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Test Bank for Polit & Beck Canadian Essentials of Nursing Research, 4th Edition (Chapters 1-18)

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    TEST BANK

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    Table of Contents Chapter 1. Introduction to Nursing Research in an Evi dence - Based Practice Environment Chapter 2. Fundamentals of Evidence - Based Nursing Practice Chapter 3. Key Concepts and Steps in Quantitative and Qualitative Research Chapter 4. Reading and Critiquing Research Articles Chapter 5. Ethics in Research Chapter 6. Research Problems, Research Questions, and Hypotheses Chapter 7. Finding and Reviewing Research Evidence in the Literature Chapter 8. Theoretical and Con ceptual Frameworks Chapter 9. Quantitative Research Design Chapter 10. Sampling and Data Collection in Quantitative Studies Chapter 11. Qualitative Designs and Approaches Chapter 12. Sampling and Data Collection in Qualitative Studies Chapter 13. Mixed Me thods and Other Special Types of Research Chapter 14. Statistical Analysis of Quantitative Data Chapter 15. Interpretation and Clinical Significance in Quantitative Research Chapter 16. Analysis of Qualitative Data Chapter 17. Trustworthiness and Integrity in Qualitative Research Chapter 18. Systematic Reviews: Meta - Analysis and Metasynthesis

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    Polit & Beck Canadian Essentials of Nursing Research 4th Edition Woo Test Bank 2024/2025 ANSWERS Chapter 1. Introduction to Nursing Research in an Evidence - Based Practice Environment 1. What is the highest priority for the importance of research in the nursing profession? A) Research findings provide evidence for informing nurses' decisions and actions. B) Conduct research to better understand the context of nursing practice. C) Document the role that nurses serve in society. D) Establish nursing research areas of study. 2. Which group would be best served by clinical nursing research? A) Nursing administrators B) Practicing nurses C) Nurses' clients D) Healthcare policymakers 3. In the United States, in what area does research play an important role in nursing? A) Chronic illness B) Credentialing and status C) Nurses' personalities D) Nurses' education

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    4. What is the role of a consumer of nursing research? A) Read research reports for relevant findings. B) Participate in generating evidence by doing research. C) Participate in journal club in a practice setting. D) Solve clinical problems and make clinical decisions. 5. What was the concern of most nursing studies in the early 1900s? A) Client satisfaction B) Clinical problems C) Health promotion D) Nursing education 6. Which topic most closely conforms to the priorities that have been suggested for future nursing research? A) Attitudes of nursing students toward smoking. B) Promotion of excellence in nursing science. C) Nursing staff morale and turnover. D) Number of doctorate prepared nurses in various clinical specialties. 7. What is the process of deductive reasoning? A) Verifying assumptions that are part of our heritage. B) Developing specific predictions from general principles. C) Empirically testing observations that are made known through our senses. D) Forming generalizations from specific observations. 8. What is the ontological assumption of those espousing a naturalistic paradigm? A) Objective reality and those natural phenomena are regular and orderly.

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    B) Phenomena are not haphazard and result from prior causes. C) Reality is multiply constructed and multiply interpreted by humans. D) Reality is not fixed, but is rather a construction of human minds. 9. What is the epistemological assumption of those espousing a positivist paradigm? A) The researcher is objective and independent of those being studied. B) Phenomena are not haphazard, but rather have antecedent causes. C) The researcher instructs those being studied to be objective in providing information. D) Reality is not fixed, but is rather a construction of human minds. 10. Which is not a characteristic of traditional scientific method? A) Control over external factors. B) Systematic measurement and observation of natural phenomena. C) Deductive reasoning. D) Emphasis on a holistic view of a phenomenon, studied in a rich context. 11. What is empiricism? A) Making generalizations from specific observations. B) Deducing specific predictions from generalizations. C) Gathering evidence rooted in reality. D) Verifying the assumptions on which the study was based. 12. What is a hallmark of the scientific method? A) Infallible B) Holistic C) Systematic D) Flexible

