LSAT Logic Games Prep 2022: Real Preptest Questions + Proven Strategies + Online (2021)

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LSAT®LOGIC GAMESPREP 2022LSAT is a registered trademark of the Law School Admission Council, Inc., which neithersponsors nor endorses this product.

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LSAT®is a registered mark of the Law School Admission Council, Inc., which neither sponsors norendorses this product.This publication is designed to provide accurate information in regard to the subject matter coveredas of its publication date, with the understanding that knowledge and best practice constantlyevolve. The publisher is not engaged in rendering medical, legal, accounting, or other professionalservice. If medical or legal advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competentprofessional should be sought. This publication is not intended for use in clinical practice or thedelivery of medical care. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the Editorsassume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising out of or related toany use of the material contained in this book.© 2021 by Kaplan, Inc.Published by Kaplan Publishing, a division of Kaplan, Inc.1515 W. Cypress Creek RoadFort Lauderdale, FL 33309All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of therequired fees, you have been granted the non-exclusive, non-transferable right to access and readthe text of this eBook on screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded,decompiled, reverse engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage andretrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known orhereinafter invented, without the express written permission of the publisher.ISBN: 978-1-5062-8044-810 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1Kaplan Publishing print books are available at special quantity discounts to use for sales promotions,employee premiums, or educational purposes. For more information or to purchase books, pleasecall the Simon & Schuster special sales department at 866-506-1949.

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TABLE OF CONTENTSYour Kaplan Resources—Getting StartedHow to Use This BookHow to Use Your Online ResourcesNext-Level Self-PrepModel Study SchedulesLSAT Reasoning and StrategySpotlight: Secrets of Logic Games PreparationPART ONE: LOGIC GAMES METHOD AND STRATEGYChapter 1: The Logic Games MethodChapter 2: Logic Game Types and SketchesHow to Identify and Sketch the Game TypesChapter 3: Logic Games Rules and DeductionsThe Role of Rules and Deductions in Logic GamesHow to Interpret and Sketch RulesHow to Combine Rules to Make DeductionsSpotlight: Limited OptionsChapter 4: Logic Games QuestionsHow to Answer Logic Games Questions StrategicallySpotlight: Using Previous WorkPractice and Perform Full Games Explanations (online only)PART TWO: GAME TYPES UNLOCKEDChapter 5: Basic Strict Sequencing Games UnlockedBasic Strict Sequencing In Real LifeBasic Strict Sequencing Games Tasks and SketchesBasic Strict Sequencing Games RulesBasic Strict Sequencing Games DeductionsBasic Strict Sequencing Games—Full Games with QuestionsPerform Full Games Explanations (online only)Chapter 6: Complex Strict Sequencing Games UnlockedComplex Strict Sequencing in Real LifeComplex Strict Sequencing Games Tasks and SketchesComplex Strict Sequencing RulesComplex Strict Sequencing Games DeductionsComplex Strict Sequencing Games—Full Games with QuestionsSpotlight: Circular SequencingPractice and Perform Full Games Explanations (online only)

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Chapter 7: Loose Sequencing Games UnlockedLoose Sequencing in Real LifeLoose Sequencing Games RulesLoose Sequencing Games—Full Games with QuestionsPerform Full Games Explanations (online only)Chapter 8: Formal Logic and Selection Games UnlockedSelection Games in Real LifeSelection Games Tasks and SketchesFormal Logic in LSAT Logic GamesSpotlight: Minimum Increasers and Maximum DecreasersSelection Games RulesSelection Games DeductionsSelection Games—Full Games with QuestionsPerform Full Games Explanations (online only)Chapter 9: Matching and Distribution Games UnlockedMatching and Distribution Games in Real LifeMatching Games Tasks and SketchesMatching Games RulesMatching Games DeductionsMatching Games—Full Games with QuestionsDistribution Games Tasks and SketchesDistribution Games RulesDistribution Games DeductionsDistribution Games—Full Games with QuestionsDistribution Perform Full Games Explanations (online only)Chapter 10: Hybrid Games UnlockedHybrid Games in Real LifeHybrid Games Tasks and SketchesHybrid Games RulesHybrid Games DeductionsHybrid Games—Full Games with QuestionsSpotlight: The Dinosaur GamePerform Full Games Explanations (online only)Chapter 11: Rare Games Unlocked: Process and MappingProcess Games UnlockedSpotlight: The Return of ProcessMapping Games UnlockedMapping Practice Full Game Explanations (online only)PART THREE: APPENDICESAppendix I: Logic Games—Timing and Section ManagementAppendix II: The Countdown to Test DayAppendix III: Logic Games IndexAppendix IV: Logic Games Strategies

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Appendix V: Formal Logic Statements and Translations

