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Class Notes for Human Sexuality, 4th Edition

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    1 C hap te r 1 Studying Human Sexuality CONTENTS CHAPTER - AT - A - GLANCE LECTURE GUIDE Historical Perspectives Experiencing Human Sexuality Human Sexuality Methods for Studying Human Sexuality Ethics and Sexuality Research Your Sexual Philosophy FULL CHAPTER RESOURCES Learning Objectives Chapter Overview Key Terms Lecture Launchers and Discussion Topics Classroom Activities and Assignments

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    2 CHAPTER - AT - A - GLA N CE D E T A I L ED O UTLI N E I NST R UCT O R R ES O UR C ES P ROFESS O R N OTES Histor i cal P e rs p ectives p . 3 A Human Sexuality Time Li n e (inside front cover) Lecture Launchers and Discussion Topics: 1 Classroom Activities and Assignm e nts: 1 Experiencing H uman Sexuality p. 3 Enric h ing Self - Knowledge Sex Is Emotional Your Morals and Val u es Focus on Your Feelings Making Respon s ible Choices Sex Is More th a n Inte r c ourse Enhan c ing Sex u al Ful f ill m ent Learning Objective: 1.1 Review the key issues people should be aware of to enjoy a healthy experience of human sexuality. Lecture Launchers and Discussion Topics: 2 – 3 Classroom Activities and Assignm e nts: 2 Human S e xuality p. 7 Sex Education or Abstinence Only? It’s More Complex t h an You Think People Know a Lot A bo u t Sex — A nd Much of It Is Wrong Self - Disc o very : Sexual Knowle d ge Self - Test Understanding and R e spect for Sex u al Diversity Sexuality and C ulture: S ex Education in China What Is Sexually “Normal”? Self - Disc o very: Am I S exually N ormal? Sexual H e alth Parenting In Touch with Your Sexual Health: Physical, Emotional, and Psychological Issues Eval u a ting S e x u al R e sea r ch : How Could This Happen? The Ability to Evaluate Sexual Research The Value of Studying Human Sexuality Learning Objective: 1.2 Explain the knowledge people need for a full understanding of human sexuality. Lecture Launchers and Discussion Topics: 4 – 10 Classroom Activities and Assignm e nts: 3 – 5

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    3 Me thods for Stud y ing Human S e xuality p. 16 Surve y s Types of Surveys Survey Participant Sample Self - Selection of Participants Evaluating S ex u al Research: “ W hat Men and Women Re a lly Want in Be d ! T a ke Our Reader’s Survey” Observational Studies Masters and Johnson’s Observational Research Evaluating S ex u al Research: Evaluating a (Flawed) Study: “Lost Your Sexual Gusto? It’s in Your Feet!” Correl a tion a l Re search Experi m en t al R e search All Methods Require Reliability and Validity Learning Objective: 1.3 List and explain the methods used by researchers in the study of human sexuality. Lecture Launchers and Discussion Topics: 11 Classroom Activities and Assignm e nts: 6 – 8 Ethics and Sexuality Research p. 28 Protection from Harm Informed Consent Freedom to Withdraw Debriefing Confident i a l i t y Learning Objectives: 1.4 Display a clear awareness of the ethical rules that researchers must follow for all research into human sexuality. Lecture Launchers and Discussion Topics: 12 – 13 Classroom Activities and Assignm e nts: 9 Your S e xual P h ilosophy p . 30 Studying Human Sexuality < Return to Chapter - at - a - Glance < Return to Contents

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    4 LECTURE GUIDE HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES p. 4 A Human Sexuality Timeline (inside front cover) > Lecture Launchers and Discussion Topics 1. Have You Considered: A Talk About Human Sexuality to High School Juniors and Seniors > Classroom Activities and Assignments 1. Timeline EXPERIENCING HUMAN SEXUALITY 1.1 Enriching Self - Knowledge Sex Is Emotional Your Morals and Values Focus on Your Feelings Making Responsible Choices Sex Is More than Intercourse Enhancing Sexual Fulfillment > Learning Objective Review the key issues people should be aware of to enjoy a healthy experience of human sexuality. > Lecture Launchers and Discussion Topics 2. Have You Considered: High School Students Ask About Unusual Sex Situations on TV 3. Have You Considered: Having Sexual Fantasies That Seem Unconventional and Strange > Classroom Activities and Assignments 2. Sexual Health HUMAN SEXUALITY 1.2 Sex Education or Abstinence Only? It's More Complex than You Think People Know a Lot About Sex — And Much of It Is Wrong Self - Discovery: Sexual Knowledge Self - Test Understanding and Respect for Sexual Diversity Sexuality and Culture: Sex Education in China What Is Sexually “Normal”? Self - Discovery: Am I Sexually Normal? Sexual Health Parenting In Touch with Your Sexual Health: Physical, Emotional, and Psychological Issues Evaluating Sexual Research : How Could This Happen? The Ability to Evaluate Sexual Research The Value of Studying Human Sexuality > Learning Objective Explain the knowledge people need for a full understanding of human sexuality. > Lecture Launchers and Discussion Topics 4. Have You Considered: Do Moral Values and Principles Taught to You Still Apply? 5. Have You Considered: Talking About Sex with Your Children 6. Discussion on Changing Sexual Attitudes

