Test Bank for Understanding Nursing Research: Building an Evidence-Based Practice, 8th Edition (Chapters 1-14)

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Test Bank for Understanding Nursing Research8th Edition GroveTable of Contents1.Introduction to Nursing Research and Its Importance in Building an Evidence-Based Practice2.Introduction to Quantitative Research3.Introduction to Qualitative Research4.Examining Ethics in Nursing Research5.Examining Research Problems, Purposes, and Hypotheses6.Understanding and Critically Appraising the Literature Review7.Understanding Theory and Research Frameworks8.Clarifying Quantitative Research Designs9.Examining Populations and Samples in Research10.Clarifying Measurement and Data Collection in QuantitativeResearch11.Understanding Statistics in Research12.Critical Appraisal of Quantitative and Qualitative Research for NursingPractice13.Building an Evidence-Based Nursing Practice14.Introduction to Additional Research Methodologies in Nursing: Mixed Methods andOutcomesNEW!

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Chapter 01: Introduction to Nursing Research and Its Importance in Building anEvidence-Based Practice Grove: Understanding Nursing Research,8th EditionMULTIPLE CHOICE1.Which statement best describes evidence-based practice (EBP)?a.A combination of best research evidence, clinical expertise, and the needs and values ofpatientsb.A determination of the factors necessary to control patient responses to care and deliveryofcarec.The development of population care guidelines applicable to all patientsd.The utilization of quantitative and qualitative studies to enhance patient outcomesANS: AEvidence-based practice evolves from the integration of the best research evidence withclinical expertise and patient needs and values. Studies that attempt to find determinants ofpatient outcomes are generally experimental or quasi-experimental. They may be used toguide EBP but do not completely define it. EBP is a combination ofguidelines and specificpatient needs and values. Quantitative and qualitative studies applied to the evaluation ofpatient outcomes are part of EBP but do not completely define EBP.DIF:Cognitive level: Remembering (Knowledge)2.The nurse is collecting data about the sleep patterns of breastfed babies as part of a largerresearch study. Which research method will the nurse use when collecting data for this study?a.Controlb.Descriptionc.Explanationd.PredictionANS: BDescription involves identifying and understanding the nature of nursing phenomena and therelationships among these phenomena. Control can be described as the ability to write aprescription to produce the desired results. Explanation clarifies the relationships among

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phenomena and identifies why certain events occur. Through prediction, the probability of aspecific outcome can be estimated in a given situation.DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding (Comprehension)3.The nurse is participating in a study and is collecting data identifying the number of obeseadults whose parents were also obese or overweight. Which research method is being used inthis study?a.Controlb.Descriptionc.Explanationd.PredictionANS: D

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Through prediction, the probability of a specific outcome can be estimated in a givensituation. By knowing the percentage of parents of obese adults who were obese, theprobability of predicting this may be calculated. Control indicates the ability to useaprescribed intervention to produce the desired results. Description involves identifying andunderstanding the nature of nursing phenomena and the relationships among thesephenomena. Explanation clarifies the relationships among phenomena and identifies whycertain events occur.DIF: Cognitive level: Applying (Application)4.The nurse reviews a study in which adherence to an asthma action plan is compared amonggroups of young adults who received different asthma education. Which research method doesthis represent?a.Controlb.Descriptionc.Explanationd.PredictionANS: CExplanation clarifies the relationships among phenomena and identifies why certain eventsoccur. Control indicates the ability to use a prescribed intervention to produce the desiredresults. Description involves identifying and understanding the nature of nursing phenomenaand the relationships among these phenomena. Through prediction, the probability of aspecific outcome can be estimated in a given situation.DIF: Cognitive level: Applying (Application)5.A nurse manager is interested in learning which attitudes among staff nurses may indicaterelative risk of needle-stick injuries. To study this, the nurse manager will employ whichmethod of study?a.Controlb.Descriptionc.Explanationd.PredictionANS: DThrough prediction, the probability of a specific outcome can be estimated in a givensituation. Control indicates the ability to use a prescribed intervention to produce the desiredresults. Description involves identifying and understanding the nature ofnursing phenomenaand the relationships among these phenomena. Explanation clarifies the relationships amongphenomena and identifies why certain events occur.DIF: Cognitive level: Applying (Application)

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6.Which is themostimportant result of Florence Nightingale’s data collection and statisticalanalysis during the Crimean War?a.Bringing awareness of the rigors of war to the general public in relation to care practicesb.Developing a process for statistical analysis and nursing documentationc.Identifying and defining the role of nurses in modern health cared.Using clinical research to evaluate the need for sanitation, clean drinking water,and adequate nutritionANS: DNightingale’s research enabled her to instigate attitudinal, organizational, and social changes,including the military’s approach to the care of the sick and society’s sense of responsibilityfor testing public water, improving sanitation, and preventingstarvation to decrease morbidityand mortality rates. Bringing awareness of the rigors of war to the public, developing aprocess for statistical analysis and nursing documentation, and identifying and defining therole of nurses in modern health care werenot the most important results.DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding (Comprehension)7.The nurse participates in data collection in a study in which two different pain managementprotocols are used with randomly assigned patients to measure differencesin postoperativerecovery time. Which method of study is this?a.Controlb.Correlationc.Descriptiond.ExplanationANS: AControl indicates the ability to use a prescribed intervention to produce the desired results.Correlation examines the relationships between different phenomena. Description involvesidentifying and understanding the nature of nursing phenomena and the relationships amongthese phenomena. Explanation clarifies the relationships among phenomena and identifieswhy certain events occur.DIF: Cognitive level: Applying (Application)8.The nurse reviews a study exploring experiences of nurses’decision-making processesregarding reporting a medical error. Which research method does this represent?a.Controlb.Descriptionc.Explanationd.PredictionANS: B