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Your Kaplan Resources—Getting StartedHOW TO USE THIS BOOKThree Keys: Practice, Personalization, and ExpertiseSome LSAT prep materials are written to demonstrate the author’s mastery of the test, butLogic Games Prepis designed to buildyourmastery and raiseyourscore. Empirical evidence makes it clear that the majority of test takers consider the Logic Games section to be themost difficult section on the test. However, it is equally clear that, on average, Kaplan students make their biggest improvements in thissection. The three keys to their success are practice, personalization, and expertise, and those keys distinguishLogic Games Prepfrom anyother title.Practice. No matter who you are—no matter your starting point or ultimate goal—practice is the foundation for LSAT mastery. InLogicGames Prep, you’ll findover 30 real logic gamesfrom officially released LSAT PrepTests (more than in any other Logic Games–specifictitle available). Each is accompanied by Kaplan’s exclusive“worked example” explanationsthat break down each game’s setup and all ofits questions, step by step. In addition, this book containshundreds of exercisesthat target all of the skills and strategies you’ll learn. Inthe book’s online resources, there are video lessons (TheLSAT Channel Spotlightfeatures) that highlight special topics and exclusivestrategies from some of Kaplan’s most highly rated LSAT instructors. Also online, you’ll find the LSAT Logic Games Training Camp whichcontains sets of skill-building exercises to help you get sharp and stay sharp with everything you’ll learn. In short, everything you need forLogic Games mastery is right here.Personalization. LSAT logic games are consistent, but LSAT test takers vary. Your strengths, weaknesses, learning style, study time, andmotivations are not exactly like anyone else’s.Logic Games Prepwas created with that in mind. Every lesson in this book ends with anassessmentthat will help youevaluate your own, personal performance, and each assessment is accompanied byrecommendationstailored to your results. When you knock a particular skill or game type out of the park, the recommendations give you next steps andsuggestions for advanced practice. When you run into an area that requires more work, the recommendations guide you to further practicewith the fundamentals.Expertise. In these pages, you’ll encounter the knowledge and experience of more than a dozen Kaplan LSAT experts—not onlyteachers,but alsoinstructional designersand evenpsychometricians, who analyze the test’s design, scoring, and validity. Collectively, this teamof top scorers has trained tens of thousands of LSAT test takers, helping them to achieve their goal scores and gain acceptance to thenation’s top law schools. They know the LSAT. They know LSAT test takers. Most importantly,they are now your team.The skills tested on the LSAT—including those tested in the Logic Games section—are strongly correlated to your performance in law school.Indeed, they are skills you will use throughout your legal career. This book gives you everything you need to master the Logic Games section,and thus, to get a head start on the reasoning skills you’ll use as an attorney.Welcome to the start of your legal education.Take a few minutes to learn howLogic Games Prepis designed, how you can get the most out of each chapter, and how you can design astudy schedule that fits your life as you learn to unlock LSAT logic games.This Book’s OrganizationFor you to master LSAT logic games, you’ll need to learn the skills involved, practice them, and assess your performance on each one. Thisbook is designed to allow you to take all three of those steps with each of the skills that form the foundation for success on logic games. Tomake the process as efficient and effective as possible, the book is divided into four sections.Getting StartedThis is where you are right now. Here, you’ll learn how to use the book (and its associated online features) to maximize your performance.You’ll see how the lessons in this book have been designed by Kaplan’s Learning Science and Instructional Design teams to maximizeefficacy and retention for every learner. This includes information about how to assess your own performance and personalizedrecommendations for further practice on each skill. Also included here are three model study schedules, tailored to different lengths ofpreparation.Next, you’ll find information about how to log into your online Study Plan, what’s available there, and how and when to use it.Logic GamesPrepis more than just a book. The LSAT Channel Spotlight features also give you the opportunity to learn from some of our finestinstructors, and the explanations and analyses available for PrepTests 71 and 73 (the official LSAT tests available free with an LSAC LSATPrep subscription) demonstrate the power of self-assessment on your practice.The final portion of the Getting Started material introduces you to the LSAT, and then specifically to the Logic Games section. You’ll learnabout the test’s structure and format, the core skills that it tests, how it’s scored, and how law schools use those scores to evaluateapplicants. After this, there is a short introduction to the Logic Games section, which includes an LSAT Channel Spotlight lesson on thesecrets that Kaplan’s expert instructors tell their students who are just beginning their Logic Games preparation. You’ll learn more aboutThe LSAT Channel Spotlight lessons in the section of this introduction focused on your online resources.Part I: Logic Games Method and StrategyThe foundation of success on logic games is the five-step Kaplan Logic Games Method. By mastering the Logic Games Method, you’ll learn tohandle logic games effectively within the short amount of time provided on the LSAT (four logic games in 35 minutes).KAPLAN LOGIC GAMES METHODStep 1: Overview—Ask four key questions to assess the game’s entities and action(s).Step 2: Sketch—Create a simple framework in which to record the game’s rules and deductions.Step 3: Rules—Analyze and draw the game’s explicit rules.Step 4: Deductions—Combine the game’s rules and restrictions to reveal what must, can, and cannot be true within the game.Step 5: Questions—Approach each question strategically to maximize the number of correct answers in the shortest amount oftime.This part of the book has four chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the Logic Games Method and demonstrates how LSAT experts use it to handlefull logic games. Chapter 2 goes deeper into Steps 1 and 2, and gives you the opportunity to practice and assess your performance on theseSteps. Chapter 3 breaks down Steps 3 and 4, again with ample practice and self-evaluation. Chapter 4 introduces the question types found inthe Logic Games section, provides strategies for answering each type, and then allows you to practice and assess with full, officially releasedLSAT logic games.There are two more LSAT Channel Spotlight lessons in this part of the book. One, at the end of Chapter 3, focuses on Limited Options, apowerful type of deduction LSAT experts use to simplify and speed up their performance on certain games. The other, at the end of Chapter4, examines how LSAT experts use previous work to unlock certain LSAT questions quickly and accurately.Part II: Game Types

