAT LinK+, you’ll also have access to 240 uniquely curated Mastery quizzes to target each LSAT question type at different levels of difficulty (including more than 2,000 officially released LSAT questions not available on LSAC’s LawHub). Find out more about LSAT LinK and LinK+ in the part of this Getting Started chapter called Next-Level Self-Prep or by visiting www.kaptest.com/LSAT . Additional Free LSAT Resources —This section contains links to additional free LSAT study and practice resources created by Kaplan. Click in to see our latest free trials and assets. When to Use Your Online Resources Your online resources are always available. You should watch the “Getting Started” video as soon as possible, along with this section of the book. At the end of this section, you’ll find The LSAT Channel Spotlight feature “Secrets of Logic Games Prep,” so watch its corresponding video as well. You’ll meet The LSAT Channel faculty that deliver the other Spotlight lessons and get valuable tips that these top scorers give their students at the beginning of class. We include one full LSAT Channel episode—Screen Time: Prepping for the Digital LSAT. Learning the fundamentals about the Logic Games section does not require this episode, but you’ll want to view this episode to make sure you’re ready to put your skills into practice on the interface you’ll see on test day. Other LSAT Channel Spotlight videos correspond to the Spotlight features in the book, so watch them after reading those special sections. As previously mentioned, whenever a Spotlight feature contains a practice logic game, the teacher will give complete answers and explanations in the video, along with unique instruction containing special tips and strategies for attacking the Logic Games section on test day. You will want to review the Full-Game Perform explanations thoroughly after every Perform quiz in Chapters 4 through 11. Studying the expert analyses will not only allow you to understand the right and wrong answers, it will provide a model of efficiency and strategy for you to emulate on test day. The Logic Games Training Camp drills, on the other hand, can be used at any time. They provide quick, skills-based practice that sharpens and refines your approach to the Logic Games section. Since they are entirely online, you can even do them when you are on the go, or outside of your routine, scheduled study time. The “Fundamentals” quizzes accompany the Perform exercises and Assessments in Chapters 2–4. If your Assessment recommends any of these quizzes, you should definitely take and review them accordingly. The quizzes provide excellent additional practice for the topics covered in these chapters, so you should feel free to try them out any time you want additional practice. You’ll use the explanations for PrepTests 71 and 73 after you complete them as full LSAT practice tests. NEXT-LEVEL SELF-PREP Integrate Your Prep With LSAC Digital Practice and Khan Academy LSAT While this book contains expert strategies and tactics for each section and question on the LSAT along with ample practice, you may plan to take advantage of other prep resources available to the self-prepper. Two such assets, one created by and one endorsed by the testmaker, are particularly popular: 1) LSAC’s LSAT Prep Plus, a low-cost subscription to officially released practice tests, and 2) Khan Academy LSAT, a set of free written and video lessons with practice exercises. Kaplan wants to help you use all available resources as effectively and efficiently as possible. To that end, here are a few tips for using Kaplan’s LSAT Prep Plus book in conjunction with LSAC digital practice and Khan Academy instruction. The LSAT is unique among standardized tests because LSAC (the Law School Admissions Council), the organization that makes and administers the LSAT, makes so many of their previously released tests available to the public. Most standardized testing organizations release few, if any, of their official tests. The LSAC calls their released LSATs “PrepTests,” and, with an LSAC Prep Plus subscription (visit www.lsac.org/lsat/prep to purchase), you have access to more than 70 PrepTests in LawHub, a web-based library of tests in the official digital testing environment. That’s a terrific library of practice materials for students prepping for the LSAT, but it is also more than 160 hours of testing, and doing test after test on repeat is not the best use of your prep time. Here are a few pointers for getting the most out of LawHub. Take a “diagnostic” test. Take one full-length test right at the start of your prep to get a baseline for your LSAT score and a first look at your strengths and weaknesses (at least by section) on the test. Don’t invest too much in your initial score. Instead, use your results to guide and focus your reading and study toward maximum efficiency. PrepTest 71 is a good choice. It’s relatively