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Description involves identifying and understanding the nature of nursing phenomena and therelationships among these phenomena. Control can be described as the ability to write aprescription to produce the desired results. Explanation clarifies the relationships amongphenomena and identifies why certain events occur. Through prediction, the probability of aspecific outcome can be estimated in a given situation.DIF:Cognitive level: Understanding (Comprehension)9.The development of nursing theories and conceptual models in the late 1960s and 1970s servedtoa.determine the effectiveness of nursing interventions.b.establish the concept of evidence-based practice.c.provide funding for nursing research.d.provide direction for nursing research.ANS: DThe theories developed in the 1960s and 1970s helped to guide future nursing research andpractice. Outcome studies are used to determine the effectiveness of nursinginterventions.The concept of EBP was developed in the 1970s and promoted by the ANCC Magnet HospitalDesignation program. The NINR seeks to provide funding for nursing research.DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding (Comprehension)10.The National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) began to change its focus toa.funding nursing rather than medical research.b.evaluating outcomes rather than process studies.c.increasing the status and funding for nursing research.d.supporting the dissemination of nursing research.ANS: CThe National Center for Nursing Research (NCNR) changed its name to the NINR to increasethe status and funding of nursing research. Thechange in focus from medical to nursingresearch came about with the first nursing programs. Outcomes research emerged in the 1980sand 1990s to document the effectiveness of healthcare services. The NCNR’s purpose was tosupport the conduct and dissemination of knowledge development through nursing research.DIF: Cognitive level: Remembering (Knowledge)11.An emphasis of the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC) Magnet HospitalDesignation Program for Excellence in Nursing isa.research and development of clinical practice guidelines.b.putting qualitative research into practice in clinical settings.

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c.using standard nursing care plans based on outcomes research.d.utilizing evidence-based practice in nursing.ANS: DANCC implemented the Magnet Hospital Designation Program for Excellence in NursingService in 1990 that emphasized EBP for nursing. Clinical practice guidelines are a morerecent phenomenon, using evidence-based research, expert opinion, and patient needsandvalues to standardize care. Qualitative research was introduced in the late 1970s to gaininsight into the phenomena related to nursing. Outcomes research was important in the 1980sto 1990s to document the effectiveness of healthcare services.DIF:Cognitive level: Remembering (Knowledge)12.In a position statement in 2006, the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN)identified a need toa.acquire clinical knowledge and expertise.b.focus on evidence-based practice.c.fund academic nursing research.d.prepare a workforce of nurse scientists.ANS: DThe AACN identified the importance of creating a research culture, providing high-qualityeducational programs to prepare a workforce of nurse scientists, develop a sound researchstructure, and obtain funding for nursing research. Basic nursing education focuses on clinicalknowledge and expertise. Evidence-based practice is a focus of ANCC and the MagnetDesignation Program for Excellence in Nursing Service. The NINR focuses on funding fornursing research.DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding (Comprehension)13.The lead agency designated to improve healthcare quality isa.Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ).b.American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC).c.Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN).d.National Institute for Nursing Research (NINR).ANS: AAHRQ is a scientific partner with the public and private sectors to improve the quality andsafety of patient care. ANCC provides credentialing for advanced practice nurses and forMagnet Designation for Excellence in Nursing Service. QSEN is focused on developing therequisite skills, knowledge, and attitude statements for the competencies for prelicensure and

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graduate education. The National Institute of Nursing Research is a federally funded arm ofthe National Institutes of Health, providing nursing with federal support for nursing researchpriorities.DIF: Cognitive level: Remembering (Knowledge)14.To help fulfill the mission of the National Institute for Nursing Research—to promote andimprove the health of individuals, families, communities, and populations—a study may beconducted thata.assesses the effectiveness of strategies for weight management in patients with type 2diabetes.b.compares the attitudes of nurses toward clients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.c.generates up-to-date nursing diagnoses reflecting the needs of clients with type 2diabetes.d.reviews hospital nurses’ adherence to glucose-monitoring guidelines for patients withtype 2 diabetes.ANS: AA study that assesses the effectiveness of interventions helps to improve the health of patientpopulations by identifying appropriate strategies. A comparison of attitudes is a descriptivestudy that does not improve outcomes. A study to generate nursing diagnoses does not directlyaffect patient outcomes. A study reviewing adherence to guidelines seeks to provide data forquality assurance.DIF: Cognitive level: Applying (Application)15.Which best describes the Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) competency forevidence-based practice (EBP)?a.Adhering to published guidelines to provide care for a specific populationb.Empowering clients to choose among effective disease management strategiesc.Relying on expert knowledge to guide care plan development for an individualpatientd.Using evidence gained solely from experimental studies to guide careANS: BThe QSEN competency for EBP is defined as integrating the best evidence with clinicalexpertise and patient/family preferences. Strict adherence to guidelines does not take thepatient/family preferences into account. EBP does not rely solely on expert knowledge orexperimental studies. Although experimental studies provide the highest level of study data,EBP does not rely solely on experimental studies.DIF: Cognitive level: Applying (Application)