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    13. Which of the following limits the power of the scientific method to answer questions about human life? A) The necessity of departing from traditional beliefs. B) The difficulty of accurately measuring complex human traits. C) The inability to control potential biases. D) The shortage of theories about human behavior. 14. What is a criticism of the scientific method? A) Deductive B) Deterministic C) Empirical D) Reductionist 15. What is involved in naturalistic qualitative research? A) Involves deductive processes B) Takes places in the field. C) Focuses on the idiosyncrasies of those being studied. D) Attempts to control the research context to better understand the phenomenon being studied. 16. A researcher wants to investigate the effect of patients' body position on blood pressure. This is an example of what type of study? A) Qualitative B) Constructivist inquiry C) Quantitative D) Researcher preference of either quantitative or qualitative 17. A researcher is studying the effect of massage on the alleviation of pain in cancer patients. This is an example of what type of study? A) Descriptive

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    B) Exploratory C) Applied D) Basic 18. A researcher wants to study the process by which people make decisions about seeking treatment for infertility. What is the researcher's paradigmatic orientation? A) Positivism B) Determinism C) Empiricism D) Naturalism

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    19. What is the continuum of participation on research? A) Academics to practitioners B) Consumers to producers C) Journalists to educators D) Mentors to novice nurses 20. What is the goal of explanatory research? A) Understand the underpinnings of natural phenomena and to explain systematic relationships among them. B) Begins with the phenomenon of interest, but rather than simply observing and describing it, exploratory research investigates the full nature of the phenomenon, the manner in which it is manifested, and the other factors to which it is related. C) Study phenomena about which little is known. D) Make predictions and to control phenomena based on research findings. Answer Key 1. A 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. D 6. B 7. B 8. C 9. A 10. D 11. C 12. C 13. B 14. D 15. B 16. B 17. C

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    18. D 19. B 20. A Chapter 2. Fundamentals of Evidence - Based Nursing Practice 1. Research utilization begins with empirical findings for consideration in practice settings. Where does evidence - based practice begin? A) Integration of clinical judgments with research evidence B) A desire to abandon decisions based on custom and authority opinion C) A search for the best possible information for addressing a clinical problem D) A critique of existing practices 2. What is indirect research utilization? A) Involves changes in nurses' thinking B) Involves the direct use of findings in giving patient care C) Involves use of findings to persuade others D) Involves changes in patient thinking toward nurses 3. The student nurse is constructing a presentation on evidence - based practice. Which statement should be included in the introduction about evidence - based practice? A) Conscientious integration of current best evidence with clinical expertise B) Utilization of nursing preferences in making clinical decisions C) Theoretical problem - solving strategy D) Emphasis on decision making based on custom 4. Evidence - based practice typically involves weighing various types of evidence in an effort to determine best evidence. Most evidence hierarchies put which systematic review at the pinnacle? A) Randomized controlled trials

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    B) Program evaluations C) Clinical practice guidelines D) Meta - analyses of multiple clinical trials 5. The terms research utilization and evidence - based practice are sometimes used synonymously. The two concepts are distinct. Where does research utilization start? A) Uses findings of a study that are related to the previous research of the topic. B) Emphasis is on translating historical knowledge into real - world applications. C) Use of a set of studies in a practical application unrelated to the original research. D) Critique of existing practical applications unrelated to historical research. 6. Which activity will limit researchers to improve the prospect for evidence - based practice and research utilization? A) Conducting high - quality, methodologically sound studies B) Disseminating results to a broad audience C) Providing periodical available supports during regular work hours D) Discussing the clinical implications of their study results in their research reports 7. Which is not a major barrier to evidence - based practice in nursing? A) The fact that many clinical nurses are not academically prepared to critically evaluate nursing research studies B) The support of organizations that reward nurses who engage in research utilization efforts C) The low number of replication of nursing studies that show promise for utilization D) The absence of quality, clinically relevant nursing studies