recent, and it’s one of the released LSATs included in LSAC’s free version of LawHub (called LSAT Prep), so you can use it right away, even if you haven’t yet upgraded to the full LawHub library (called LSAT Prep Plus). There is one logic game and one Reading Comp passage from PrepTest 71 included in this book, so if you use that test as your diagnostic, you’ll see an expert discussion of those questions when reading the corresponding chapters. Plan out your test usage. While a full LSAT Prep Plus subscription includes more than 70 LSATs, it can be frustrating to start a test and discover you’ve already seen some of its games, passages, or questions. That’s why it’s a good idea to set aside a few recent tests for your full-length and timed-section practice. For most preppers, one full-length test per week is a good average. If your study schedule is wide open, you may be able to take two full-lengths in some weeks. Remember, however, that learning and improvement come from reviewing your tests to analyze your results and performance, so budget time for that as well as the roughly two-and-a-half hours you’ll need to take a full-length LSAT. Of the tests available through LawHub, this book uses questions from PrepTests 24, 27, 28, and 29 and a few questions from PrepTest 71 (which is why Kaplan recommends it as a good choice for your diagnostic). It is more difficult to avoid duplication when you’re using Khan Academy LSAT prep because it uses at least some questions from 39 different released LSATs in its lessons, tests, and practice sets. Kaplan’s LSAT LinK, our analysis and explanations companion to LawHub, contains a chart showing test usage—including Khan Academy prep—to help you avoid “spoiling” PrepTests. The premium version, LinK+ also curates quizzes with more than 2,000 officially released LSAT practice questions that do not overlap with the tests included in LawHub. There’s more to say about LSAT LinK in the next tip too. Review your tests and self-assess. While LawHub serves as an almost inexhaustible library of practice tests, it does not provide any

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    explanations or analysis of your results. As you work through this book, you’ll learn to identify the different question, game, and passage types used by the LSAT. Keeping track of your performance by question type is essential to identifying the patterns that allow you to personalize your prep and master the test. Doing this on your own is time-consuming, and there’s a learning curve just for quickly and accurately identifying each game type and question type. It is also hard to self-assess accurately if you don’t have complete explanations so that you distinguish questions you misunderstood from those on which you just “goofed” or ran out of time. Here again, Kaplan’s LSAT LinK serves as the essential tool for the self-prep student. When you link your LSAC Prep Plus/LawHub account to Kaplan, your answers for all completed PrepTests export to LinK, Kaplan’s analysis-and-explanation hub. Your tests are automatically scored and your results analyzed by section, game, and question type. You can review your performance test by test or cumulatively, and results for each question link directly to complete explanations written by Kaplan LSAT experts. To learn more or to purchase LSAT LinK and LinK+ (the premium version with 240 curated Mastery Practice quizzes), please visit www.kaptest.com/LSAT . In 2018, LSAC partnered with Khan Academy to offer free LSAT prep tools available to everyone. Khan Academy LSAT offers brief videos, written assignments, and practice quizzes containing a number of officially released questions from the same PrepTests that LSAC has posted on LawHub. Unfortunately, there is no direct link between Khan Academy LSAT and LSAC’s LawHub. There is a post in one of Khan Academy’s FAQs that indicates the PrepTests used by Khan Academy ( www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/lsat/lsat-lessons/about-official- lsat-prep/a/list-of-lsat-practice-tests-available-on-khan-academy ), but there is no indication of which specific questions are used. Khan Academy’s full-length tests appear in a digital interface different from the official one used on LawHub, and the sections of the test may be in a different order on Khan’s site, so use caution if you take a PrepTest on LawHub and try to transfer your answers to Khan Academy by hand. On the whole, the Khan Academy videos present a nice introduction to the various LSAT questions, and while those videos are not made in coordination with any Kaplan book or course, you should not be concerned that Khan’s instruction will be in conflict with the methods and strategies you learn in this book. Here’s a tip for getting the most out of Khan’s videos as you work through Kaplan’s LSAT Prep Plus . Learn the Differences in Terminology. Khan Academy-To-Kaplan