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    5 7. Discussion on Evolutionary Psychology Perspective 8. Introductory Activity and Creating a Good Learning Space 9. Value Discussion and Exploration 10. Value Clarification Exercise > Classroom Activities and Assignments 3. Sex Test 4. Human Sexuality and the Internet 5. Debate: Should Sexual Content on the Internet be Restricted? METHODS FOR STUDYING HUMAN SEXUALITY 1.3 Surveys Types of Surveys Survey Participant Sample Self - Selection of Participants Evaluating Sexual Research: “What Men and Women Really Want in Bed! Take Our Reader’s Survey” Observational Studies Masters and Johnson’s Observational Research Evaluating Sexual Research: Evaluating a (Flawed) Study: “Lost Your Sexual Gusto? It’s in Your Feet!” Correlational Research Experimental Research All Methods Require Reliability and Validity > Learning Objective List and explain the methods used by researchers in the study of human sexuality. > Lecture Launchers and Discussion Topics 11. Have You Considered: Designing a Study of Sexual Intimacy in Dating Couples > Classroom Activities and Assignments 6. Design Study 7. Is Research Valid/Reliable? 8. Find a Study ETHICS AND SEXUALITY RESEARCH 1.4 Protection from Harm Informed Consent Freedom to Withdraw Debriefing Confidentiality > Learning Objective Display a clear awareness of the ethical rules that researchers must follow for all research into human sexuality. > Lecture Launchers and Discussion Topics 12. Have You Considered: Ensuring Ethical Considerations in a Study 13. An Historical Perspective on Research Ethics > Classroom Activities and Assignments 9. Research Ethics

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    6 YOUR SEXUAL PHILOSOPHY Studying Human Sexuality < Return to Lecture Guide < Return to Contents

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    7 FULL CHAPTER RESOURCES Learning Objectives Upon co m pletion of the chapter, students should be able to: Experiencing Human Sexuality 1.1 . Review the key issues people should be aware of to enjoy a healthy experience of human sexuality. Human Sexuality 1.2. Explain the knowledge people need for a full understanding of human sexuality. Methods for Studying Human Sexuality 1.3. List and explain the methods used by researchers in the study of human sexuality. Ethics and Sexuality Research 1.4. Display a clear awareness of the ethical rules that researchers must follow for all research into human sexuality. < Return to Full Chapter Resources < Return to Contents

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    8 CHAPTER OVERVIEW The Historical Perspectives: Human Sexuality Time Line found on the inside covers of the book journeys back over 150 years to illustrate how significant historical events have shaped our practices and views of human sexuality today. The chapter section Experiencing Human Sexuality describes the study of human sexuality as a basic foundation for living a healthy sexual life. Knowledge of individuals’ unique sexual selves is vital for an overall understanding of ourselves and of others in intimate relationships. Individuals’ experiences of the emotions, morals, responsibilities and practices unique to sexuality are discussed. The chapter section Human Sexuality explores sex education, common myths of sexuality, sexual diversity , and how to prevent contracting or spreading sexually transmitted infections. It includes a self - test of sexual knowledge. The Methods for Studying Human Sexuality section describes how sex researchers use scientific methods similar to those used in medicine and psychology , including surveys, observational research, correlational research and experimental research, which yield accurate and reliable information. Kinsey’s survey research and Masters and Johnson’s research are covered. The Ethics and Sexual Research section describes the ethical practices to protect human subjects from harm during research, including the issues of informed consent, volunteerism, debriefing and confidentiality. The section Your Sexual Philosophy encourages students to explore and to develop their personal philosophy of sexuality. Critical thinking questions are included and are designed to help students build a foundation of sexual knowledge based on research. Personal sexual philosophies will enable them to better know their sexual responses and those of others, critically evaluate information about sex and incorporate new information, and finally, to allow them to make more responsible, satisfying and healthy choices in their relationships. The Since You Asked section of student questions appears in full at the beginning of each chapter and also separately at each relevant topic throughout the chapter. < Return to Chapter Overview < Return to Contents

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    9 KEY TERMS abstinence - only approach The decision to avoid teaching adolescent students about sexual activity, STIs, contraception, etc., based on the theory that such education is unnecessary if students are taught to abstain from sexual behavior . c el ibate Choosing to forego all sexual activities. control group The participants in an experiment who receive no treatment and are allowed to behave as usual, for the purposes of comparison to an experimental group; also known as the comparison group . correlational research A scientific research methodology that determines the extent to which two variables are systematically related to each other (how they “co - relate”). debriefing Explanations of the purpose and potential contributions of the findings given to participants at the end of a study. dependent variable The result of an experiment, evaluated to determine if the independent variable actually caused a change in the experimental group of participants. experimental group The participants in an experiment who are subjected to a variable of research interest. experimental method A type of scientific research in which variables of interest are changed while all other unrelated variables are held constant to determine cause - and - effect relationships among variables. gender identity The sex (male or female) that a person identifies himself or herself to be. human sexuality An area of research and study focusing on all aspects of humans as sexual beings. independent variable The variable of interest in an experiment that is allowed to change between or among groups while all other variables are held constant. informed consent Agreeing to participate in an experiment only after having been provided with complete and accurate information about what to expect in the study. morals A person’s individual, unique attitudes about what constitutes right and wrong. observational research Gathering behavioral data through direct or indirect observation using scientific techniques. personal sexual philosophy A person’s unique foundation of knowledge, attitudes, and actions relating to what the person wants and who he or she is as a sexual being. random sampling A method of selecting a sample of participants in such a way that each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.