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In the second part of the book, you’ll learn to apply the Logic Games Method to specific game types. This part of the book has sevenchapters:Chapter 5: Basic Strict Sequencing GamesChapter 6: Complex Strict Sequencing GamesChapter 7: Loose Sequencing GamesChapter 8: Formal Logic and Selection GamesChapter 9: Matching and Distribution GamesChapter 10: Hybrid GamesChapter 11: Rare GamesIn each of Chapters 5–11, you’ll learn how to identify the game type and how the testmaker introduces variations within the tasks. Then,you’ll have the opportunity to practice applying each step of the Logic Games Method to the game type in question. When you’re ready, you’llassess your mastery of the game type with full officially released LSAT games. Each chapter ends with recommendations for additionalpractice on games at three skill levels: Foundations, Mid-Level, and Advanced. Chapter 6 ends with an LSAT Channel Spotlight feature onCircular Sequencing, a rare but challenging variation on this common game type. Chapter 10 ends with an LSAT Channel Spotlight featureon the Dinosaur game, a Hybrid game that some consider the hardest game ever to appear on an officially released LSAT test.Chapter 8—the chapter covering Selection games—also includes a section with lessons covering everything you need to know to masterFormal Logic as it is tested in the LSAT Logic Games section. Formal Logic is tested more comprehensively in the LSAT’s Logical Reasoningsection, so this section may improve your performance on the LSAT beyond the Logic Games section, as well. The Formal Logic sectionfeatures an LSAT Channel Spotlight feature on two conditional statements that hold the key to unlocking many Selection games. Even ifyou’re a Formal Logic whiz, this Spotlight will be worth your time.Chapter 11—on the two rarest game types: Process and Mapping—is shorter than the other chapters in this part of the book. Although youare unlikely to encounter one of these games, understanding their defining features and having practice with officially released examples ofeach type will give you confidence that there is nothing you could see on test day that you aren’t familiar with. The LSAT Channel Spotlightin this chapter covers a Process game from December 2016, the first game of these rare types to show up on a released LSAT in more than adecade.AppendicesAt the end of the book, you’ll find helpful information collected into a handful of short appendices:Appendix I: Logic Games—Timing and Section Management—A short essay filled with tips and strategies LSAT experts use to finish thesection faster and to maximize their scores.Appendix II: The Countdown to Test Day—Advice about how best to study and practice during the week (and on the day) before yourofficial exam.Appendix III: Logic Games Index—A list of every logic game on every officially released LSAC PrepTest, including section, questionnumbers, and game type.Appendix IV: Logic Games Strategies—A quick reference digest covering the Logic Games Method, game types, model sketches, andrules.Appendix V: Formal Logic Statements and Translations—A quick reference digest covering conditional statements, contrapositives, andcause-effect relationships.You’ll want to read Appendices I and II after you’ve done the bulk of your work in this book. Appendix I is especially helpful if you plan totake full-length LSAT tests or complete Logic Games sections as practice in your run-up to test day.The remaining Appendices are there for your reference. Familiarizing yourself with Appendix IV, in particular, may be the best way for youto put your finger on a particular definition or sketch pattern when you need it.This Book’s Instructional Design“Instructional Design” is a fancy way of talking about how this book helps you learn, practice, and retain skills. In each chapter of this book,you will find one or more lessons, each focused on a specific Learning Objective, or on two or three related objectives. To get the most out ofthis book, it is helpful for you to become familiar with each piece of a lesson.Learning ObjectiveEach Learning Objective is a measurable performance goal that contributes to your mastery of the LSAT Logic Games section. Here’s onefrom Chapter 3:LEARNING OBJECTIVESIn this section of Chapter 3, you’ll learn toAnalyze and draw logic games rules effectively.Pay attention to the Learning Objective that forms the basis for the lesson you’re in. Logic games are complex, and it is easy to becomedistracted by an interesting feature of a sample game or question on which you are working. This can lead you off on tangents that take yourfocus away from the goal of the lesson. Each lesson culminates with a quiz or a series of exercises that allow you to evaluate yourperformance on the lesson’s learning objective. Keep your focus on the “need to know,” and don’t get caught up in the “nice to know.”PrepareAccompanying the Learning Objective is the Prepare portion of the lesson. Here, you’ll learn the terms, definitions, and concepts you need toknow for the lesson. These are often illustrated with relevant examples. Study the Prepare section carefully so that you will be ready to putthe strategies and tactics outlined there into practice.PracticeThis portion of the lesson gives you the opportunity to apply what you’ve learned in context. Practice exercises will range from the analysisand drawing of individual rules all the way up to practice on full games. In the practice sections, work at your own pace, and make your besteffort to apply the lesson’s skills to the examples at hand. When you have completed a Practice exercise, compare your work to the analysisof Kaplan LSAT experts, always found at the end of the Practice section. Don’t merely check to see that you got the correct answer. Read theexperts’ analyses thoroughly to see their thought processes and to make sure your analysis was as effective and efficient as possible.Throughout this book—especially in the Practice and Perform portions of lessons—you’ll see the analyses of Kaplan LSAT experts depicted ina format called a “worked example,” and it provides you with a chance to think along with a Logic Games superstar as he or she approachesall or part of a logic game. Expert analysis is always laid out with the expert’s thinking adjacent to the official test question. Where the LSATis demonstrating more than one step of the Logic Games Method, you’ll see the steps in bold to help you train yourself to take the mosteffective route through the game setup or question.Here are a few things to be aware of whenever you study expert analyses:

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Throughout the book, you’ll have practice exercises in which you’ll have the chance to analyze a game’s setup, rules, or question stem. Usethe spaces provided to record your own analysis. In the answers and explanations, we’ll always provide expert analysis so that you cancompare your thinking to that of an LSAT expert.The format of our expert analyses is the result of work by leading academics in learning science. Merely answering LSAT questions andchecking to see whether you got the right answer is fine, but studies indicate that studying expert thinking alongside actual test materialproduces better results and is a more effective (and faster) way to master LSAT skills. As you complete the questions, don’t just check to seeif you got them right or wrong. Use each question as an opportunity to better understand the patterns of the test, as well as your ownstrengths and weaknesses.When you complete full games (as in the Full Game Practice and Perform sections for Chapters 4-11), the worked examples containing theexpert analyses will be found in your online resources. These are in PDF files that you can review on your computer, or download and printout, as you prefer.In other cases—particularly when you are practicing rules and deductions—the exercises are laid out to provide more space for you to recordyour answers.

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For these exercises, you’ll find the expert analysis in italics.PerformIn the Perform portion of each lesson, you will put your new skills to the test. Perform exercises look and feel just like those you do in thePractice portion of each lesson, but they come with timing guidelines. Your goal here is not perfection, but valid self-assessment. Do yourbest under the timing guidelines, and then, when you’re done, compare your work to that of a Kaplan LSAT expert. Thorough review is agreat learning opportunity, not just to find out what you got right and wrong, but to see how top scorers applied the Logic Games Method

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and its associated strategies and tactics to maximum effect.For Chapters 4-11, the answers and explanations for complete game Perform quizzes are found in your online resources. Review them onyour computer, or download and print them, as you prefer, but make sure to review them thoroughly.AssessMost Perform exercises are followed by specific criteria that you can use to evaluate your performance. For Perform exercises with full LSATlogic games, the assessment criteria will be the number of logic games questions you answered correctly. For Perform exercises that lack anumerical value (such as number correct), the assessment will outline how you should compare your performance to that of an LSAT expertto get a clear perspective on your skill level. Assessments are accompanied by recommended next steps for each level of mastery.For the assessments accompanying the game-type chapters in Part II, the recommended additional practice refers to games from officiallyreleased LSAT tests. Here’s the recommended additional practice from Chapter 5:Recommended Additional Practice: Basic Strict SequencingAll of the following games will provide good practice on basic Strict Sequencing games. They are grouped by difficulty as determined from empirical studentpractice results. All PrepTests included are available on LawHub with an LSAC LSAT Prep Plus subscription.FoundationsPrepTest 70, Section 3, Game 1: Benefit ConcertPrepTest 67, Section 3, Game 2: Literary Theory LecturesPrepTest 63, Section 2, Game 2: Skydiving TeamPrepTest 62, Section 3, Game 4: Testifying WitnessesPrepTest 57, Section 1, Game 1: Student ActivitiesMid-LevelPrepTest 66, Section 3, Game 2: Shopping Center BusinessesPrepTest 64, Section 2, Game 1: Employee ParkingPrepTest 62, Section 3, Game 1: Motel Service AppointmentsPrepTest 56, Section 1, Game 1: Saxophone AuditionsPrepTest 54, Section 3, Game 3: Cake LayersAdvancedPrepTest 71, Section 2, Game 4: Paintings in a MuseumPrepTest 69, Section 2, Game 1: Manuscript AgesPrepTest 63, Section 2, Game 3: Vehicle ServicePrepTest 59, Section 1, Game 2: Museum PhotographsPrepTest 59, Section 1, Game 4: Organization’s Annual MeetingsComplete explanations and analysis for all of the more-than-70 official LSAT tests on LawHub that come with an LSAC LSAT Prep Plus subscription areavailable in Kaplan’s LSAT LinK and LinK+ tools. Visitwww.kaptest.com/lsatto learn more or to purchase LSAT LinK or LinK+.Recommended additional practice is drawn from officially released LSAT PrepTests, all of which are contained in LSAC’s LawHub, the digitalpractice tool available through LSAC’s LSAT Prep Plus platform. For the record, released PrepTests in paper-and-pencil format remainavailable for purchase from LSAC (both individually and in bundles of 10), but the content is identical to those same PrepTests on LawHub.To create a LawHub account, visitwww.lsac.org/lsat/prep. LSAC offers a free version, called LSAT Prep, that has two released tests:PrepTests 71 and 73. Explanations for both these tests are included in your online resources for this book. LSAC also offers a paidsubscription, called LSAT Prep Plus, with more than 70 released tests. These include all the tests corresponding to the additionalrecommended questions in this book. Learn more details in the part of this Getting Started section called How to Use Your Online Resources.For complete explanations and analysis of every test and question available on LawHub through LSAC’s LSAT Prep Plus subscription, you’llwant to link your LSAC account to Kaplan’s LSAT LinK or LinK+ (a premium version with hundreds of curated Mastery Practiceassignments). You’ll see more details about LSAT LinK and LinK+ in a few pages, under the heading Next-Level Self-Prep. Visitwww.kaptest.com/LSATto learn more and to purchase LSAT LinK and LinK+.ReflectAt the very end of each lesson, you’ll see a series of short thought exercises that will keep what you’ve learned fresh in your mind. Somestudents find it helpful to write out their answers to make their reflection more concrete. In any case, review the Reflect questions and keepthem in mind until you come back to the book for your next lesson.HOW TO USE YOUR ONLINE RESOURCESLogic Games Prep comes with a wealth of online resources. They provide additional instruction, practice, and feedback that will aid yourlogic games preparation and improve your LSAT score. In this section, you’ll learn how to access these resources, what they include, andhow to use them.Log In to Your Online Study PlanThe online Study Plan gives you access to even more Logic Games content and instruction, including The LSAT Channel Spotlight videos.Register for your Online Center using these simple steps:1.Go to https://kaptest.com/moreonline and find the appropriate book listed. Click the “Register” button next to it.2.Enter the password as directed and click on “Next.”3.The Online Center will appear in your shopping cart free of charge. Click “Proceed to checkout” and complete your registration.4.Once registered, click on the “personalized Student Homepage” link to access your online materials.Please have your book with you because you will need information from the book to access your account.Access to the Online Center is limited to the original owner of this book and is nontransferable. Kaplan is not responsible for providingaccess to the Online Center for customers who purchase or borrow used copies of this book. Access to the Online Center expires one yearafter you register.Take a minute to log in now. Get familiar with the contents and organization of the online Study Plan. That way, you’ll be ready to use theresources as they come up in your work with this book.What’s In the Online Study PlanHere’s what you have in your online resources:Video: Getting Started—Hear from Kaplan’s lead instructional designer about how to make the most of your prep withLogic GamesPrep.LSAT Channel episode: Screen Time: Prepping for the Digital LSAT—Get acquainted with strategies for the LSAT digital interface.Full-game Perform Quiz explanations—In Chapters 4-11, your self-evaluation will be done on complete officially released LSATgames. There is an answer key in the book that you can use to quickly score your results, but the complete worked examples with in-depth expert analysis are found in your online resources. They are PDF files, so you can review them on your computer, or download andprint them, as you prefer.LSAT Channel Spotlight videos—Each LSAT Channel Spotlight feature in Logic Games Prep is accompanied by a video lesson from