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    8. evidence - based practice. What are care bundles? A) Rigorous integrations of research evidence from multiple studies of a topic B) Evidence - based clinical practice guidelines that combine a synthesis and appraisal of research evidence C) Set of interventions to treat or prevent a cluster of symptoms D) Meta - analysis or quantitative methods that integrate findings statistically 9. There are several resources to support evidence - based practice. What is metasynthesis? A) Qualitative, narrative approach to integration of a study B) Quantitative method that integrate findings statistically C) Synthesis and appraisal of research evidence with specific recommendations D) Set of interventions to treat or prevent a cluster of symptoms 10. Several models of evidence - based practice have been developed. Which model focuses on the use of research from the perspective of individual clinicians? A) ARCC Model B) Clinical Nurse Scholar Model C) Iowa Model D) Stetler Model 11. A RN is putting research into practice. What step of the process is involved with the validity of study findings? A) Framing an answerable clinical question B) Searching for relevant research evidence C) Appraising the evidence D) Integrating evidence with other factors

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    12. A student nurse is trying to find out what a mixed methods synthesis is. What is a mixed methods synthesis? A) Integrate and synthesize both quantitative and qualitative evidence. B) Integrate quantitative evidence. C) Integrate and synthesize qualitative evidence. D) Integrate qualitative evidence. 13. Systematic reviews are published in professional journals. Which database contains thousands of systematic reviews related to healthcare interventions? A) Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews B) Campbell Collaboration C) Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality D) Joanna Briggs Institute 14. Clinical practice guidelines distill a large body of evidence into a manageable form. Which describes clinical practice guidelines? A) Give general recommendations for evidence - based decision making. B) Address all of the issues relevant to a clinical decision. C) Guide clinical practice when there are a number of published articles. D) Completed by researchers. 15. Which reference is a comprehensive reference resource that provides an array of clinical information for nurses, including evidence - based care sheets, best practice guidelines, and point - of - care drug information? A) Clinical Evidence B) Evidence - based Nursing C) Worldviews on Evidence Based Nursing D) Nursing Reference Center 16. Evidence - based practice writers distinguish between background and foreground questions. What is a background question?

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    A) Based on current best research evidence. B) Specific, detailed questions about a clinical problem. C) General, foundational questions about a clinical issue. D) Questions located on websites. 17. Fineout - Overholt and Johnston recommended a 5 - component scheme for formulating evidence - based practice questions, using the acronym PICOT as a guide. Which two components are not always needed in this model? A) P and C B) I and O C) C and T D) P and O 18. A nurse is putting research into practice. What is the first step that should be considered in the process? A) Framing an answerable clinical question B) Searching for relevant research evidence C) Appraising and synthesizing the evidence D) Integrating evidence with other factors 19. Which occurs with individual evidence - based practice efforts? A) Tend to be less formalized approach than organizational evidence - based practice. B) Must take organizational factors into account. C) Must take interpersonal factors into account. D) Triggers for an individual project include pressing clinical problems. 20. Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation (AGREE) Instrument consists of ratings of quality on what type of scale? A) 4 - point scale B) 5 - point scale C) 6 - point scale

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    D) 7 - point scale Answer Key 1. C 2. A 3. A 4. A 5. C 6. C 7. B 8. C 9. A 10. D 11. C 12. A 13. A 14. B 15. D 16. C 17. C 18. A 19. A 20. A Chapter 3. Key Concepts and Steps in Quantitative and Qualitative Research 1. A pediatric RN undertakes a study of the effect of low birth weight on infants' cognitive development. A developmental psychologist collaborates on the study. A second RN helps by recruiting families into the study. A graduate student is asked to give statistical advice in analyzing the data. This is an example of what type of study? A) Multisite research B) Qualitative research C) Funded research D) Collaborative research 2. Which term is not used by qualitative researchers to refer to people who participate in a study?

