Solution Manual For College Algebra, 11th Edition

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SOLUTIONSMANUALTIMBRITTJackson State Community CollegeCOLLEGEALGEBRAELEVENTHEDITIONMichael SullivanChicago State University

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Table of ContentsChapter RReviewR.1 Real Numbers ........................................................................................................................... 1R.2 Algebra Essentials .................................................................................................................... 5R.3 Geometry Essentials ............................................................................................................... 11R.4 Polynomials ............................................................................................................................ 16R.5 Factoring Polynomials............................................................................................................ 23R.6 Synthetic Division .................................................................................................................. 28R.7 Rational Expressions .............................................................................................................. 30R.8nth Roots; Rational Exponents ............................................................................................... 40Chapter 1Equations and Inequalities1.1 Linear Equations ..................................................................................................................... 501.2 Quadratic Equations ................................................................................................................ 681.3 Complex Numbers; Quadratic Equations in the Complex Number System............................ 871.4 Radical Equations; Equations Quadratic in Form; Factorable Equations ............................... 931.5 Solving Inequalities............................................................................................................... 1161.6 Equations and Inequalities Involving Absolute Value .......................................................... 1271.7 Problem Solving: Interest, Mixture, Uniform Motion, and Constant Rate Job Applications 137Chapter Review............................................................................................................................ 145Chapter Test ................................................................................................................................. 154Chapter Projects ........................................................................................................................... 156Chapter 2Graphs2.1 The Distance and Midpoint Formulas ................................................................................... 1572.2 Graphs of Equations in Two Variables; Intercepts; Symmetry............................................. 1702.3 Lines...................................................................................................................................... 1842.4 Circles ................................................................................................................................... 2022.5 Variation................................................................................................................................ 216Chapter Review............................................................................................................................ 222Chapter Test ................................................................................................................................. 228Cumulative Review...................................................................................................................... 230Chapter Project............................................................................................................................. 232Chapter 3Functions and Their Graphs3.1 Functions ............................................................................................................................... 2333.2 The Graph of a Function ....................................................................................................... 2513.3 Properties of Functions.......................................................................................................... 2603.4 Library of Functions; Piecewise-defined Functions.............................................................. 2773.5 Graphing Techniques: Transformations................................................................................ 2893.6 Mathematical Models: Building Functions ........................................................................... 307Chapter Review............................................................................................................................ 315Chapter Test ................................................................................................................................. 322Cumulative Review...................................................................................................................... 325Chapter Projects ........................................................................................................................... 329

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Chapter 4Linear and Quadratic Functions4.1 Properties of Linear Functions and Linear Models ............................................................... 3314.2 Building Linear Functions from Data ................................................................................... 3424.3 Quadratic Functions and Their Properties............................................................................. 3484.4 Build Quadratic Models from Verbal Descriptions and from Data ...................................... 3714.5 Inequalities Involving Quadratic Functions .......................................................................... 379Chapter Review............................................................................................................................ 399Chapter Test ................................................................................................................................. 407Cumulative Review...................................................................................................................... 409Chapter Projects ........................................................................................................................... 412Chapter 5Polynomial and Rational Functions5.1 Polynomial Functions............................................................................................................ 4155.2 Graphing Polynomial Functions; Models.............................................................................. 4255.3 Properties of Rational Functions ........................................................................................... 4415.4 The Graph of a Rational Function......................................................................................... 4515.5 Polynomial and Rational Inequalities.................................................................................... 5075.6 The Real Zeros of a Polynomial Function............................................................................. 5285.7 Complex Zeros; Fundamental Theorem of Algebra.............................................................. 559Chapter Review............................................................................................................................ 568Chapter Test ................................................................................................................................. 583Cumulative Review...................................................................................................................... 587Chapter Projects ........................................................................................................................... 592Chapter 6Exponential and Logarithmic Functions6.1 Composite Functions............................................................................................................. 5946.2 One-to-One Functions; Inverse Functions ............................................................................ 6126.3 Exponential Functions........................................................................................................... 6346.4 Logarithmic Functions .......................................................................................................... 6556.5 Properties of Logarithms....................................................................................................... 6776.6 Logarithmic and Exponential Equations ............................................................................... 6866.7 Financial Models................................................................................................................... 7066.8 Exponential Growth and Decay Models; Newton’s Law; Logistic Growthand Decay Models .............................................................................................................. 7146.9 Building Exponential, Logarithmic, and Logistic Models from Data ................................... 723Chapter Review............................................................................................................................ 729Chapter Test ................................................................................................................................. 741Cumulative Review...................................................................................................................... 745Chapter Projects ........................................................................................................................... 748