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one or more of Kaplan’s top LSAT instructors. The videos present full answers and explanations for logic games found in LSAT ChannelSpotlight features in the book. After the title of each video in this list, you’ll see the location of the corresponding Spotlight feature in thebook:Secrets of Logic Games Preparation(Getting Started)Limited Options(Chapter 3)Using Previous Work(Chapter 4)Circular Sequencing(Chapter 6)Minimum Increasers and Maximum Decreasers(Chapter 8)The Dinosaur Game(Chapter 10)The Return of Process(Chapter 11)The LSAT Logic Games Training Camp—This is a place for you to hone the skills you’re learning in this book. It is made up of sets offast-paced online drills to give you “reps” on deductions and strategies central to Logic Games mastery. There are Training Camp drillsfor each of Chapters 2-10, and they are broken up into Foundations, Mid-Level, and Advanced sets to fit your individual strengths andopportunities. Training Camp drills can be done at any time, as a warmup, a refresher, or just to keep you sharp.“Fundamentals” quizzes—For Chapters 2–4, each Assessment may recommend that you practice and review an additional quiz on thefoundations of each lesson topic.PrepTest Analysis and Explanations—The best full-length LSAT test practice experience is available through the testmaker, LSAC, onits LawHub platform, where you can take released tests in the official digital interface, with the same tools and timing you’ll see on testday. Register for LawHub atwww.lsac.org/LSAT/Prep. LSAC offers a free version of its practice tool, called LSAT Prep, with tworeleased exams, PrepTests 71 and 73. Because Kaplan recommends that every self-prep student use at least those two free practicetests, you’ll find complete explanations for every question on those tests in your online companion to this book.For self-prep students who choose to upgrade to LSAC’s paid option (called LSAT Prep Plus), with more than 70 released tests to take inthe digital interface, Kaplan offers LSAT LinK. When you link your LSAC LSAT Prep Plus subscription to LSAT LinK, your answers fromtests taken in LawHub will automatically export to LinK, where you’ll get in-depth analysis and explanations for all 70+ PrepTests. Withthe premium version, LSAT LinK+, you’ll also have access to 240 uniquely curated Mastery quizzes to target each LSAT question type atdifferent levels of difficulty (including more than 2,000 officially released LSAT questions not available on LSAC’s LawHub). Find outmore about LSAT LinK and LinK+ in the part of this Getting Started chapter called Next-Level Self-Prep or by visitingwww.kaptest.com/LSAT.Additional Free LSAT Resources—This section contains links to additional free LSAT study and practice resources created by Kaplan.Click in to see our latest free trials and assets.When to Use Your Online ResourcesYour online resources are always available. You should watch the “Getting Started” video as soon as possible, along with this section of thebook. At the end of this section, you’ll find The LSAT Channel Spotlight feature “Secrets of Logic Games Prep,” so watch its correspondingvideo as well. You’ll meet The LSAT Channel faculty that deliver the other Spotlight lessons and get valuable tips that these top scorers givetheir students at the beginning of class.We include one full LSAT Channel episode—Screen Time: Prepping for the Digital LSAT. Learningthe fundamentals about the Logic Games section does not require this episode, but you’ll want to view this episode to make sure you’reready to put your skills into practice on the interface you’ll see on test day.Other LSAT Channel Spotlight videos correspond to the Spotlight features in the book, so watch them after reading those special sections. Aspreviously mentioned, whenever a Spotlight feature contains a practice logic game, the teacher will give complete answers and explanationsin the video, along with unique instruction containing special tips and strategies for attacking the Logic Games section on test day.You will want to review the Full-Game Perform explanations thoroughly after every Perform quiz in Chapters 4 through 11. Studying theexpert analyses will not only allow you to understand the right and wrong answers, it will provide a model of efficiency and strategy for youto emulate on test day.The Logic Games Training Camp drills, on the other hand, can be used at any time. They provide quick, skills-based practice that sharpensand refines your approach to the Logic Games section. Since they are entirely online, you can even do them when you are on the go, oroutside of your routine, scheduled study time.The “Fundamentals” quizzes accompany the Perform exercises and Assessments in Chapters 2–4. If your Assessment recommends any ofthese quizzes, you should definitely take and review them accordingly. The quizzes provide excellent additional practice for the topicscovered in these chapters, so you should feel free to try them out any time you want additional practice.You’ll use the explanations for PrepTests 71 and 73 after you complete them as full LSAT practice tests.NEXT-LEVEL SELF-PREPIntegrate Your Prep With LSAC Digital Practice and Khan Academy LSATWhile this book contains expert strategies and tactics for each section and question on the LSAT along with ample practice, you may plan totake advantage of other prep resources available to the self-prepper. Two such assets, one created by and one endorsed by the testmaker,are particularly popular: 1) LSAC’s LSAT Prep Plus, a low-cost subscription to officially released practice tests, and 2) Khan Academy LSAT,a set of free written and video lessons with practice exercises. Kaplan wants to help you use all available resources as effectively andefficiently as possible. To that end, here are a few tips for using Kaplan’s LSAT Prep Plus book in conjunction with LSAC digital practice andKhan Academy instruction.The LSAT is unique among standardized tests because LSAC (the Law School Admissions Council), the organization that makes andadministers the LSAT, makes so many of their previously released tests available to the public. Most standardized testing organizationsrelease few, if any, of their official tests. The LSAC calls their released LSATs “PrepTests,” and, with an LSAC Prep Plus subscription (visitwww.lsac.org/lsat/prepto purchase), you have access to more than 70 PrepTests in LawHub, a web-based library of tests in the officialdigital testing environment. That’s a terrific library of practice materials for students prepping for the LSAT, but it is also more than 160hours of testing, and doing test after test on repeat is not the best use of your prep time. Here are a few pointers for getting the most out ofLawHub.Take a “diagnostic” test.Take one full-length test right at the start of your prep to get a baseline for your LSAT score and a first look atyour strengths and weaknesses (at least by section) on the test. Don’t invest too much in your initial score. Instead, use your results to guideand focus your reading and study toward maximum efficiency. PrepTest 71 is a good choice. It’s relatively recent, and it’s one of the releasedLSATs included in LSAC’s free version of LawHub (called LSAT Prep), so you can use it right away, even if you haven’t yet upgraded to thefull LawHub library (called LSAT Prep Plus). There is one logic game and one Reading Comp passage from PrepTest 71 included in this book,so if you use that test as your diagnostic, you’ll see an expert discussion of those questions when reading the corresponding chapters.Plan out your test usage.While a full LSAT Prep Plus subscription includes more than 70 LSATs, it can be frustrating to start a test anddiscover you’ve already seen some of its games, passages, or questions. That’s why it’s a good idea to set aside a few recent tests for yourfull-length and timed-section practice. For most preppers, one full-length test per week is a good average. If your study schedule is wideopen, you may be able to take two full-lengths in some weeks. Remember, however, that learning and improvement come from reviewingyour tests to analyze your results and performance, so budget time for that as well as the roughly two-and-a-half hours you’ll need to take afull-length LSAT.Of the tests available through LawHub, this book uses questions from PrepTests 24, 27, 28, and 29 and a few questions from PrepTest 71(which is why Kaplan recommends it as a good choice for your diagnostic). It is more difficult to avoid duplication when you’re using KhanAcademy LSAT prep because it uses at least some questions from 39 different released LSATs in its lessons, tests, and practice sets. Kaplan’sLSAT LinK, our analysis and explanations companion to LawHub, contains a chart showing test usage—including Khan Academy prep—tohelp you avoid “spoiling” PrepTests. The premium version, LinK+ also curates quizzes with more than 2,000 officially released LSAT practicequestions that do not overlap with the tests included in LawHub. There’s more to say about LSAT LinK in the next tip too.Review your tests and self-assess.While LawHub serves as an almost inexhaustible library of practice tests, it does not provide any