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16.Through knowledge gained from her phenomenological qualitative study identifying levels ofexperience of professional nurses, Patricia Benner would identify which nurse as an expert?a.Ahospice nurse who values the uniquewishes of each patient when providing palliative careb.A medical-surgical nurse who organizes care for a group of patients to ensure timelyadministration of medicationsc.A neonatal intensive care nurse who is skilled in inserting peripherally inserted centralcathetersd.A pediatric nurse who notes subtle changes and intervenes to prevent respiratory failureANS: DThe expert nurse has an extensive background of experience and is able to identify andaccurately intervene skillfully in a situation. The pediatric nurse in this case recognizes subtlechanges and is able to act to prevent serious circumstances. The proficient nurse views thepatient as a whole and recognizes that each patient responds differently to illness and health.The competent nurse is able to achieve goals and plans and to take conscious actions toorganize and provide efficient care. The NIC nurse is also an example of a competent nursewho is skilled in a procedure.DIF: Cognitive level: Analyzing (Analysis)17.Which study exemplifies qualitative research?a.A study that evaluates appetite among residents of a long-term care facility andcorrelates this data with whether or not residents are rooming together with theirspousesb.A study that defines levels of appetite based on residents’ descriptions of hunger in along-term care facilityc.A study that observes the interactions of spouses during mealtimes in a long-term carefacilityd.A study that observes the effectiveness of spousal encouragement to eat on theresidents’ quality of appetite in a long-term care facilityANS: CQualitative research involves the study of people as they interact in their sociohistoricalsettings. Correlational studies are quantitative studies. A descriptive study that measuresappetite is a quantitative study. A measure of the effectiveness of an intervention is a quasi-experimental quantitative study.DIF: Cognitive level: Analyzing (Analysis)18.Which category of the quantitative research methods examines relationships and is conducted todevelop and refine explanatory knowledge for nursingpractice?a.Descriptive researchb.Correlational researchc.Quasi-experimental research

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d.Experimental researchANS: BCorrelational research examines relationships to develop and refine explanatory knowledge.Descriptive research explores new areas of research and describes situations as they exist inthe world. Quasi-experimental and experimental studies determine the effectiveness ofnursing interventions in predicting and controlling the outcomes desired for patients andfamilies.DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding (Comprehension)19.A common method of measurement used in qualitative research isa.scales.b.physiological measures.c.unstructured interviews.d.questionnaires.ANS: CData in qualitative research take the forms of words, which are collected through interviews,observations, and focus groups. The methods of measurement commonly used in quantitativeresearch include scales, questionnaires, and physiological measures (see Table 1.3).DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding (Comprehension)20.A nurse researcher wants to know how well adolescent mothers can learn to manage theirchildren’s asthma and develops an initial study to explore and define perceptions of asthmaamong this population. Whichbestdescribes this initial study?a.Correlational researchb.Descriptive researchc.Phenomenological researchd.Outcomes researchANS: BDescriptive research explores new areas of research and describes situations as they exist inthe world. This initial study aims to describe current perceptions of asthma in a givenpopulation. Correlational research would attempt to make a connection between perceptionsof asthma and a specific outcome. Phenomenological research involves gaining deeperinsights into perceptions and values, not simply describing them. Qualitative research doesnot attempt to define variables.DIF: Cognitive level: Analyzing (Analysis)

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21.Which research technique would be used by a nurse researcher who wishes to compare bondingpatterns of neonatal intensive care (NIC) infants to non-NIC infants to test various theoriesabout infant-parent bonding?a.Experimentalb.Exploratoryc.Grounded theoryd.Quasi-experimentalANS: CGrounded theory research is performed to formulate, test, and refine a theory about aparticular phenomenon. Experimental and quasi-experimental techniques determine theeffectiveness of particular outcomes. Exploratoryresearch is performed to describe a problemor issue. Phenomenological research involves gaining deeper insights into perceptions andvalues.DIF: Cognitive level: Applying (Application)22.What type of qualitative research method would be used to describe and interpret a culture andcultural behavior?a.Grounded theoryb.Ethnographic researchc.Exploratory-descriptived.PhenomenologicalANS: BEthnographic research was developed by the discipline of anthropology for investigatingcultures through an in-depth study of the members of the culture. Grounded theory research isan inductive research technique used to formulate, test, and refine a theory about a particularphenomenon. Exploratory-descriptive qualitative research is conducted to address an issue orproblem in need of a solution and/or understanding. Phenomenological research is aninductive, holistic approach used to describe an experience as it is lived by individuals.DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding (Comprehension)23.What type of study design would be used to evaluate patient satisfaction in an outpatient clinic?a.Exploratory-descriptive researchb.Outcomes researchc.Qualitative researchd.Phenomenological researchANS: BOutcomes research is designed to evaluate patient responses to interventions as well assatisfaction with care. Exploratory-descriptive research is performed to address an issue or