Nomenclature Chart From the testmaker (LSAC) to Khan Academy to Kaplan and other test-prep providers, everybody seems to have slightly different naming conventions for the sections and questions on the LSAT. Because Kaplan encourages you to make use of free Khan Academy prep alongside Kaplan books and resources, here’s a handy chart to show you the correspondence between our categories and terminology. Khan Academy Name(s) Kaplan Name(s) Logic Games Game Types Ordering Strict Sequencing Loose Sequencing Grouping Selection Distribution Matching Mixed Setup Hybrid N/A Mapping N/A Process Logic Games Question Types Given Info: Basic Acceptability Partial Acceptability Given Info: Could Could Be True or Could Be False Given Info: Must Must Be True or Must Be False New Info: Could New-“If”/Could Be True or New-“If”/Could Be False New Info: Must/Cannot New-“If”/Must Be True or New-“If”/Must Be False Equivalent Rule Rule Change Rule Substitution Min-Max Minimum-Maximum Earliest-Latest How Many? Completely Determine Completely Determine Khan Academy Name(s) Kaplan Name(s) Logical Reasoning Question Types Identify the conclusion Main Point Identify an entailment Inference Infer what is most strongly supported Identify or infer an issue in dispute Point at Issue Identify the technique Method of Argument Identify the role Role of a Statement Identify the principle Principle Match the structure Parallel Reasoning Match principles Parallel Principle Identify a flaw Flaw Match flaws Parallel Flaw Necessary Assumption Assumption (Necessary Assumption) Sufficient Assumption Assumption (Sufficient Assumption) Strengthen Strengthen Weaken Weaken Identify what is most/least helpful to know [Kaplan treats these as a subtype of Strengthen/Weaken questions] Explain Paradox Resolve a conflict Khan Academy Name(s) Kaplan Name(s) Reading Comprehension Passage Types (subject matter)

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    Humanities Humanities Law Law Science Natural Science Social Science Social Science Reading Comprehension Passage Structures N/A Theory/Perspective N/A Event/Phenomenon N/A Biography N/A Debate Comparative Reading Comparative Reading Khan Academy Name(s) Kaplan Name(s) Reading Comprehension Question Types Main point Global Recognition Detail Clarifying meaning [Kaplan treats these as a subtype of Inference Qs.] Purpose of reference Logic Function Organizing information [Khan's category includes Q-types Kaplan would put under Global, Logic Function, or Inference.] Inferences about views Inference Inferences about information Inferences about attitudes Applying to new contexts Logic Reasoning: Principle Discovering principles and analogies Logic Reasoning: Parallel Logic Reasoning: Principle Additional evidence Logic Reasoning: Strengthen/Weaken Primary purpose Global Looking for Even More? At Kaplan, we’re thrilled you’ve chosen us to help you on your journey to law school. Beyond this book, there’s a wealth of additional resources that we invite you to check out to aid you with your LSAT preparation and your law school application. LSAT Prep Plus —Kaplan’s book LSAT Prep Plus is a comprehensive guide to the LSAT exam with expert methods and strategies for every section and question type. It contains hundreds of officially released LSAC questions, along with the drills, exercises, and practice sets on all of the skills you’ll need for LSAT mastery. Comprehensive LSAT Courses—Of course, we’d be remiss if we did not mention the world’s most popular LSAT preparation courses. Visit our website to learn about our comprehensive prep options. Choose from Live Online, Self-Paced, and Private Tutoring options, depending on your needs and learning style. View course options and upcoming class schedules at www.kaptest.com/LSAT . You have a lot to do. Before you dive into your LSAT logic games prep, take a look at how Kaplan’s expert faculty suggests you organize your study schedule. MODEL STUDY SCHEDULES Logic Games Prep is written so that you can, time permitting, start at page 1 and work straight through to the end. Indeed, to the LSAT experts who worked on this book, that would be ideal: take it all in, and absorb everything you can. To do that, you’ll need to start your logic games preparation about a month and half (or more) before your official test day. Because not every student can start that early (or may not have as much time during the week), the following condensed schedules focus on the material that will likely be the most important to your LSAT score—the fundamental concepts and the most common game types on recent tests. The following models should be used as a starting point as you design your own study schedule. They are based on the rough assumption that you can dedicate around 10–12 hours per week to logic games preparation. If you have more time, you may be able to finish these plans faster, of course. Be sure to