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explanations or analysis of your results. As you work through this book, you’ll learn to identify the different question, game, and passagetypes used by the LSAT. Keeping track of your performance by question type is essential to identifying the patterns that allow you topersonalize your prep and master the test. Doing this on your own is time-consuming, and there’s a learning curve just for quickly andaccurately identifying each game type and question type. It is also hard to self-assess accurately if you don’t have complete explanations sothat you distinguish questions you misunderstood from those on which you just “goofed” or ran out of time.Here again, Kaplan’s LSAT LinK serves as the essential tool for the self-prep student. When you link your LSAC Prep Plus/LawHub account toKaplan, your answers for all completed PrepTests export to LinK, Kaplan’s analysis-and-explanation hub. Your tests are automatically scoredand your results analyzed by section, game, and question type. You can review your performance test by test or cumulatively, and results foreach question link directly to complete explanations written by Kaplan LSAT experts. To learn more or to purchase LSAT LinK and LinK+(the premium version with 240 curated Mastery Practice quizzes), please visitwww.kaptest.com/LSAT.In 2018, LSAC partnered with Khan Academy to offer free LSAT prep tools available to everyone. Khan Academy LSAT offers brief videos,written assignments, and practice quizzes containing a number of officially released questions from the same PrepTests that LSAC hasposted on LawHub. Unfortunately, there is no direct link between Khan Academy LSAT and LSAC’s LawHub. There is a post in one of KhanAcademy’s FAQs that indicates the PrepTests used by Khan Academy (www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/lsat/lsat-lessons/about-official-lsat-prep/a/list-of-lsat-practice-tests-available-on-khan-academy), but there is no indication of which specific questions are used. KhanAcademy’s full-length tests appear in a digital interface different from the official one used on LawHub, and the sections of the test may be ina different order on Khan’s site, so use caution if you take a PrepTest on LawHub and try to transfer your answers to Khan Academy by hand.On the whole, the Khan Academy videos present a nice introduction to the various LSAT questions, and while those videos are not made incoordination with any Kaplan book or course, you should not be concerned that Khan’s instruction will be in conflict with the methods andstrategies you learn in this book. Here’s a tip for getting the most out of Khan’s videos as you work through Kaplan’sLSAT Prep Plus.Learn the Differences in Terminology.Khan Academy-To-Kaplan Nomenclature ChartFrom the testmaker (LSAC) to Khan Academy to Kaplan and other test-prep providers, everybody seems to have slightly different namingconventions for the sections and questions on the LSAT. Because Kaplan encourages you to make use of free Khan Academy prep alongsideKaplan books and resources, here’s a handy chart to show you the correspondence between our categories and terminology.Khan Academy Name(s)Kaplan Name(s)Logic Games Game TypesOrderingStrict SequencingLoose SequencingGroupingSelectionDistributionMatchingMixed SetupHybridN/AMappingN/AProcessLogic Games Question TypesGiven Info: BasicAcceptabilityPartial AcceptabilityGiven Info: CouldCould Be True or Could Be FalseGiven Info: MustMust Be True or Must Be FalseNew Info: CouldNew-“If”/Could Be TrueorNew-“If”/Could Be FalseNew Info: Must/CannotNew-“If”/Must Be TrueorNew-“If”/Must Be FalseEquivalent RuleRule ChangeRule SubstitutionMin-MaxMinimum-MaximumEarliest-LatestHow Many?Completely DetermineCompletely DetermineKhan Academy Name(s)Kaplan Name(s)Logical Reasoning Question TypesIdentify the conclusionMain PointIdentify an entailmentInferenceInfer what is most strongly supportedIdentify or infer an issue in disputePoint at IssueIdentify the techniqueMethod of ArgumentIdentify the roleRole of a StatementIdentify the principlePrincipleMatch the structureParallel ReasoningMatch principlesParallel PrincipleIdentify a flawFlawMatch flawsParallel FlawNecessary AssumptionAssumption (Necessary Assumption)Sufficient AssumptionAssumption (Sufficient Assumption)StrengthenStrengthenWeakenWeakenIdentify what is most/least helpful to know[Kaplan treats these as a subtype of Strengthen/Weaken questions]ExplainParadoxResolve a conflictKhan Academy Name(s)Kaplan Name(s)Reading Comprehension Passage Types (subject matter)