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problems by describing the problem in detail. Qualitative research is observational andinvolves describing patients in a particular setting. Phenomenological research involvesgaining deeper insights into perceptions and values.DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding (Comprehension)24.Thenurse researcher wishes to review a body of qualitative studies about women’s attitudestoward health care to develop an overall interpretation of these findings. Which type of reviewwill the nurse researcher use?a.Meta-analysisb.Meta-synthesisc.Mixed-methods systematic reviewd.Systematic reviewANS: BA meta-synthesis is used to evaluate qualitative studies. Meta-analyses are used to evaluatequantitative studies. A mixed-methods systematic review is used to evaluate a variety of studydesigns. A systematic review is a structured, comprehensive synthesis of the researchliterature to determine the best research evidence available to address a healthcare question.DIF: Cognitive level: Applying (Application)25.Which type of evaluation of research yields themostprecise estimates of treatment effectswhen describing results?a.Meta-analysisb.Meta-synthesisc.Mixed-methods systematic reviewd.Systematic reviewANS:AA meta-analysis is conducted to statistically combine or pool the results from previousquantitative studies into a single statistical analysis that provides one of the highest levels ofevidence about an intervention’s effectiveness. Meta-synthesis is defined asthe systematiccompiling and integration of qualitative study results to expand understanding and develop aunique interpretation of study findings in a selected area. Mixed-methods systematic reviewsmight include a variety of study designs, such as qualitative research and quasi-experimental,correlational, and/or descriptive studies. A systematic review is a structured, comprehensivesynthesis of the research literature todetermine the best research evidence available to addressa healthcare question.DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding (Comprehension)26.The nurse serves on a committee to develop a clinical protocol to guide dressing changes formethicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) abscesses. Which is themostimportanttype of evidence to consider when formulating this protocol?

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a.Assertions from a panel of infectious disease physicians about existing protocols to treatthis organismb.A statistical review of experimental studies comparing various dressing change protocolsand patient outcomesc.A systematic review of all nursing and medical literature about the incidence ofMRSA infection and various dressing change protocolsd.Studies identifying the correlations between variables such as dressing types andsubsequent infection ratesANS: BA statistical review of experimental studies is a meta-analysis and is the strongest level ofevidence. Expert panel opinions are useful, but do not provide statistically significantevidence about interventions and results. A literature review is an initial step in developing aprotocol or designing a study. Correlational studies are not as powerful as experimentalstudies.DIF:Cognitive level: Analyzing (Analysis)27.Knowledge is acquired in nursing in a variety of ways. Which of the following describes whenone person credits another as the source of information?a.Borrowingb.Authorityc.Traditionsd.Personal experienceANS: BAn authority is a person with expertise and power who is able to influence opinion andbehavior. A person is given authority because it is thought that she or he knows more in agiven area than others. Borrowing in nursing involves the appropriation and use of knowledgefrom other fields or disciplines to guide nursing practice. Traditions include “truths” or beliefsbased on customs and trends. Personal experience involves gaining knowledge by beingpersonally involved in an event, situation, or circumstance.DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding (Comprehension)28.What role will a new nurse graduate who has a BSN expect to play in research?a.Appraising studies and implementing evidence-based guidelines and protocolsb.Developing, evaluating, and revising evidence-based guidelines and protocolsc.None, since the BSN affords limited education on the research processd.Synthesizing findings and leading healthcare teams to make evidence-based changesANS: A

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The BSN prepares nurses to read and critically appraise research studies, use best researchevidence in practice with guidance, and assist with the implementation of evidence-basedguidelines and protocols. Nurses with a MSN are provided the educationalpreparation tocritically appraise and synthesize findings from studies to revise or develop protocols,algorithms, or policies for use in practice. Advanced practice nurses and nurse administratorscan lead healthcare teams in making essential changes innursing practice and in thehealthcare system based on current research evidence. DPNs may lead healthcare teams tomake evidence-based changes in practice.DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding (Comprehension)29.A job description for a nurse position ina teaching hospital includes “coordinating researchteams to facilitate studies to generate knowledge about nursing actions.” Which type ofadvanced nursing degree would be required for this position?a.Doctorate of Nursing Practice(DNP)b.Doctorate in Nursing (PhD)c.Master of Science in Nursing (MSN)d.Post-Doctorate in NursingANS: BPhD-prepared nurses can critique, implement, plan, and develop new or revised guidelines, aswell as generate and replicate knowledge via conduction of research. DNP-prepared nursestranslate nursing research into practice. MSN-prepared nurses identify problems requiringresearch and may conduct studies, but usually in collaboration with other nurse scientists. Thedifference between PhD and post-PhD is unclear—in this situation you are one and the same.DIF: Cognitive level: Applying (Application)MULTIPLE RESPONSE1.A nurse understands the meaning of entering the world of nursing research to be?Select all thatapply.a.A way of learning a unique languageb.A way of using old experiences to learnc.A new way of experiencing realityd.A new way of learning multiple languagese.A way of incorporating new rulesANS: A, C, ENursing research is considered a “world” that is a truly new way of experiencingreality. Entering a new world means learning a unique language, incorporating new rules, andusing new experiences to learn how to interact effectively within the world. The world ofnursing research is not a way of using old experiences to learn nor a new way of learningmultiplelanguages.