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    10 reliability The extent to which a measurement is consistent over repeated administrations. respondents Individuals selected to respond to a researcher’s request for information. sample A subset of the target population selected by researchers to represent the entire population under study. self - selection bias The effect of allowing members of a target population under study to volunteer to participate in the study; it may compromise the randomness and validity of the research. sexual health A general concept referring to physical, emotional, psychological, and interpersonal well - being with regard to a person’s sexuality . sexual orientation Term specifying the sex of those to whom a person is primarily romantically, emotionally, and sexually attracted. survey The scientific collection of data from a group of individuals about their beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors. target population The entire group of people to which a researcher is attempting to apply a study sample’s findings. treatment The action performed on or by a group in an experiment. validity The extent to which a measurement accurately reflects the concept being measured. < Return to Key Terms < Return to Contents

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    11 LECTURE LAUNCHERS AND DISCUSSION TOPICS 1. Have You Considered: A Talk About Human Sexuality to High School Juniors and Seniors 2. Have You Considered: High School Students Ask About Unusual Sex Situations on TV 3. Have You Considered: Having Sexual Fantasies That Seem Unconventional and Strange 4. Have You Considered: Do Moral Values and Principles Taught to You Still Apply? 5. Have You Considered: Talking About Sex with Your Children 6. Discussion on Changing Sexual Attitudes 7. Discussion on Evolutionary Psychology Perspective 8. Introductory Activity and Creating a Good Learning Space 9. Value Discussion and Exploration 10. Value Clarification Exercise 11. Have You Considered: Designing a Study of Sexual Intimacy in Dating Couples 12. Have You Considered: Ensuring Ethical Considerations in a Study 13. An Historical Perspective on Research Ethics 1. Have You Considered: Imagine that you have been selected to give a talk about sexuality to high school juniors and seniors who probably think they already know it all. One of your goals is to convince them that they do not know it all and that it is important for them to learn as much as they can. What a r guments would you use to convince them of the importance of being educated about human sexuality? Students could explore how they have learned a lot of ideas about sex from the media, the Internet and their friends , and how these ideas usually are not accurate. They could discuss the many aspects of sexuality including biological, psychological and social characteristics of sexuality. < Return to Lecture Launchers and Discussion Topics 2. Have You Considered: In the question - and - answer portion of your talk to the high school students, several students ask you about unusual sexual situations and practices they have learned about on TV talk shows. What would you want to tell them about drawing conclusions about sex based on this kind of information? Students could discuss how the sources of their information about sex may be based on myths and erroneous information. < Return to Lecture Launchers and Discussion Topics 3. Have You Considered: A friend confides in you that she has been having some sexual fantasies recently that she thinks are unconventional and strange. She is feeling a lot of anxiety about these fantasies and is beginning to feel d e pressed about having them. She believes that these fantasies indicate that she is sexually abnormal. What would you say to try to help her? Students could discuss what is considered “normal” sexually and some common sexual fantasies that many people have. < Return to Lecture Launchers and Discussion Topics

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    12 4. Have You Considered: Do you feel that the moral values and principles taught to you by your parents and others as you were growing up still apply to your life now as an independent adult? If so, are you co m fortable living by them? If not, how have you and your values changed? Students reflect on how their values apply to the sexual part of their lives. < Return to Lecture Launchers and Discussion Topics 5. Have You Considered: Do you think you will be comfortable talking about sex with your children in the future? Why or why not? Students could role play how they would talk about sexual issues , including having babies, genitalia, inappropriate touching, and birth control. < Return to Lecture Launchers and Discussion Topics 6. Discussion on Changing Sexual Attitudes Discuss how various aspects of sexuality have changed over time. What important changes have occurred in your students’ lifetimes (i.e., the past 20 years) and what are some of the factors that might have led to these changes? Some questions to consider: ▪ Over the past 20 years, is there more or less sex portrayed on television? In the movies? Give examples. ▪ How have society’s views on sexuality changed with regard to age? Gender? Orientation? ▪ What events have led to changes in the way issues related to sexuality are viewed? Why did these events cause these changes? < Return to Lecture Launchers and Discussion Topics 7. Discussion of the Evolutionary Psychology Perspective Map out differences in male and female reproductive strategy for both long - term mating and for short - term mating encounters. As an example, discuss the study by Townshend and Levy* on the effects of status and attractiveness on female willingness to engage in romantic relationships. ▪ Discuss sociobiological explanations for the following phenomena: o The differences in acceptance of promiscuity in males and in females o The acceptability of relationships in which the man is much older than the woman, but not the other way around o Women wearing makeup ▪ How have society’s views on sexuality changed with regard to age? Gender? Orientation? ▪ What events have led to changes in the way issues related to sexuality are viewed? Why did these events cause these changes? * Townsend, J. M., Levy, G. D. (1990). Effects of potential partners’ physical attractiveness and socioeconomic status on sexuality and partner selection. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 19, 149 – 164. < Return to Lecture Launchers and Discussion Topics