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    A) Informants B) Key informants C) Study participants D) Subjects 3. Which term is used by both qualitative and quantitative researchers to refer to the abstractions under study? A) Concept B) Construct C) Phenomenon D) Variable 4. The RN is reading a research article. The article talks about constructs. Which would most likely be called a construct? A) Gender B) Body temperature C) Uncertainty in illness D) Blood type 5. What is the dependent variable(s) in the research question “Is the quality of life of nursing home residents affected by their functional ability or hearing acuity”? A) Quality of life B) Functional ability C) Hearing acuity D) Nursing home residents 6. What is the independent variable in the hypothesis “Baccalaureate degree prepared nurses will practice more rehabilitative nursing measures on a client in an ICU than will associate degree prepared nurses”? A) Associate degree prepared nurses B) Baccalaureate degree prepared nurses C) Rehabilitative nursing measures D) Type of educational background of nurses

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    7. What is the purpose of an operational definition in a quantitative study? A) State the theoretical meaning of the concept. B) Specify how a variable will be defined and measured. C) State the expected relationship between the variables under investigation. D) Designate the conceptual underpinnings of the variable. 8. Which is a datum from a quantitative study of the labor and delivery experiences of women over age 40? A) Length of time in labor B) 107 ounces C) Infant's Apgar score D) Vaginal versus cesarean delivery 9. Which is a datum from a qualitative research study on the labor and delivery experiences of women over age 40? A) 14.6 hours in labor B) 60 - minute interviews 1 day after delivery C) “It was a lot more painful than I ever imagined.” D) 15 women with a vaginal delivery 10. Which pair of variables is there most likely to be a relationship that could be described as causal? A) Degree of physical activity and heart rate B) Stress and coping style C) Age and health beliefs D) Parity and postpartum depression 11. What is the basic distinction in quantitative studies? A) Quantitative and qualitative research B) Empirical and nonempirical research C) Experimental and nonexperimental research D) Population - based and sample - based research

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    12. Which is widely used by quantitative nurse researchers? A) Ask research questions B) Phenomenological C) Ethnographic D) Grounded theory 13. What is the research tradition that focuses on understanding phenomena within a cultural context? A) Experimental B) Phenomenological C) Ethnographic D) Grounded theory 14. What is the research tradition that is an approach to understanding people's life experiences? A) Experimental B) Phenomenological C) Ethnographic D) Grounded theory 15. What is the statement of the researcher's expectations or predictions about relationships among study variables? A) Hypothesis B) Framework C) Research question D) Conceptual definition 16. What is the overall plan for answering the research question? A) Sampling plan B) Proposal C) Problem statement D) Research design

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    17. What is the aggregate of those to whom a researcher wishes to generalize study results called? A) Gate keepers B) Population C) Sample D) Consumers 18. What is the research design in qualitative studies called? A) Experimental B) Narrative C) Interpretive D) Emergent 19. Where are registered nurses most likely to find research results? A) Conference presentations B) Journal articles C) Books D) Dissertations 20. What is included in the methods section of a study? A) Review of the literature. B) Names of the statistical tests that are going to be used. C) Strategies used to address the problem. D) Discussion including recommendations for the research. Answer Key 1. D 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. A 6. D 7. B

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    8. B 9. C 10. A 11. C 12. A 13. C 14. B 15. A 16. D 17. B 18. D 19. B 20. C Chapter 4. Reading and Critiquing Research Articles 1. Which electronic database is widely recognized as the premier source for bibliographic coverage of the biomedical literature? A) CINAHL B) Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition C) ProQuest D) MEDLINE 2. The RN is doing a basic search of articles on nurses' stress in the ICU. In conducting a subject search in an electronic database, what should the nurse type to initiate the search? A) An author's name B) Restrictions to the search C) A topic or keyword D) A mapping procedure 3. In an electronic literature search, what is the researcher doing when she does not know the precise keywords for retrieving information on a topic? A) Mapping B) Searching C) Restricting focus D) Copying

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    4. What is a primary source for a research literature review? A) A description of a study written by researchers who did the study B) A summary of relevant research on the topic of interest C) A thesaurus that directs readers to subject headings germane to the topic D) Any journal article on a topic of interest 5. There are several strategies for finding studies on a topic. What is the ancestry approach? A) Search for articles that summarize prior research. B) Read the accompanying abstract to determine whether the article is pertinent to the topic. C) Tracking down earlier studies cited in a reference list of a report. D) Using a pivotal study to search forward to subsequent studies that cited it. 6. There are several strategies for finding studies on a topic. What is the descendancy approach? A) Search for articles that summarize prior research. B) Read the accompanying abstract to determine whether the article is pertinent to the topic. C) Track down earlier studies cited in a reference list of a report. D) Use a pivotal study to search forward to subsequent studies that cited it. 7. What is a secondary source for a research literature review? A) A description of a study written by researchers who did the study B) A summary of relevant research on the topic of interest C) A thesaurus that directs readers to subject headings germane to the topic