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DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding (Comprehension)2.Which are components of evidence-based practice (EBP)?Select allthat apply.a.Best research evidenceb.Expert opinion consensusc.Patient needs and valuesd.Safe, cost-effective careANS: A, C, DBest research evidence is used to formulate EBP; patient needs and values are used to developEBP; and safe, cost-effective care is a component of EBP. Expert opinion consensus is not apart of EBP.DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding (Comprehension)3.A nurse with a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) is prepared to do which of the following?Select all that apply.a.Appraise and summarize research findings.b.Assist with the implementation of evidence-based guidelines.c.Conduct independent nursing studies.d.Expand the body of nursing knowledge through independent research.ANS: A, BThe BSN-prepared nurse is capable of appraising and summarizing research findings andassists with the implementation of evidence-based guidelines. The BSN-prepared nurse doesnot conduct independent nursing studies nor expand the body of nursing knowledge throughindependent research.DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding (Comprehension)4.Which of the following are characteristics of quantitative research methods?Select all thatapply.a.Objectiveb.Cause and effect relationshipsc.Tests theoryd.Develops theory and frameworkse.Numbersf.Description variablesANS: A, B, C, E, F

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Quantitative research is a formal, objective, systematic process in which numerical data areused to obtain information about the world. Quantitative research is conducted to test theoryby describing variables, examining relationships among variables, and determining cause andeffect interactions between variables. Qualitative research findings are unique, dynamic,focused on understanding, and facilitate theory development.DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding (Comprehension)5.Which of the following is a research question for an experimental study?Select all that apply.a.What is it like to live with asthma?b.Do children who have an updated asthma action plan have fewer missed school dayscaused by asthma?c.Which asthma triggers influence poor attitudes about chronic disease?d.Which bronchodilator medication has fewer side effects?ANS: B, DDetermining which interventions reduce asthma sick days is a controlled, quantitative,experimental study design; and a study about the effects of a medication is an experimentalstudy. Asking what it is like to live with asthma will generate qualitative data. A studydetermining relationships between asthma triggers and attitudes about disease is acorrelational study.DIF: Cognitive level: Analyzing (Analysis)Chapter 02: Introduction to Quantitative Research Grove: Understanding NursingResearch,8th EditionMULTIPLE CHOICE1.A researcher conducts a study which outlines the daily habits of women who are overweight.This study represents what type of research?a.Correlationalb.Descriptivec.Experimentald.Quasi-experimentalANS: BDescriptive research is the exploration and description of phenomena in real-life situations.Correlational research involves the systematic investigation of relationships between oramong variables. Experimental research is an objective, systematic, highly controlledinvestigation conducted for the purpose of predicting and controlling phenomena. Thepurpose ofquasi-experimental researchis to examine causal relationships or determine theeffect of one variable on another. Thus these studies involve implementing a treatment or

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intervention and examining the effects of this intervention using selected methods ofmeasurement.DIF: Cognitive level: Applying (Application)2.The researcher wants to learn whether there is a relationship between parental education andemergency room use among children who have asthma. Which type ofresearch study will thisresearcher use?a.Basicb.Correlationalc.Historicald.PhenomenologicalANS: BCorrelational research involves the systematic investigation of relationships between oramong variables. Basic research is scientific investigation that involves the pursuit of“knowledge for knowledge’s sake.” Historical research is a type of qualitativeresearch.Phenomenological research is a type of qualitative research.DIF: Cognitive level: Applying (Application)3.The nurse evaluates a research study that examines the relationship between computer andtelevision screen time and obesity. A correlational analysis reveals a correlation of +0.95.What can the nurse conclude about the relationship between these two variables?a.An increase in screen time causes obesity.b.An increase in obesity leads to increased screen time.c.Screen time and obesity vary in opposite directions.d.Screen time and obesity vary together.ANS: DA positive correlation between variables indicates that the variables vary together. Variablesthat vary in opposite directions will have a negative correlation. Descriptive research is theexploration of phenomena in real-life situations. Correlational studies do not indicate cause,so an increase in screen time or an increase in obesity does not cause or lead to an increase inthe other.DIF: Cognitive level: Analyzing (Analysis)4.The overall plan developed by the researcher to obtain answers to the questions being studied iscalled

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a.analysis of data.b.operationally defining the variables.c.problem statement.d.research design.ANS: DResearch design is a blueprint for the conduct of a study that maximizes control over factorsthat could interfere with the study’s desired outcome. Data analysis reduces, organizes, andgives meaning to the data. Researchers develop an operational definition so that the variablescan be measured or an intervention implemented in a study. The problem statement ina studyusually identifies an area of concern for a particular population that requires investigations.DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding (Comprehension)5.In which type of research does the researcher seek to examine causal relationships amongvariables without being able to manipulate the variables?a.Descriptiveb.Correlationalc.Experimentald.Quasi-experimentalANS: DQuasi-experimentalstudies have less control than experimental studies, but they do exhibitsome degree of control. Descriptive research is the exploration of phenomena in real-lifesituations. Correlational research investigates the relationship between or among variablesbutdoes not attribute cause. Experimental design is considered the most powerful quantitativedesign because of the rigorous control of variables.DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding (Comprehension)6.The nurse participates in data collection for a clinical drug trial in which subjects are randomlyassigned to either a treatment or a placebo group to measure the effects of the drug on aspecific outcome. This is which type of study?a.Correlationalb.Descriptivec.Experimentald.Quasi-experimentalANS: CExperimental design involves control of variables and random assignment of subjects so thateffects of variables on specific outcomes can be measured. Correlational research investigatesthe relationship between or among variables but does not attribute cause. Descriptive research