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HumanitiesHumanitiesLawLawScienceNatural ScienceSocial ScienceSocial ScienceReading Comprehension Passage StructuresN/ATheory/PerspectiveN/AEvent/PhenomenonN/ABiographyN/ADebateComparative ReadingComparative ReadingKhan Academy Name(s)Kaplan Name(s)Reading Comprehension Question TypesMain pointGlobalRecognitionDetailClarifying meaning[Kaplan treats these as a subtype of Inference Qs.]Purpose of referenceLogic FunctionOrganizing information[Khan's category includes Q-types Kaplan would put under Global,Logic Function, or Inference.]Inferences about viewsInferenceInferences about informationInferences about attitudesApplying to new contextsLogic Reasoning: PrincipleDiscovering principles and analogiesLogic Reasoning: ParallelLogic Reasoning: PrincipleAdditional evidenceLogic Reasoning: Strengthen/WeakenPrimary purposeGlobalLooking for Even More?At Kaplan, we’re thrilled you’ve chosen us to help you on your journey to law school. Beyond this book, there’s a wealth of additionalresources that we invite you to check out to aid you with your LSAT preparation and your law school application.LSAT Prep Plus—Kaplan’s book LSAT Prep Plus is a comprehensive guide to the LSAT exam with expert methods and strategies forevery section and question type. It contains hundreds of officially released LSAC questions, along with the drills, exercises, and practicesets on all of the skills you’ll need for LSAT mastery.Comprehensive LSAT Courses—Of course, we’d be remiss if we did not mention the world’s most popular LSAT preparation courses.Visit our website to learn about our comprehensive prep options. Choose from Live Online, Self-Paced, and Private Tutoring options,depending on your needs and learning style. View course options and upcoming class schedules atwww.kaptest.com/LSAT.You have a lot to do. Before you dive into your LSAT logic games prep, take a look at how Kaplan’s expert faculty suggests you organize yourstudy schedule.MODEL STUDY SCHEDULESLogic Games Prepis written so that you can, time permitting, start at page 1 and work straight through to the end. Indeed, to the LSATexperts who worked on this book, that would be ideal: take it all in, and absorb everything you can. To do that, you’ll need to start your logicgames preparation about a month and half (or more) before your official test day. Because not every student can start that early (or may nothave as much time during the week), the following condensed schedules focus on the material that will likely be the most important to yourLSAT score—the fundamental concepts and the most common game types on recent tests.The following models should be used as a starting point as you design your own study schedule. They are based on the rough assumptionthat you can dedicate around 10–12 hours per week to logic games preparation. If you have more time, you may be able to finish these plansfaster, of course. Be sure to consider other factors—school, work, other LSAT prep, and so on—as you plan your personal roadmap to LogicGames mastery. Note that the weeks count down to test day.Comprehensive (6 weeks or more)By getting an early start on your Logic Games prep, you will likely have the opportunity to complete the work in this book and additionalpractice from other sources.Week 6Logic Games PrepGetting StartedLSAT Channel Spotlight: Secrets of Logic Games PreparationChapter 1: The Logic Games MethodChapter 2: Logic Game Types and SketchesChapter 3: Logic Games Rules and Deductions (up through “How to Interpret and Sketch Rules”)Chapter 8: Formal Logic and Selection Games Unlocked (complete “Formal Logic in LSAT Logic Games”)Online Study PlanVideo:Getting StartedLSAT Channel Spotlight Video:Secrets of Logic Games Preparation[If recommended] Quiz: “Game Types and Sketches Fundamentals”[If recommended] Quiz: “Identifying and Sketching Rules Fundamentals”[Optional] LSAT Channel lesson: Fundamentals of Formal Logic (found in the LSAT Course Preview)Additional PracticeTake one timed, full-length PrepTest on LSAC’s LawHub. If you have Kaplan’s LSAT LinK, review your results and, if you have LinK+,complete your top recommendations for Logic Games Mastery Practice.Week 5Logic Games PrepChapter 3: Rules and Deductions (starting with “How to Combine Rules to Make Deductions”)