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Chapter 7Analytic Geometry7.2 The Parabola.......................................................................................................................... 7517.3 The Ellipse ............................................................................................................................ 7657.4 The Hyperbola....................................................................................................................... 782Chapter Review............................................................................................................................ 802Chapter Test ................................................................................................................................. 806Cumulative Review...................................................................................................................... 809Chapter Projects ........................................................................................................................... 811Chapter 8Systems of Equations and Inequalities8.1 Systems of Linear Equations: Substitution and Elimination ................................................. 8148.2 Systems of Linear Equations: Matrices................................................................................. 8378.3 Systems of Linear Equations: Determinants ......................................................................... 8628.4 Matrix Algebra ...................................................................................................................... 8768.5 Partial Fraction Decomposition............................................................................................. 8958.6 Systems of Nonlinear Equations ........................................................................................... 9148.7 Systems of Inequalities.......................................................................................................... 9428.8 Linear Programming ............................................................................................................. 957Chapter Review............................................................................................................................ 970Chapter Test ................................................................................................................................. 985Cumulative Review...................................................................................................................... 994Chapter Projects ........................................................................................................................... 997Chapter 9Sequences; Induction; the Binomial Theorem9.1 Sequences............................................................................................................................ 10009.2 Arithmetic Sequences.......................................................................................................... 10109.3 Geometric Sequences; Geometric Series ............................................................................ 10199.4 Mathematical Induction....................................................................................................... 10309.5 The Binomial Theorem ....................................................................................................... 1038Chapter Review.......................................................................................................................... 1045Chapter Test ............................................................................................................................... 1049Cumulative Review.................................................................................................................... 1052Chapter Projects ......................................................................................................................... 1055Chapter 10Counting and Probability10.1 Counting............................................................................................................................ 105710.2 Permutations and Combinations........................................................................................ 106010.3 Probability ......................................................................................................................... 1065Chapter Review.......................................................................................................................... 1072Chapter Test ............................................................................................................................... 1073Cumulative Review.................................................................................................................... 1075Chapter Projects ......................................................................................................................... 1078AppendixGraphing UtilitiesSection 1 The Viewing Rectangle............................................................................................. 1081Section 2 Using a Graphing Utility to Graph Equations ........................................................... 1082Section 3 Using a Graphing Utility to Locate Intercepts and Check for Symmetry ................. 1087Section 5 Square Screens .......................................................................................................... 1089

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1Chapter RReviewSection R.11.rational2.45 634303313.Distributive4.c5.a6.b7.True8.False; The Zero-Product Property states that if aproduct equals 0, then at least one of the factorsmust equal 0.9.False; 6 is the Greatest Common Factor of 12and 18. The Least Common Multiple is thesmallest value that both numbers will divideevenly. The LCM for 12 and 18 is 36.10.True11.1, 3, 4,5, 92, 4, 6, 7,81, 2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7,8, 9AB12.1, 3, 4,5, 91, 3, 4, 61, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9AC13. 1, 3, 4,5, 92, 4, 6, 7,84AB14.1, 3, 4,5, 91, 3, 4, 61, 3, 4AC15.()1, 3, 4,5, 92, 4, 6, 7,81,3, 4, 61, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7,8,91,3, 4, 61, 3, 4, 6ABC16. ()1, 3, 4,5, 92, 4, 6, 7,81,3, 4, 641, 3, 4, 61,3, 4, 6ABC17.0, 2, 6, 7, 8A18.0, 2, 5, 7, 8, 9C19. 1, 3, 4, 5, 92, 4, 6, 7, 840, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9AB20.2, 4, 6, 7, 81, 3, 4, 61, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 80, 5, 9BC21.0, 2, 6, 7, 80, 1, 3, 5, 90, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9AB22.0, 1, 3, 5, 90, 2, 5, 7, 8, 90, 5, 9BC23.a.2,5b.6, 2,5c.16,,1.333...1.3, 2,52 d. e.16,,1.333...1.3,, 2,52 24.a.1b.0,1c.5 , 2.060606...2.06,1.25, 0,13d.5