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is the exploration of phenomena in real-life situations. Quasi-experimental studies have lesscontrol than experimental studies, but they do exhibit some degree of control.DIF: Cognitive level: Applying (Application)7.A researcher studies the effect of asthma action plans on frequency of emergency departmentvisits for asthma-related symptoms. The study would be described asa.applied research.b.basic research.c.descriptive research.d.phenomenological research.ANS: AApplied research involves research that is directly applicable to clinical practice. Basicresearch is scientific investigation that involves the pursuit of “knowledge for knowledge’ssake.” Descriptive research is the exploration of phenomena in real-life situations.Phenomenological research would not investigate this type of research question.Phenomenological research asks, “what is the lived experience of the person in thissituation?”DIF:Cognitive level: Applying (Application)8.Basic research seeks toa.directly influence clinical practice.b.generate knowledge for knowledge’s sake.c.predict or control outcomes of variables.d.validate or test theoretical frameworks.ANS: BBasic research is more likely to be found in a laboratory setting and generates knowledge forknowledge’s sake. It may be used as the foundation for other research. Applied research isused to solve problems, make decisions, or predict or control outcomes in real-life practicesituations. Experimental research is conducted to be able to predict or control outcomes.Grounded theory research is used to validate theoretical frameworks.DIF:Cognitive level: Analyzing (Analysis)9.When developing a study, a researcher establishes rules for measurement of independent anddependent variables to minimize the possibility of error. This is an example ofa.control.b.manipulation.c.precision.d.rigor.

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ANS: AControl involves the imposing of rules by the researcher to decrease the possibility of errorand thus increase the probability that the study’s findings are an accurate reflection of reality.Manipulation is when the researcher makes changes in the treatment received by the subjects.Precision encompasses accuracy, detail, and order and is evident in the concise statement ofthe research purpose. Rigor is the discipline, attention to detail, and precision necessary whenstriving for excellence in research.DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding (Comprehension)10.In which type of research study does the researcher explore and describe phenomena in real-life situations?a.Correlationalb.Descriptivec.Experimentald.Quasi-experimentalANS: BDescriptive research is the exploration of phenomena in real-life situations. Correlationalresearch investigates the relationship between or among variables but does not attribute cause.Experimental design involves control of variables and random assignment of subjects so thateffects of variables on specific outcomes can be measured. Quasi-experimental studies haveless control than experimental studies, but they do exhibit some degree of control.DIF: Cognitive level: Analyzing (Analysis)11.In which type of research study does the researcher have the most control?a.Correlationalb.Descriptivec.Experimentald.Quasi-experimentalANS: CExperimental design involves control of variables and random assignment of subjects so thateffects of variables on specific outcomes can be measured. Correlational research investigatesthe relationship between or among variables but does not attribute cause. Descriptive researchis the exploration of phenomena in real-life situations. Quasi-experimental studies have lesscontrol than experimental studies, but they do exhibit some degree of control.DIF:Cognitive level: Analyzing (Analysis)

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12.A researcher designs a study to evaluate stress and anxiety associated with breastfeeding inwhich data collection takes place in the homes of mothers with premature newborns afterdischarge home from the NIC. This would be an example of which type of research setting?a.Highly controlled, fieldb.Highly controlled, laboratoryc.Natural, fieldd.Partially controlled, laboratoryANS: CThe setting describes where the research and data collection occur. A natural setting, or fieldsetting, is an uncontrolled, real-life situation or environment, such as the home. In a naturalsetting, there is relatively little control over the setting andthe variables associated with thesetting. There are three common settings for conducting research: natural, partially controlled,and highly controlled. A highly controlled setting would involve experimental control of anindependent variable, which thisstudy does not do. This is a field study, with data collectionoccurring in patients’ homes and not in a laboratory. A natural setting, or field setting, is anuncontrolled, real-life situation or environment. This is a field study, with data collectionoccurring in patients’ homes and not in a laboratory.DIF: Cognitive level: Applying (Application)13.When conducting a research study using a convenience sample of all second-grade studentsfrom two classrooms in a nearby school, the nurse researchermay increase the sample controlbya.assigning one classroom to the experimental group and the other classroom to thecontrol group.b.exposing all subjects to the treatment variable and then comparing the outcome data topretreatment data.c.randomly assigning students from both classrooms to either the experimental group orthe control group.d.using these subjects as treatment subjects and comparing outcomes to a group ofsubjects from a similar study.ANS: CRandomly assigning subjects to either a treatment group or a control group improves samplecontrol and decreases bias. Even when convenience sampling is used, subjects may berandomly assigned to groups. Assigning one classroom to one group and the other classroomto the other group is less effective than random sampling. Pre-and post-treatment comparisonmay be used when random assignment is not possible. Comparing a treatment group to a

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group in another study does not control the treatment variables because of variations betweentwo studies.DIF: Cognitive level: Analyzing (Analysis)14.A nurse is assisting with data collection for a study measuring the effects of a sleep aidmedication on oxygen saturations. Subjects will sleep in a darkened room in a sleep lab whileparticipating. Which type of research setting is this?a.Fieldb.Highly controlledc.Naturald.Partially controlledANS: BA highly controlled setting is one in which the influence of extraneous variables is greatlyreduced. Examples of such a setting would include laboratories, research or experimentalcenters, and test units in hospitals. Field settings are uncontrolled, real-life situations orenvironments. Natural settings are uncontrolled, real-life situations or environments. Partiallycontrolled settings are environments that the researcher has manipulated or modified in someway.DIF:Cognitive level: Applying (Application)15.A nurse researcher explains the relationships between research processes and the nursingprocess to a group of graduate-level nursing students. Which statement by a nursing studentindicates the need for furtherteaching?a.“Nursing research leads to evidence-based nursing practice guidelines.”b.“Nursing research has a broader focus than the nursing process.”c.“The nursing process helps to identify potential nursing research problems.”d.“The nursing process requires rigorous application of research methods.”ANS: DThe nursing process may be based on research, but does not require the rigorous applicationof research methods. Nursing research may be used to develop evidence-based nursingpractice guidelines. Nursing research has a broader focus than the nursing process and isgenerally population based rather than individual based. The nursing process can help toidentify nursing research problems.DIF: Cognitive level: Remembering (Knowledge)16.Research subjects in a study of body image after mastectomy will complete a questionnaireabout body image after surgery. Which assumption would the researcher likely make whenconducting this study?