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    13 8. Introductory Activity and Creating a Good Learning Space This is a good activity to do on the first day of class. Ask students to get a piece of paper and pen/pencil and make a list of sexual topics that they think might be covered during the entire course. Each student makes their own list. ▪ Ask them to shout out their topics. You can list each topic on the board or have students write them up. Note the degree to which students use the word “sex” or “sexual” (e.g., do they say “dysfunctions” or “sexual dysfunctions” ? ). Note any topics that students might be forgetting — or topics/words that they might be avoiding. ▪ There might be laughter at the beginning of this activity, although this will taper off, and by the end there shouldn’t be much laughter. ▪ After you have a good list, ask students to openly indicate what emotions might arise when discussing these topics. List these emotions on the board in a new color. Consider having students tie each emotion to a topic (e.g., “A person might experience anxiety when discussing which topic?”). ▪ As a group, analyze the emotions listed. Some common themes are that most of the feelings are “negative.” Discuss the meaning behind this. Also, note that two people can have different emotions to the same topic. ▪ Explain to the class how this can make teaching a class in human sexuality challenging. Ask them to make a list of rules that everyone in class can follow to create a good learning space (e.g., “W hat can be done to make the class a safe place where people can make comments and ask questions openly ?” ). < Return to Lecture Launchers and Discussion Topics 9. Value Discussion and Exploration This is another activity that is good for the first day of class. Reflect with your students on their own values, attitudes, and experiences related to sex. Discussion questions: ▪ What are the top three things in your life that have most influenced your viewpoints (some things to consider: religion, friends, family, age, hometown, TV and movies, etc.)? ▪ How would you describe your values and attitudes toward sexuality? ▪ Do you have any prejudices regarding sexuality? Why do you feel you have these? ▪ What do you think of how the media portrays sexuality? What do you think of the messages religious or government institutions send about sexuality? ▪ Would you be able to stay friends with someone who held very different values related to sexuality? Why or why not? < Return to Lecture Launchers and Discussion Topics 10. Value Clarification Exercise This is another activity that is good for the first day of class. Psychologists use value clarification exercises to assist people with goal setting and decision - making. Specifically, the more clear students are about what values and roles are core to their identity, the more they can evaluate the decisions they make about sexuality. Present the following list (or have students generate their own) to identify their top five values and roles:

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    14 ▪ Being a good student ▪ Loyalty ▪ Respectability ▪ Discipline ▪ Being a good parent, friend, daughter, son, etc. ▪ Responsibility ▪ Social consciousness ▪ Being a good Christian, Jew, Muslim, etc. ▪ Success ▪ Independence ▪ Vitality ▪ Integrity ▪ Being a good community member/responsible citizen ▪ Health conscious ▪ Spirituality Once students have identified their top five values and/or roles, use the following discussion questions: ▪ How do these values and roles impact the sexual decisions you make? ▪ What values are compatible with your sexual decisions? What values conflict? How do you understand the discrepancies? ▪ What changes would you have to make to align your sexual decisions with your core values? ▪ How may your beliefs have to adjust to be consistent with your behavior? Alternatively, the questions can be posed generally: What are examples of ways that these values and roles can impact sexual decisions? What are some examples of common conflicts that people may experience between their apparent values and sexual attitudes and behavior? How do you understand the discrepancies? What do people experience when their behavior is in conflict with their purported values? What makes it difficult to align values to behavior? < Return to Lecture Launchers and Discussion Topics 11. Have You Considered: Suppose you want to study the progression of sexual intimacy in dating couples. You are interested in knowing how long, on average, the two people have known each other or have been dating when they first engage in various intimate behaviors (kissing, erotic touching, nudity, genital touching, oral sex, intercourse). What kind of study would you propose? How would you obtain subjects? Exactly how would you go about gathering your data? What methodological problems do you think you might encounter? Students could design a survey study by choosing a type of survey, wording survey questions, deciding on a sample population and choosing where to give their questionnaires. Students could talk about potential problems in their research including sampling procedures, memory recall, respondent bias, volunteerism bias and low response rate. < Return to Lecture Launchers and Discussion Topics