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    D) A description of the study by an individual unconnected with it 8. The nurse is conducting a literature review. Which will not assist the nurse when conducting a literature review? A) One major purpose of a literature review is to learn what research has already been done in the area. B) A text word search allows searchers to look for specific words in all test fields of records in the electronic database. C) The literature review section should conclude with a critical evaluation of knowledge on the problem of interest. D) Information from anecdotal and opinion articles is usually included in research literature. 9. There are several major steps in preparing a written research review. What is the first step? A) Formulating a question B) Devising a search strategy C) Conducting a search D) Retrieving relevant sources 10. When doing a literature review, what type of information will a researcher undertaking a new study find as an undesirable attribute? A) Available research findings B) Descriptions of an expert's opinions about the phenomenon C) How the variables of interest have been operationally defined in prior studies D) What research approaches have been used to study similar problems

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    11. Qualitative researchers have varying opinions about reviewing the literature before doing a new study. What group of researchers is represented when collection of data occurs before reviewing the literature? A) Grounded theory researchers B) Phenomenologists C) Ethnographogists D) Grounded theory researchers and phenomenologist 12. Qualitative researchers have varying opinions about reviewing the literature before doing a new study. What group of researchers often undertakes a search for relevant materials at the onset of a study? A) Grounded theory researchers B) Phenomenologists C) Ethnographogists D) Grounded theory researchers and phenomenologist 13. Qualitative researchers have varying opinions about reviewing the literature before doing a new study. What group of researchers does a more thorough literature review during data analysis and interpretation so that findings can be compared with previous f indings? A) Grounded theory researchers B) Phenomenologists C) Ethnographogists D) Grounded theory researchers and phenomenologist 14. Matrices are a convenient means of abstracting and organizing information for a literature review. How many dimension arrays are present? A) Two B) Three C) Four D) Five

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    15. Matrices are a convenient means of abstracting and organizing information for a literature review. When would a reviewer use an evaluation matrix? A) Record methodological features of a set of studies. B) Record research findings. C) Record quality assessment information. D) Facilitate thematic analysis of the retrieved information. 16. Matrices are a convenient means of abstracting and organizing information for a literature review. When would a reviewer use a results matrix? A) Record methodological features of a set of studies. B) Record research findings. C) Record quality assessment information. D) Facilitate thematic analysis of the retrieved information. 17. Written literature reviews are undertaken for many different purposes. In a quantitative research report, what section of the report would a review of prior research on the problem under study be located? A) Introduction B) Methods C) Results D) Discussion 18. Written literature reviews are undertaken for many different purposes. In a research report, what section of the report would limitations of the study be located? A) Introduction B) Methods C) Results D) Discussion

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    19. Written literature reviews are undertaken for many different purposes. In a qualitative research report, what section of the report would the thematic analysis of the data be presented? A) Introduction B) Methods C) Results D) Discussion 20. Some features of an electronic search are similar across databases. Which is an example of a wildcard symbol? A) And B) Not C) Or D) Question mark Answer Key 1. D 2. C 3. A 4. A 5. C 6. D 7. D 8. D 9. A 10. B 11. A 12. B 13. C 14. A 15. C 16. B 17. A 18. D 19. C 20. D