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LSAT Channel Spotlight: Limited OptionsChapter 4: Logic Games QuestionsLSAT Channel Spotlight: Using Previous WorkChapter 5: Basic Strict Sequencing Games UnlockedOnline Study PlanLSAT Channel Spotlight Video:Limited OptionsLSAT Channel Spotlight Video:Using Previous Work[If recommended] Quiz: “Deductions Fundamentals”[If recommended] Quiz: “Question Types Fundamentals”Additional PracticeSee “Recommended Additional Practice” for Chapter 5. If you have Kaplan’s LSAT LinK+, complete your top recommendations for LogicGames Mastery Practice.Week 4Logic Games PrepChapter 6: Complex Strict Sequencing Games Unlocked[Optional] LSAT Channel Spotlight: Circular SequencingChapter 7: Loose Sequencing Games UnlockedOnline Study PlanLSAT Channel episode: Screen Time: Prepping for the Digital LSAT[Optional] LSAT Channel Spotlight video:Circular SequencingAdditional PracticeSee “Recommended Additional Practice” for Chapter 6.See “Recommended Additional Practice” for Chapter 7.If you have Kaplan’s LSAT LinK+, complete your top recommendations for Logic Games Mastery Practice.Week 3Logic Games PrepChapter 8: Formal Logic and Selection Games Unlocked (If you have already done “Formal Logic in LSAT Logic Games,” complete all of thesections on Selection Games)LSAT Channel Spotlight: Minimum Increasers and Maximum DecreasersChapter 9: Matching and Distribution Games Unlocked (up through “Matching Games—Full Games with Questions”)Online Study PlanLSAT Channel Spotlight video:Minimum Increasers and Maximum DecreasersAdditional PracticeSee “Recommended Additional Practice” for Chapter 8.See “Recommended Additional Practice” for Chapter 9 (Matching Games).If you have Kaplan’s LSAT LinK+, complete your top recommendations for Logic Games Mastery Practice.Week 2Logic Games PrepChapter 9: Matching and Distribution Games Unlocked (complete the sections on Distribution Games)Chapter 10: Hybrid Games UnlockedLSAT Channel Spotlight: The Dinosaur GameOnline Study PlanLSAT Channel Spotlight video:The Dinosaur GameAdditional PracticeSee “Recommended Additional Practice” for Chapter 9 (Distribution Games).See “Recommended Additional Practice” for Chapter 10.If you have Kaplan’s LSAT LinK+, complete your top recommendations for Logic Games Mastery Practice.Week 1Logic Games PrepReview Chapters 1-4Appendix I: Logic Games—Timing and Section ManagementAppendix II: The Countdown to Test Day[Optional] Chapter 11: Rare Games Unlocked—Process and Matching[Optional] LSAT Channel Spotlight: 2016—The Return of ProcessOnline Study Plan[Optional] LSAT Channel Spotlight Video:2016—The Return of ProcessAdditional PracticeTake one timed, full-length PrepTest on LSAC’s LawHub. If you have Kaplan’s LSAT LinK, review your results and, if you have LinK+,complete your top recommendations for Logic Games Mastery Practice.Test DayTake the LSAT and crush the Logic Games section.Efficient (4 to 5 weeks)With about a month until your test day, you may be able to complete the entire book, but your time is limited. This schedule will help you bejudicious about where to focus your efforts. Work through the chapters and sections in this model schedule first. Then, if you find that youhave more time than expected, complete the remaining chapters of the book.Week 4Logic Games PrepGetting StartedLSAT Channel Spotlight: Secrets of Logic Games Preparation

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