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    15 12. Have You Considered: In your study of dating and sexual behaviors in question 6, how would you ensure that your study does not violate ethical considerations? Students should include protection from harm, informed consent, freedom to withdraw, debriefing and confidentiality in the ethical safeguards in their sexuality study. < Return to Lecture Launchers and Discussion Topics 13. An Historical Perspective on Research Ethics When discussing the ethical treatment of human research participants in several “classic” studies — which would be ethically questionable by today’s standards — use clear examples. For instance, many instructors discuss Stanley Milgram’s studies of obedience, Philip Zimbardo’s prison simulation, or Stanley Schachter’s studies of autonomic arousal and attribution. Students often have mixed reactions to these examples. Some find them relatively innocuous, whereas others have strong reactions to the treatments participants were asked to endure. The fact that such studies took place within relatively recent times compounds the issue. Some students see these 1960s experiments as “long ago and of a different time,” whereas others see them as examples of the “unethical treatment psychologists still foist on people to this day.” To provide a context for these types of issues, your students might be interested in hearing about older examples of ethically questionable research. For example, Carney Landis, a noted psychologist of the 1920s and 1930s, conducted a series of studies dealing with the experience and expression of emotion. In one set of studies , he was particularly interested in capturing facial expressions of emotion, and used strong elicitors of emotion to produce them. For example, one situation involved dropping a lit firecracker underneath an unsuspecting subject’s chair, while another involved showing participants pornographic (for their day) photographs and photos of horribly disfiguring skin diseases. Although these manipulations may seem harsh, Landis used stronger ones as well. For example, participants were instructed in one situation to plunge their hand into a pail of shallow water that, unbeknownst to them, contained three live frogs. (This manipulation was presumably used to evoke disgust.) To quote Landis, however...“After the subject had reacted to the frogs the experimenter said, ‘Yes, but you have not felt everything yet, feel around again.’ While the subject was doing so he received a strong...shock from an induction coil, attached to the pail by concealed wiring.” And for the coup de grâce : “The table in front of the subject was covered with a cloth. A flat tray and a butcher’s knife were placed on the cloth. A live white rat was given to the subject. He (sic) was instructed, ‘Hold this rat with your left hand and then cut off its head with the knife.’...In five cases where the subjects could not be persuaded to follow directions, the experimenter cut off the head while the subject looked on.” Mention is also made of a final experiment involving shock , which “...varied from a just noticeable intensity to a strength which caused the subject to jump from the chair,” as well as other studies. Landis’ participants, in passing, included graduate students, a stenographer, a school teacher, and a thirteen - year - old boy with high blood pressure.

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    16 Although Landis has been singled out for examination here, there certainly are no lack of experiments from the 1920s through 1960s work mentioned above that can provide examples of ethically dubious research. Discussing such studies, especially in light of current APA standards, should produce spirited discussion among your students. Landis, C. (1924). Studies of emotional reactions II: General behavior and facial expression. Comparative Psychology , 4 , 447 – 509. < Return to Lecture Launchers and Discussion Topics < Return to Contents

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    17 CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES AND ASSIGNMENTS 1. Timeline 2. Sexual Health 3. Sex Test 4. Human Sexuality and the Internet 5. Debate: Should Sexual Content on the Internet B e Restricted? 6. Design Study 7. Is Research Valid/Reliable? 8. Find a Study 9. Research Ethics 1. Timeline: Divide the class into small groups and ask them to explore the timeline located in the front cover of the text. Ask students to note and discuss themes that exist throughout the timeline. < Return to Classroom Activities and Assignments 2. Sexual Health: Divide the class into small groups and ask them to define sexual health and what it means to be a sexually healthy adult. Compare responses to the “Life behaviors of a sexually healthy adult” developed by SIECUS in Guidelines for Comprehensive Sexuality Education ( http://www.siecus.org/_data/global/images/guidelines.pdf , pp. 16 – 17 ), and the definition of sexual health provided by the World Health Organization ( http://www.who.int/reproductive - health/gender/sexual_health.html ). < Return to Classroom Activities and Assignments 3. Sex Test: Have the students take the “sex test America failed” (found in The Kinsey Institute New Report of Sex by J.M. Reinisch). Compare their scores to the national sample. Ask students to turn in their results anonymously. If this assignment is required for an online or web - enhanced course, have students respond and discuss on the discussion board anonymously. < Return to Classroom Activities and Assignments 4. Human Sexuality and the Internet : This activity can be done in pairs, small groups, or outside the classroom. Students should take an inventory of what they have learned about sexuality from the Internet. Have they used the Internet as a source of information about any sexual topics? Have they used the Internet to explore sexuality? How many hours does each student spend on the Internet for sex - related purposes? What messages about sexuality does the Internet give them? How does it shape their knowledge or values? What are the advantages and disadvantages of using the Internet for sexual information or experiences? What are some guidelines that should be used to evaluate the content of information found on the internet about sexuality? What are some of the particular hazards that the internet poses related to sexuality? How has the internet impacted sexual norms and values? Rules of confidentiality should be reviewed for this activity. < Return to Classroom Activities and Assignments

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    18 5. Debate: Should Sexual Content on the Internet Be Restricted? You can hold a series of debates throughout the semester. An excellent resource is Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Controversial Issues in Human Sexuality . William J. Taverner, Ed. (McGraw - Hill. 2006). < Return to Classroom Activities and Assignments 6. Design Study: Have students select an area of sexuality for research and then design the study. Discuss which method they would use for collecting the data and why. Discuss how they could avoid the problems that many sex researchers face. < Return to Classroom Activities and Assignments 7. Is Research Valid /Reliable? Discuss whether or not sexuality research is as valid and reliable as other areas of research. < Return to Classroom Activities and Assignments 8. Find a Study: Find a recent sex survey in a magazine or newspaper. Evaluate the quality of the study, using in your critique the information presented in the chapter. < Return to Classroom Activities and Assignments 9. Research Ethics: In a computer lab or web equipped classroom, visit http://www.tuskegee.edu/Global/Story.asp?s=1207598 and other websites that discuss the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. Ask students to list the ethical obligations researchers have to their subjects and ethical violations that occurred when this study was conducted. < Return to Classroom Activities and Assignments < Return to Contents