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a.All mastectomy patients are likely to be negatively affected by the surgery.b.Body image and appearance are important to survivors of breast cancer.c.Subjects will be able to describe a personal awareness of body image.d.Subjects will complete every item on the questionnaire.ANS: CAssumptions are statements taken for granted or considered true, even though they have notbeen scientifically tested. The researcher will assume that subjects have anawareness of thisconcept. The researcher does not indicate that negative effects of mastectomy are anassumption of the study. The results of the study may indicate whether this is true or not. Theresearcher does not indicate that the importance of bodyimage and appearance is anassumption of the study. The results of the study may indicate whether this is true or not. Theresearcher does not indicate that this is an assumption of the study. It is undoubtedly hoped forto get complete data.DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding (Comprehension)17.Statements that will be scientifically tested as part of a research study are calleda.assumptions.b.hypotheses.c.limitations.d.variables.ANS: BHypotheses are the researcher’s best guess as to the outcome of the study. Assumptions arestatements that are taken for granted or considered true, even though they have not beenscientifically tested. Limitations are factors in the study that cannot be controlled ormanipulated, but might have an influence on the outcome. Variables are the factorsinfluencing the hypotheses that the researcher wants to investigate.DIF: Cognitive level: Remembering (Knowledge)18.A study that analyzes the effect of exercise on diabetes control among Native-Americanchildren with type II diabetes would most credibly be generalizable to which population?a.African-Americans with type II diabetesb.Native-American children with type I diabetesc.Children with type II diabetesd.All people with type II diabetesANS: B

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Generalization is the extension of the implications of the research findings from the sample toa larger population. The population represented in the study is Native-American children, sothe results of this study may be generalized to this population. The population that the samplerepresents does not include all African-Americans with type II diabetes. The population thatthe sample represents does not include all children with type II diabetes. The population thatthe sample represents does not includeall patients with type II diabetes.DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding (Comprehension)19.To evaluate data collection methodology prior to conducting a large-scale study, a researchermight carry out a smaller-scale study. This smaller-scale study is known as a/ana.abstract.b.exploratory design.c.pilot study.d.proposal.ANS: CA pilot study is frequently defined as a smaller version of a proposed study conducted torefine the methodology. The abstract is a synopsis of the study found at the beginning of aresearch report. Exploratory design is used when the total situation is unclear. A proposal is aformal request to conduct a study; it can be submitted to obtain funds or get feedback on thestudy’s methodology.DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding (Comprehension)20.The nurse researcher is developing a study to examine the effects of asthma education onmissed school days among grade school children. When defining the research problem in theresearch proposal, the nurse will discussa.the proposed methodologies for data collection.b.statistics about the number of school days missed by children with asthma.c.the costs and types of various medications to treat asthma symptoms.d.the need for future studies to examine asthma care for this population.ANS: BWhen describing the research problem, the researcher identifies an area of concern for apopulation. The discussion about proposed methodologies is part of the study design. Thecosts and types of medications would be included in background information, but thisdiscussion does not identify the research problem. The discussion about the need for furtherstudies is part of the discussion and summary.DIF: Cognitive level: Applying (Application)

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21.Which portion of a research report would the nurse initially readto get an overview of thestudy?a.Abstractb.Conclusionc.Frameworkd.MethodologyANS: AThe research report usually begins with an abstract: a clear, concise summary of a study,including the research problem and purpose, methodology, and conclusions. The reader cangain an understanding of the study by reading the abstract. Conclusions are presented at theend of the report and describe the findings based on the data collection and data analysis. Theframework is present later in the study report and tells about the foundation of the study. Themethodology is in the middle part of the reportand describes the study methods, tools, datacollection, and analysis.DIF: Cognitive level: Applying (Application)22.The section of a research report that describes the purpose of a research study will includea.what relationships among key variables will be examined.b.which various theories provide context for the research problem.c.what is currently understood about the research problem.d.why the research is necessary to help close a gap in knowledge.ANS: AThe research purpose is a statement generated from the research problemidentifying the specific focus of goal of the study. Thetheoretical framework identifies how theories provide context for the research question. Theliterature review identifies what is currently known about the research problem. The researchproblem is a statement about why the research is necessary to close gaps in knowledge.DIF: Cognitive level: Analyzing (Analysis)23.A researcher conducts a review of relevantliterature prior to developing a research study toa.avoid duplication of research ideas.b.determine which theoretical framework is best adapted to the research problem.c.determine which type of study would be most cost-effective.d.identify what is knownand unknown about a problem.ANS: D