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Chapter R:Review2e.5 , 2.060606...2.06,1.25, 0,1,5325.a.1b.0,1c.1 1 10,1,,,2 3 4d.Nonee.1 1 10,1,,,2 3 426.a.Noneb.1c.1.3,1.2,1.1,1d.Nonee.1.3,1.2,1.1,127.a.Noneb.Nonec.Noned.12,,21,2e.12,,21,228.a.Noneb.Nonec.110.32d.2,2e.12,2,10.3229.a.18.953b.18.95230.a.25.861b.25.86131.a.28.653b.28.65332.a.99.052b.99.05233.a.0.063b.0.06234.a.0.054b.0.05335.a.9.999b.9.99836.a.1.001b.1.00037.a.0.429b.0.42838.a.0.556b.0.55539.a.34.733b.34.73340.a.16.200b.16.20041.32542.5 21043.23 4x44.322y45.312y46.24 6x47.26x48.26y49.62x50.26x51.94252752.64323553.64 36126 54.84 288055.185 21810856.10010 2100208057.112113433358.14132222

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Section R.1:Real Numbers359. 63 52326152161711 60.2834232836328183210320323   61.4956 73414423564231431762.14 3221122211211 63. 1062 283210645210252107210144 64.25 46342206118618612     65.1153212266.1154933367.4812653268.2421532 69.3 103 2 535215 3 7255327770.535 359 103 3 5 2333516271.6102 3 5 22325275 5 3 952553445972.21 1003 7 4 25325325 37 4252532873.321582345202074.418311326675.7449328187565676.8151613515192181877.51103131812363678.2864046159454579.5825643913241512012040  80.329451421424281.329812015606082.631215335147070 83.5185275 9 35918119 2 111127 3915222 1184.5215355 7 5572127 3 2235 572563 2

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Chapter R:Review485.1417417211372121212186.24122 22222235635 3 235 3 2315252102102123515151515154 34 345 35 3587.33233636232 481484842812312315888888.513513 513 513 621623 223 22515142222289.64624xx90.4 2184xx91.244xxxx92.243412xxxx93.31312 3222242422 222 32312222xxxxx94.21213 23333363633 23 231233 22xxxxx95.222442868xxxxxxx96.22515565xxxxxxx97.2292727186321163xxxxxxx98.2231531553145xxxxxxx99.228228161016xxxxxxx100.224224868xxxxxxx101.2223 (5 )36031536015604 xxkxxxxkxxxkxk102.2222222222222()(3 )41233412(3)3412(3)3412(2 )3412242xkxkxxxkxkxkxxxxkkkxxxxkkkxxxxkkxxkk103.23232355xxxxxxx104.23 421214since multiplication comes before addition in theorder of operations for real numbers.2345 420since operations inside parentheses come beforemultiplication in the order of operations for realnumbers.105.2 3 42 1224  2 32 46848106.4371257, but434 53 220626132.6251010105107.Subtraction is not commutative; forexample:231132 .

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Section R.2:Algebra Essentials5108.Subtraction is not associative; forexample:52124521.109.Division is not commutative; for example:2332.110.Division is not associative; forexample:1222623, but122212112.111.The Symmetric Property implies that if 2 =x,thenx= 2.112.From theprinciple of substitution,if5x, then  222552525530xxxxxxx113.There are no real numbers that are both rationaland irrational, since an irrational number, bydefinition, is a number that cannot be expressedas the ratio of two integers; that is, not a rationalnumberEvery real number is either a rational number oran irrational number, since the decimal form of areal number either involves an infinitelyrepeating pattern of digits or an infinite, non-repeating string of digits.114.The sum of an irrational number and a rationalnumber must be irrational. Otherwise, theirrational number would then be the difference oftwo rational numbers, and therefore would haveto be rational.115.Answers will vary.116.Since 1 day = 24 hours, we compute12997541.541624.Now we only need to consider the decimal partof the answer in terms of a 24 hour day. That is,0.54162413hours. So it must be 13 hourslater than 12 noon, which makes the time 1 AMCST.117.Answers will vary.Section R.21.variable2.origin3.strict4.base; exponent (or power)5.31.2345678106.d7.a8.b9.True10.False; the absolute value of a real number isnonnegative.00which is not a positivenumber.11.False; a number in scientific notation isexpressed as the product of a number, x,110xor101x , and a power of 10.12.True13.523414.13322315.10216.5617.12 18.532 19.3.14 20.21.41