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    19 Chapter 2 Sexual Anatomy CONTENTS CHAPTER - AT - A - GLANCE LECTURE GUIDE Historical Perspectives The Male Sexual Body The Female Sexual Body Menstruation Your Sexual Philosophy FULL CHAPTER RESOURCES Learning Objectives Chapter Overview Key Terms Lecture Launchers and Discussion Topics Classroom Activities and Assignments

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    20 CHAPTER - AT - A - GLA N CE D E T A I L ED O UTLI N E I NST R UCT O R R ES O UR C ES P ROFESS O R N OTES Histor i cal P e rs p ectives p . 35 Anato m y in the Dark Ages Lecture Launchers and Discussion Topics: 1 Classroom Activities and Assignm e nts: 1 – 2 The Male Sex u al Body p. 36 Male Exter n al St ructures The Penis Penis Size Sexuality and C ulture: M a le Circumcision in the United States The Scrotum and Testicles Evaluating Sexual Research: Self - Reports of Penis Size The Anus Male I n ter n al Structures The Vas Deferens Self - Disc o very: Testicular S elf - Examination Semen The Seminal Vesicles The Prostate Gland The Urethral Bulb The Cowper’s Glands Learning Objective: 2.1 Describe the characteristics, functions, and health issues relating to male external and internal sexual anatomy. Lecture Launchers and Discussion Topics: 2 – 5 Classroom Activities and Assignm e nts: 3 – 5 The Fem a le Se xu al Body p . 47 F e m a le E x ter n al S tructu r es The Mons Veneris The Labia Majora The Labia Minora The Clitoral Glans and Hood The Clitoris Female Genital Mutilation Sexuality and C ulture: Female Genital Mutila t ion The Urethral Opening The Hymen and the Vaginal Opening In Touch with Your S exual Health: Urinary Tract Infections: Causes, Treat m ent, and Preve n tion The Anus The Breasts Female Internal Structures The Vagina Self - Disc o very: Breast S e lf - Aw a reness The Cervix The Uterus The Fallopian Tubes The Ovaries Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe the characteristics, functions, and health issues relating to female external and internal sexual anatomy. Lecture Launchers and Discussion Topics: 6 – 10 Classroom Activities and Assignm e nts: 6 – 7

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    21 Menstruation p. 64 The Menstr u al C y c le Menstrual Problems Premenstrual S yndrome In Touch With Your Sexual Health: Menstrual Problems: When To Call The Doctor In Touch with Your Sexual Health: PMS or PMDD? Learning Objective: 2.3 Explain the onset of menstruation (menarche) and review the problems associated with the menstrual cycle including PMS and PMDD. Lecture Launchers and Discussion Topics : 11 – 14 Classroom Activities and Assignm e nts: 8 – 15 Your S e xual P h ilosophy p. 68 Sexual Anatomy < Return to Chapter - at - a - Glance < Return to Contents

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    22 LECTURE GUIDE HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES Anatomy in the Dark Ages > Lecture Launchers and Discussion Topics 1. Discussion on Drawing Your Knowledge via Pictionary > Classroom Activities and Assignments 1. Make a List of General Beliefs About Human Sexual Anatomy 2. Pros and Cons About Knowing the Biology of Sex THE MALE SEXUAL BODY 2.1 Male External Structures The Penis Penis Size Sexuality and Culture: Male Circumcision in the United States The Scrotum and Testicles Evaluating Sexual Research: Self - Reports of Penis Size The Anus Male Internal Structures The Vas Deferens Self - Discovery: Testicular Self - Examination Semen The Seminal Vesicles The Prostate Gland The Urethral Bulb The Cowper’s Glands > Learning Objective Describe the characteristics, functions, and health issues relating to male external and internal sexual anatomy. > Lecture Launchers and Discussion Topics 2. Have You Considered: Worries and Embarrassment Over Penis Size 3. Have You Considered: Deciding on Circumcision 4. Discussion on Male Hormone Replacement Therapy 5. Discussion Questions on Disorders of the Male Urogenital System > Classroom Activities and Assignments 3. Sexual Health Care 4. What Is Life Like for the Penis? 5. Write a Letter About Men’s Sexual Health THE FEMALE SEXUAL BODY 2.2 Female External Structures The Mons Veneris The Labia Majora The Labia Minora The Clitoral Glans and Hood The Clitoris Female Genital Mutilation Sexuality and Culture: Female Genital Mutilation