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    Chapter 5. Ethics in Research 1. What serves as the basis for regulations affecting research by the U.S. government? A) The Nuremberg Code B) The Declaration of Helsinki C) The Belmont Report D) The Code of Ethics of the American Psychological Association 2. In response to human rights violations, various codes of ethics have been developed. What was developed after Nazi atrocities were made public as an international effort to establish ethical standards? A) The Nuremberg Code B) The Declaration of Helsinki C) The Belmont Report D) The Code of Ethics of the American Psychological Association 3. What document covers primarily ethical issues for practicing nurses and includes principles that apply to nurse researchers? A) Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretative Statements B) Ethical Research Guidelines for Registered Nurses C) Ethical Guidelines in the Conduct, Dissemination, and Implementation of Nursing Research D) ICN Code of Ethics for Nurses 4. The Belmont Report articulated broad principles on which standards of ethical conduct in research are based. Which is not considered an ethical principle for protecting study participants in the report? A) Beneficence B) Respect for human dignity C) Informed consent D) Justice

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    5. What is beneficence? A) Performance of some good B) Protection from physical and psychological harm and exploitation C) Participants right to self - determination D) Freedom to control their own actions 6. What is justice? A) Right to fair treatment B) Protection from physical and psychological harm and exploitation C) Participants right to self - determination D) Freedom to control their own actions 7. Which ethical principle may be violated if a researcher unobtrusively studies interactions among patients in a psychiatric hospital? A) Confidentiality B) Freedom from harm C) Right to self - determination D) Right to privacy 8. What is the safeguard mechanisms by which even the researcher cannot link the participant with the information provided? A) Confidentiality B) Anonymity C) Informed consent D) Right to privacy 9. What provides prospective participants with information needed to make a reasoned decision about participation? A) Confidentiality B) Anonymity C) Informed consent D) Right to privacy

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    10. How can confidentiality of study participants be increased? A) Avoiding the collection of any identifying information B) Avoiding introducing the participants to any of the research personnel C) Placing all identifying information on computer files rather than in manual files D) Placing all identifying information on manual files rather than in computer files 11. What is an example of a vulnerable group? A) Women hospitalized for a mastectomy B) Members of a senior citizen group C) People who do not speak English D) Pediatric clients 12. What is a major potential risk of research to participants? A) Monetary gains B) Access to a new and potentially beneficial treatment C) Opportunity to discuss personal feelings and experiences with an objective listener. D) Physical boredom 13. Researchers can often show their respect for participants — and proactively minimize emotional risks — by carefully attending to the nature of the interactions they have with them. What are debriefing sessions? A) Discussions with prospective participants to obtain informed consent B) Discussions with participants after a study to explain various aspects of the study C) Discussions with a human subjects committee before a study to obtain permission D) Discussions before a study that findings will be shared after data have been analyzed

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    14. In a qualitative study that involves multiple contacts between the researcher and study participants, what can the researcher negotiate? A) Implied consent B) Stipend C) Process consent D) Risk/benefit ratio 15. When is informed consent not obtained? A) Researcher pays a stipend to study participants. B) Researcher collects information covertly. C) Risk/benefit ratio is low. D) Study is determined exempt by Institutional Review Board. 16. Most institutions where research is conducted have formal committees for reviewing proposed research plans. In the United States, what will the committee likely be called? A) Research Ethics Board B) Institutional Review Board C) Ethical Advisory Board D) Human Subject Committee 17. What is an expedited review? A) The committee must consist of five members to carry out the review. B) Research involving no more than minimal risk can use this procedure. C) The researcher must have an affiliation with an institution. D) The research is exempt from the review board process. 18. What is an important consideration when nurses choose to use animals as research subjects? A) Must obtain informed consent from the animal's owner.

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    B) Recognize that it is more convenient to use an animal. C) Recognize that it is less costly to use animals than humans. D) Recognize that animals need humane care and treatment. 19. When can the researcher omit informed consent, when existing data from records and/ or specimens are used? A) The study does not involve an intervention. B) The researcher is gathering data anonymously. C) Health professional students are used as subjects. D) The study is gathering data from records over 10 years old. 20. Under HIPAA regulations, a covered entity such as a hospital can disclose individually identifiable health information from its records if the patient signs an authorization granting access. What does this include? A) Who will receive the information B) Why they need the information C) The Social Security number of the patient D) If the data is not specifically obtained for the research Answer Key 1. C 2. A 3. A 4. C 5. A 6. A 7. C 8. B 9. C 10. A

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