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Chapter R:Review621.10.5222.10.33323.20.67324.10.25425.0x26.0z27.2x28.5y 29.1x30.2x31.Graph on the number line:2x 32.Graph on the number line:4x33.Graph on the number line:1x 34.Graph on the number line:7x35.(,)(0,1)1011d C Dd36.(,)(0,3)3033d C Ad37.(,)(1,3)3122d D Ed38.(,)(0,3)3033d C Ed39.(,)( 3,3)3( 3)66d A Ed 40.(,)(1,1)1122d D Bd41.222 3264xy  42.33(2)3633xy  43.525(2)(3)230228xy  44.22(2)(2)(3)462xxy   45.2(2)4242355xxy46.23112355xyxy 47.3(2)2(3)66320022355xyy48.2(2)343237333xy 49.3(2)11xy 50.3(2)55xy 51.32325xy 52.32321xy 53.33133xx54.22122yy 55.454(3)5(2)12102222xy56.323(3)2(2)9455xy57.454(3)5(2)1210121022xy 

Solution Manual For College Algebra, 11th Edition - Page 12 preview image

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Section R.2:Algebra Essentials758.323 3223 32 29413xy59.21xxPart (c) must be excluded. The value0xmustbe excluded from the domain because it causesdivision by 0.60.21xxPart (c) must be excluded. The value0xmustbe excluded from the domain because it causesdivision by 0.61.2(3)(3)9xxxxxPart (a) ,3x, must be excluded because itcauses the denominator to be 0.62.29xxNone of the given values are excluded. Thedomain is all real numbers.63.221xxNone of the given values are excluded. Thedomain is all real numbers.64.332(1)(1)1xxxxxParts (b) and (d) must be excluded. The values1, and1xx must be excluded from thedomain because they cause division by 0.65.223510510(1)(1)xxxxx xxxxParts (b), (c), and (d) must be excluded. Thevalues0,1, and1xxx must be excludedfrom the domain because they cause division by0.66.22329191(1)xxxxxxx xPart (c) must be excluded. The value0xmustbe excluded from the domain because it causesdivision by 0.67.45x5xmust be exluded because it makes thedenominator equal 0.Domain5x x68.64x4x must be excluded sine it makes thedenominator equal 0.Domain4x x 69.4xx4x must be excluded sine it makes thedenominator equal 0.Domain4x x 70.26xx6xmust be excluded sine it makes thedenominator equal 0.Domain6x x71.555(32)(3232)(0)0 C999CF72.555(32)(21232)(180)100 C999CF73.555(32)(7732)(45)25 C999CF74.55(32)(432)995 ( 36)920 CCF 75.2( 9)( 9)( 9)81 76.224(4)16  77.22114164

Solution Manual For College Algebra, 11th Edition - Page 13 preview image

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Chapter R:Review878.22114164  79.64642211333393 80.2323144444 81.131334446482.31313222883.2100101084.2366685.2444 86.2333 87.2242489981xxx88.122211444xxx 89.42222121422xx yxyx yy90.333113333yxyxyxyx91.2523541134xyyxyxyxx y92.22 11 231231xyxyxyx yx y 93.253533372723 1573222122(4)()16( 3)27162716271627   yx zy x zx y zx y zxyzx yzx zy94.21211344241 11621624()428481212xy zxyzx yx yxyzxyzx y z  95.22233266132223233923224yxxxxyyxyy96.3332222223326363255666562161255yxxyxyxxyy97.12 22241xxyy 98.13133322yxyx99.222221415xy 100. 2222214 14x y101.2222124xy 102. 2222111xy 103.222xx104.22xx105.222221415xy 106.2221213xyxy 107.1122yx