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    23 The Urethral Opening The Hymen and the Vaginal Opening In Touch with Your Sexual Health: Urinary Tract Infections: Causes, Treatment, and Prevention The Anus The Breasts Female Internal Structures The Vagina Self - Discovery: Breast Health Awareness The Cervix The Uterus The Fallopian Tubes The Ovaries > Learning Objective Describe the characteristics, functions, and health issues relating to female external and internal sexual anatomy. > Lecture Launchers and Discussion Topics 6. Discussion on : The Practice of Female Genital Mutilation (FMG) 7. Have You Considered: Reducing the Incidence of FMG 8. Discussion on Self - Investigation 9. Discussion: Write a Letter to the Female Genitals 10. Breast Discussion Topics > Classroom Activities and Assignments 6. Draw and Label Male and Female Anatomy 7. Debate: Should Female Genital Mutilation Be Banned? MENSTRUATION 2.3 The Menstrual Cycle Menstrual Problems Premenstrual Syndrome In Touch With Your Sexual Health: Menstrual Problems: When To Call The Doctor In Touch W ith Your Sexual Health: PMS or PMDD? > Learning Objective Explain the onset of menstruation (menarche) and review the problems associated with the menstrual cycle including PMS and PMDD. > Lecture Launchers and Discussion Topics 11. Have You Considered: Discussing Help with PMS 12. Have You Considered: Discussing Opinions on Breast Enlargement 13. Discussion on Societal Views on Menstruation 14. Discussion on Student’s Expectations and Experiences > Classroom Activities and Assignments 8. Myths and Facts about Menstruation 9. Gynecologist/Urologist Speaker 10. Cancer Survivor Speaker 11. The Vagina Monologues 12. Views of Menstruation 13. Menstruation 14. Debate: Should Post - Menopausal Women Receive Estrogen? 15. Debate: Is PMS a Physiological or Psychological Condition, or May PMS be a Culturally - bound Syndrome?

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    24 YOUR SEXUAL PHILOSOPHY Sexual Anatomy < Return to Lecture Guide < Return to Contents

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    25 FULL CHAPTER RESOURCES Learning Objectives Upon completion of the chapter, students should be able to: The Male Sexual Body 2.1. Describe the characteristics, functions, and health issues relating to male external and internal sexual anatomy. The Female Sexual Body 2.2. Describe the characteristics, functions, and health issues relating to female external and internal sexual anatomy. Menstruation 2.3. Explain the onset of menstruation (menarche) and review the problems associated with the menstrual cycle including PMS and PMDD. < Return to Full Chapter Resources < Return to Contents

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    26 CHAPTER OVERVIEW Historically, sexual anatomy was considered an embarrassing subject of discussion resulting in many erroneous ideas. The male sexual body exterior structures are covered, including the penis, scrotum, testicles and anus; and interior structures including the prostate gland, seminal vesicles, urethral bulb, bladder, Cowper’s glands, ejaculatory ducts and urethra. These are discussed as they relate to sperm production and function of ejaculation. The chapter details the history, practice and current controversy of male circumcision. Also covered are the topics of penis size and testicular self - examination. The female sexual body exterior structures are covered, including components of the vulva, the mons veneris, the labia majora, the labia minora, the urethral opening, the clitoral glans (or tip) of the clitoris, the vaginal opening, the hymen, the perineum, and the anus. Also covered are female breasts and nipples as they are sensitive to sexual stimulation. The practice of female genital mutilation and World Health Organization education regarding its health concerns are covered. Next in the chapter are the causes, treatment and prevention of urinary tract infections and breast health awareness. The female sexual body interior structures are covered, including the vagina, G - spot, cervix, uterus, endometrium, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. Health issues are covered on pap smears to detect cervical cancer, endometriosis, ectopic pregnancy, and ovarian cysts. Menstruation, its function, and potential problems of Dysmenorrhea , Abnormal Uterine Bleeding, Toxic Shock Syndrome, Premenstrual Syndrome, and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder are detailed. Next covered is the process of menopause. The importance of being educated about male and female sexual anatomy and function is discussed in relation to developing a healthy sexual philosophy. < Return to Chapter Overview < Return to Contents

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    27 KEY TERMS anus The end of the digestive tract and outlet for bodily excretions. It is also a sexually stimulating area for some people. areola The darker skin encircling each nipple; actually part of the skin of the nipple. cervix The lower end of the uterus that connects it to the vagina. circumcision Removal of the foreskin of the penis. clitoral glans The outer end or tip of the clitoris. clitoral hood Tissue that partially or fully covers the clitoral glans. clitoris An erectile sexual structure consisting of the clitoral glans and two shafts (crura) that is primarily responsible for triggering orgasm in most women. corona The raised edge at the base of the penile glans. corpora cavernosa Two parallel chambers that run the length of the penis and become engorged with blood during erection. corpus spongiosum A middle chamber running the length of the penis into the glans that engorges with blood during erection. Cowper’s glands Small glands near the penile urethra that produce a slippery mucus - like substance during male sexual arousal (also referred to as the bulbourethral glands). ectopic pregnancy A pregnancy complication in which a fertilized ovum attaches and begins to grow outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tube ; called a tubal pregnancy. ejaculation Expulsion of semen through the penis. ejaculatory duct A continuation of the tube that carries semen into the urethra for ejaculation. endometriosis A potentially painful and dangerous medical condition caused by endometrial cells migrating outside the uterus into the abdominal cavity. endometrium The tissue lining the uterus that thickens in anticipation of pregnancy and is sloughed off and expelled during menstruation. epididymis A crescent - shaped structure on each testicle where sperm cells are stored as they mature. episiotomy Surgical cutting of the perineum during childbirth, a procedure that was believed to allow for easier passage of the infant and less tearing of the vaginal opening. Found to be ineffective, it is rarely performed today. erection Rigidity of the penis or clitoris resulting from an inflow of blood during sexual arousal.