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The literature review is conducted to identify what is already known about a research problemand to document why a research study needs to be conducted. The literature review identifieswhat is known and may describe past studies, but is not necessarily performed to avoidduplication of research ideas since many studies are replicated to confirm results. Theliterature review does not evaluate the theoretical framework. The literature review does notdetermine cost-effectiveness of a study.DIF: Cognitive level: Applying (Application)24.In a qualitative study to describe stages of grief, the researcher asks parents who have lost achild to cancer to describe their experiences with grief at specific time intervals after theirchildren’s deaths. Whichassumption will the researcher make?a.Study subjects have knowledge about theoretical concepts about grief.b.Study subjects understand the concept of grief.c.Subjects will be able to articulate their feelings coherently.d.Subjects will be available for data collection at specific time intervals.ANS: BA researcher may assume that study subjects will understand the concept of grief. Subjectswho know what grief is do not necessarily understand theoretical concepts about grief.Although it is desired that subjects will be able to articulate their feelings or be available atspecific intervals, there is no assumption that they will be able to do so. Subjects may notalways be available at specific intervals.DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding (Comprehension)25.How is theory tested in quantitative research?a.Assumptions about the theoretical framework are evaluated.b.Concepts become more clearly defined as they are tested.c.Relationships among concepts are tested.d.The entire theory is proven or disproven.ANS: CIn quantitative research, relational statements between two or more concepts are tested, notthe entire theory. Assumptions are statements that are taken for granted and are not tested inresearch. Concepts are defined prior to initiating research. Quantitative studies do not prove ordisprove an entire theory, just relationships among key concepts.DIF: Cognitive level: Applying (Application)26.An operational definition of a variable or concept ensures that the variable or concept will bea.given theoretical meaning.

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b.linked to other variables or concepts.c.measured or manipulated.d.understood in context of a theoretical framework.ANS: CAn operational definition of a concept allows the concept to be measured or manipulated. Aconceptual definition of a concept gives that concept theoretical meaning. The researchquestion linksconcepts and variables to other concepts and variables. The operationaldefinition does not necessarily give meaning to a concept in the context of a theoreticalframework.DIF: Cognitive level: Analyzing (Analysis)27.In a research proposal, when describing a research design, the researcher would includea.discussion of a theoretical framework.b.evaluation of the researcher’s expertise.c.methods for measurement of variables.d.purpose of the study.ANS: CIn the research design, the researcher will describe how variables are measured along withsampling procedures and plans for data collection and analysis. The theoretical framework isdiscussed in the theory section. The evaluation of the researcher’s expertise is part of thediscussion. The purpose of the study is discussed in the introduction and purpose section.DIF: Cognitive level: Analyzing (Analysis)28.Prior to initiating a large-scale research study, the researcher conducts a small-scale study usingsimilar subjects, methods, instruments, measurements, and analysis. This is done toa.define theconceptual framework of the study.b.determine the quality of the study components.c.link study variables to one another.d.provide a study design.ANS: BA pilot study is performed on a smaller scale to determine the quality of the study componentsbefore the study is conducted on a larger scale. The pilot is not performed to define theconceptual framework of the study. The pilot does not necessarily link study variables to oneanother and is not the purpose of performing a pilot study. The pilot study tests components ofthe study design, which has already been determined.

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DIF: Cognitive level: Analyzing (Analysis)29.The methodology portion of the research report is used toa.describe the study design.b.discuss the implications of the study.c.provide a theoretical framework for the study.d.summarize the purpose, methods, and results.ANS: AIn the methodology section, the researcher describes the study design including samplingmethods, measurement of variables, data collection, and data analysis. The implications of thestudy are explored in the discussion section. The theoretical frameworkis discussed in theintroduction. The summary is discussed in the conclusion.DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding (Comprehension)30.When the researcher describes the population of a study, the research consumer understandsthat this representsa.all members of the population at large.b.all people who meet inclusion criteria for the study.c.members of the study group and the control group.d.subjects selected for the study based on sampling techniques.ANS: BThe population is all people who meet inclusion criteria for the study whether they aresampled and included or not. Not all members of the population at large meet inclusioncriteria and those who do not are not considered part of the population being studied.Members of the study and control group are the sample of the population selected forparticipation in the study. Subjects selected for the study are a representative sample of thepopulation.DIF: Cognitive level: Applying (Application)31.When a researcher describes an instrument as being valid this indicates that the instrumenta.accurately measures a variable.b.consistently measures variables across studies.c.has been described as high quality by other researchers.d.has been routinely used in other, similar studies.ANS: A

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When an instrument is valid, it is considered to be accurate. Reliability of an instrumentmeans that it is consistent across studies. Quality of the instrument is not defined by validitymeasures. Frequency of use of the instrument is not defined by validity measures.DIF: Cognitive level: Analyzing (Analysis)32.The level of measurement determines the type of statistical analysis that can be performed onthe data. The level of measurement that describes the lowest form of measurement isa.interval.b.ordinal.c.nominal.d.ratio.ANS: CNominal is the lowest form of measurement, followed by ordinal, and interval. Ratio isconsidered the highest form of measurement.DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding (Comprehension)33.When noting the limitations of a research study, the nurse might make which observation?a.Abstract concepts were defined using concrete, consistent terms.b.Findings could not be generalized to a population not included in the study.c.The researcher included a discussion of the links between the study’s variables.d.The subjects were randomly assigned to control and experimental groups.ANS: BLimitations are restrictions in a study methodology or framework that may decrease thecredibility and generalizability of the findings. The definition of concepts does not address thelimitations of a study. The theoretical framework contains a discussionabout the linksbetween study variables. Random assignment to control and experimental groups increasesthe likelihood that the study’s findings may be generalized to a larger population.DIF: Cognitive level: Analyzing (Analysis)34.The purpose ofa study abstract is toa.describe the reason for conducting the study.b.outline the theoretical framework that defines the study.c.summarize a study concisely and capture the reader’s attention.d.summarize previous research about the study’s topic.ANS: C

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