Solution Manual For College Algebra, 11th Edition - Page 14 preview image

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Section R.2:Algebra Essentials9108.211xy109.If2,x323223542 23 25 24161210410xxxIf1,x323223542 13 15 1423540xxx110.If1,x32324324 13 11243128xxxIf2,x32324324 23 22232122244xxx111.4444(666)666381222(222)112.333333331(0.1) (20)2 101012101028113.6(8.2)304, 006.671114.5(3.7)693.440115.3(6.1)0.004116.5(2.2)0.019117.6(2.8)481.890118.6(2.8)481.890 119.4(8.11)0.000120.4(8.11)0.000 121.2454.24.54210122.132.143.21410123.20.0131.310124.30.004214.2110125.432,1553.215510126.421, 2102.12110127.40.0004234.2310128.20.05145.1410129.46.151061,500130.39.7109700131.31.214100.001214132.49.88100.000988133.81.110110, 000, 000134.24.11210411.2135.28.1100.081136.16.453100.6453137.Alw138.2Plw139.Cd140.12Abh141.234Ax142.3Px143.343Vr

Solution Manual For College Algebra, 11th Edition - Page 15 preview image

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Chapter R:Review10144.24Sr145.3Vx146.26Sx147.a.If1000,x4000240002(1000)40002000$6000CxThe cost of producing 1000 watches is$6000.b.If2000,x4000240002(2000)40004000$8000CxThe cost of producing 2000 watches is$8000.148.210801202560325$98His balance at the end of the month was $98.149.We want the difference betweenxand 4 to be atleast 6 units. Since we don’t care whether thevalue forxis larger or smaller than 4, we takethe absolute value of the difference. We want theinequality to be non-strict since we are dealingwith an ‘at least’ situation. Thus, we have46x150.We want the difference betweenxand 2 to bemore than 5 units. Since we don’t care whetherthe value forxis larger or smaller than 2, wetake the absolute value of the difference. Wewant the inequality to be strict since we aredealing with a ‘more than’ situation. Thus, wehave25x151.a.110108110225x108 volts is acceptable.b.110104110665x104 volts isnotacceptable.152.a.220214220668x214 volts is acceptable.b.22020922011118x209 volts isnotacceptable.153.a.32.99930.0010.0010.01xA radius of 2.999 centimeters is acceptable.b.32.8930.110.110.01xA radius of 2.89 centimeters isnotacceptable.154.a.98.69798.61.61.61.5x97˚F is unhealthy.b.98.610098.61.41.41.5x100˚F isnotunhealthy.155.The distance from Earth to the Moon is about8410400, 000, 000meters.156.The height of Mt. Everest is about388488.84810meters.157.The wavelength of visible light is about75100.0000005meters.158.The diameter of an atom is about101100.0000000001meters.159.The diameter is about20.04034.0310inches.160.The tiniest motor is less than50.00004410millimeters tall.

Solution Manual For College Algebra, 11th Edition - Page 16 preview image

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Section R.3:Geometry Essentials11161. 511221.86106102.4103.6510186, 000 60 60 24 3651012586.5696105.86569610There are about125.910miles in one light-year.162.72593, 000, 0009.310510186, 0001.8610500 seconds8 min. 20 sec.It takes about 8 minutes 20 seconds for a beamof light to reach Earth from the Sun.163.10.333333 ...0.333313is larger by approximately0.0003333 ...164.230.666666 ...0.66623is larger by approximately 0.000666 ...165.61319205.24106.51034.06103.40610166.446101051.62101.62100.36104.54.510103.610167.No. For any positive numbera, the value2aissmaller and therefore closer to 0.168.We are given that2110x. This implies that110x. Since103.162xand3.142x, the number could be 3.15 or 3.16(which are between 1 and 10 as required). Thenumber could also be 3.14 since numbers such as3.146 which lie betweenand10wouldequal 3.14 when truncated to two decimal places.169.Answers will vary.170.Answers will vary.5 < 8 is a true statement because 5 is further tothe left than 8 on a real number line.Section R.31.right; hypotenuse2.12Abh3.2Cr4.similar5.c6.b7.True.8.True.222683664100109.False; the surface area of a sphere of radiusrisgiven by24Vr.10.True. The lengths of the corresponding sides areequal.11.True. Two corresponding angles are equal.12.False. The sides are not proportional.13.222225,12,5122514416913abcabc14.222226,8,68366410010abcabc15.2222210,24,102410057667626abcabc16.222224,3,43169255abcabc

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