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    28 estrogen The female hormone responsible for regulating ovulation, endometrial development, and the development of female sexual characteristics. fallopian tubes The tubes that carry the female ovum from the ovaries to the uterus and in which fertilization occurs. female genital mutilation (FGM) Removing part or most of the vulva to prevent sexual stimulation or pleasure; a cultural practice in many countries, especially in Africa. follicle - stimulating hormone (FSH) A hormone that stimulates the development of a mature ovum. foreskin A layer of skin covering the glans of the penis. frenulum The band of tissue connecting the underside of the penile glans with the shaft of the penis. gonads Organs that produce cells (ova or sperm) for reproduction. G - spot In some women, an area of tissue on the anterior (upper) wall of the vagina that, when stimulated, may cause a woman to experience enhanced sexual arousal and more intense orgasms. human papilloma virus (HPV) A sexually transmitted virus that is typically characterized by warts in the genital or anal area and that may lead to some forms of cancer; also known as genital warts. hymen A ring of tissue surrounding, partially covering, or fully screening the vaginal opening. hymenorraphy A medical procedure, common in some cultures, to reconstruct or repair the hymen to allow a woman to appear “virginal”; also known as hymenoplasty. labia major a Folds of skin and fatty tissue that extend from the mons down both sides of the vulva, past the vaginal opening to the perineum. labia minora The smooth, hairless, inner lips of the vulva. luteinizing hormone (LH) A hormone that acts in concert with follicle - stimulating hormone to stimulate ovulation and the release of estrogen and progesterone. mammogram Low - dose X - ray of the breast to detect tumors. menarche The beginning of menstruation during puberty; a girl’s first period. menopause The normal, gradual change in a woman’s life, typically occur r ing between age s 45 and 55, when the ovaries produce a decreasing amount of female hormones and the menstrual period cease s . menstrual cycle The hormone - controlled reproductive cycle in the human female.

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    29 mons veneris A slightly raised layer of fatty tissue on the top of a woman’s pubic bone, usually covered with hair in the adult. orgasm The peak of sexual arousal. os The very narrow passageway through the cervix , from the vagina to the uterus. ovarian cyst A fluid - filled sac on the surface of the ovary, formed during normal ovulation; sometimes cysts may swell and cause pain and abnormal bleeding. ovaries The female organs that produce sex hormones such as estrogen and progesterone and where follicle cells are stored and mature into ova. ovulation The release of an egg, or ovum, from the ovary into the fallopian tube. ovum The female reproductive cell stored in the ovaries; usually, one ovum is released approximately every 28 days between menarche and menopause. The plural is ova. Pap test A routine test in which cells from the cervix are examined microscopically to examine them for potentially cancerous abnormalities. penile glans The end or tip of the penis, its most sexually sensitive part. penile shaft The area of the penis between the glans and the abdomen. penis The primary male anatomical sexual structure. perimenopausal changes The physical and psychological changes many women experience during the decade leading up to menopause. perineum The area of skin in the female between the vulva and the anus and in the male between the scrotum and the anus. pre - ejaculate The fluid produced by the Cowper’s glands. premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) A significantly more intense and debilitating form of PMS. premenstrual syndrome (PMS) A set of symptoms that may occur during the days just before and during the start of a woman’s period, including irritability, depressed mood, and feelings of physical bloating or cramping. progesterone The female hormone responsible for the release of ova and implantation of the fertilized egg in the uterine wall. prostate gland A gland in males surrounding the urethra that produces the largest proportion of seminal fluid (ejaculate). prostatitis An uncomfortable or painful inflammation of the prostate gland, usually caused by bacteria.

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    30 scrotum The sac of thin skin and muscle containing the testicles in the male. semen The fluid produced primarily by the prostate gland and seminal vesicles that is ejaculated with the sperm cells by men during orgasm. seminal vesicle A structure that produces fluid that becomes part of the semen that is expelled during ejaculation. seminiferous tubules Tightly wound microscopic tubes that comprise the testicles in the male, where sperm cells are generated. spermatic cords Supporting each testicle and encasing the vas deferens, nerves, and muscles. testicles Oval structures approximately 1.0 to 1.5 inches in length made up of microscopic tubes in which sperm cells and testosterone are produced in the male. testosterone The male sex hormone responsible for male sexual characteristics and the production of sperm cells. urethra The tube extending from the bladder to the urethral opening, which carries urine out of the body in both women and men, and semen as well in men. urethral bulb The prostatic section of the urethra that expands with collected semen just prior to expulsion, creating the sensation of ejaculatory inevitability. urethral opening An opening in the midsection of the vulva, between the clitoral glans and the vagina, that allows urine to pass from the body. urinary tract infection (UTI) An infection of the urethra, bladder, or other urinary structure, usually caused by bacteria. uterus A very flexible organ with strong muscle fibers where a fertilized egg implants and an embryo and fetus grow , from a few days after fertilization until birth. vagina A flexible, muscular canal or tube, normally about 3 to 4 inches in length, that extends into the woman’s body at an angle toward the small of the back, from the vulva to the cervix. vas deferens A tube extending from the testicle (epididymis) into the male’s body for the transport of mature sperm cells during ejaculation. vulva The female external genitals. < Return to Key Terms < Return to Contents

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