consider other factors—school, work, other LSAT prep, and so on—as you plan your personal roadmap to Logic Games mastery. Note that the weeks count down to test day. Comprehensive (6 weeks or more) By getting an early start on your Logic Games prep, you will likely have the opportunity to complete the work in this book and additional practice from other sources. Week 6 Logic Games Prep Getting Started LSAT Channel Spotlight: Secrets of Logic Games Preparation Chapter 1: The Logic Games Method Chapter 2: Logic Game Types and Sketches Chapter 3: Logic Games Rules and Deductions (up through “How to Interpret and Sketch Rules”) Chapter 8: Formal Logic and Selection Games Unlocked (complete “Formal Logic in LSAT Logic Games”) Online Study Plan Video: Getting Started LSAT Channel Spotlight Video: Secrets of Logic Games Preparation [If recommended] Quiz: “Game Types and Sketches Fundamentals” [If recommended] Quiz: “Identifying and Sketching Rules Fundamentals” [Optional] LSAT Channel lesson: Fundamentals of Formal Logic (found in the LSAT Course Preview) Additional Practice Take one timed, full-length PrepTest on LSAC’s LawHub. If you have Kaplan’s LSAT LinK, review your results and, if you have LinK+, complete your top recommendations for Logic Games Mastery Practice. Week 5 Logic Games Prep Chapter 3: Rules and Deductions (starting with “How to Combine Rules to Make Deductions”)

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    LSAT Channel Spotlight: Limited Options Chapter 4: Logic Games Questions LSAT Channel Spotlight: Using Previous Work Chapter 5: Basic Strict Sequencing Games Unlocked Online Study Plan LSAT Channel Spotlight Video: Limited Options LSAT Channel Spotlight Video: Using Previous Work [If recommended] Quiz: “Deductions Fundamentals” [If recommended] Quiz: “Question Types Fundamentals” Additional Practice See “Recommended Additional Practice” for Chapter 5. If you have Kaplan’s LSAT LinK+, complete your top recommendations for Logic Games Mastery Practice. Week 4 Logic Games Prep Chapter 6: Complex Strict Sequencing Games Unlocked [Optional] LSAT Channel Spotlight: Circular Sequencing Chapter 7: Loose Sequencing Games Unlocked Online Study Plan LSAT Channel episode: Screen Time: Prepping for the Digital LSAT [Optional] LSAT Channel Spotlight video: Circular Sequencing Additional Practice See “Recommended Additional Practice” for Chapter 6. See “Recommended Additional Practice” for Chapter 7. If you have Kaplan’s LSAT LinK+, complete your top recommendations for Logic Games Mastery Practice. Week 3 Logic Games Prep Chapter 8: Formal Logic and Selection Games Unlocked (If you have already done “Formal Logic in LSAT Logic Games,” complete all of the sections on Selection Games) LSAT Channel Spotlight: Minimum Increasers and Maximum Decreasers Chapter 9: Matching and Distribution Games Unlocked (up through “Matching Games—Full Games with Questions”) Online Study Plan LSAT Channel Spotlight video: Minimum Increasers and Maximum Decreasers Additional Practice See “Recommended Additional Practice” for Chapter 8. See “Recommended Additional Practice” for Chapter 9 (Matching Games). If you have Kaplan’s LSAT LinK+, complete your top recommendations for Logic Games Mastery Practice. Week 2 Logic Games Prep Chapter 9: Matching and Distribution Games Unlocked (complete the sections on Distribution Games) Chapter 10: Hybrid Games Unlocked LSAT Channel Spotlight: The Dinosaur Game Online Study Plan LSAT Channel Spotlight video: The Dinosaur Game Additional Practice See “Recommended Additional Practice” for Chapter 9 (Distribution Games). See “Recommended Additional Practice” for Chapter 10. If you have Kaplan’s LSAT LinK+, complete your top recommendations for Logic Games Mastery Practice. Week 1 Logic Games Prep Review Chapters 1-4 Appendix I: Logic Games—Timing and Section Management Appendix II: The Countdown to Test Day [Optional] Chapter 11: Rare Games Unlocked—Process and Matching [Optional] LSAT Channel Spotlight: 2016—The Return of Process Online Study Plan [Optional] LSAT Channel Spotlight Video: 2016—The Return of Process Additional Practice Take one timed, full-length PrepTest on LSAC’s LawHub. If you have Kaplan’s LSAT LinK, review your results and, if you have LinK+, complete your top recommendations for Logic Games Mastery Practice. Test Day Take the LSAT and crush the Logic Games section. Efficient (4 to 5 weeks) With about a month until your test day, you may be able to complete the entire book, but your time is limited. This schedule will help you be judicious about where to focus your efforts. Work through the chapters and sections in this model schedule first. Then, if you find that you have more time than expected, complete the remaining chapters of the book. Week 4 Logic Games Prep Getting Started LSAT Channel Spotlight: Secrets of Logic Games Preparation

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