Understanding Nursing Research: Building An Evidence-Based Practice, 6th Edition Test Bank

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01: Introduction to NursingResearch and Evidence-BasedPracticeChapter 01: Introduction to Nursing Research and Evidence-Based PracticeGrove: Understanding Nursing Research, 6th EditionMULTIPLE CHOICE1. Which best describes evidence-based-practice (EBP)?a.A combination of best research evidence, clinical expertise, and the needs and values of patients.b.A determination of the factors necessary to control patient responses to care.c.The development of population care guidelines applicable toall patients.d.The utilization of quantitative and qualitative studies to enhance patient outcomes.ANS: AFeedbackAEvidence-based practice evolves from the integration of the best research evidence with clinical expertisepatient needs andvalues.BStudies that attempt to find determinants of patient outcomes are generally experimental or quasi-experimThey may be used to guide EBP but do not completely define it.CEBP is a combination of guidelines and specific patient needs and values.DQuantitative and qualitative studies applied to the evaluation of patient outcomes are part of EBP but do ncompletely define EBP.PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive level: Remembering (Knowledge)REF: p. 3

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2. The nurse is collecting data about the sleep patterns of breastfed babies as part of a larger researchstudy. Which research method will the nurse use when collecting data for this study?a.Controlb.Descriptionc.Explanationd.PredictionANS: BFeedbackAControl can be described as theability to write a prescription to produce the desired outcome.BDescription involves identifying and understanding the nature of nursing phenomena and the relationshipsthese phenomena.CExplanation clarifies the relationships among phenomena and identifies why certain events occur.DThrough prediction, the probability of a specific outcome can be estimated in a given situation.PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding (Comprehension)REF: p. 63. The nurse is participating in a study and is collecting data identifying the number of obese adultswhose parents were also obese or overweight. Which research method is being used in this study?a.Controlb.Descriptionc.Explanation

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d.PredictionANS: DFeedbackAControl indicates theability to use a prescribed intervention to produce a desired outcome.BDescription involves identifying and understanding the nature of nursing phenomena and the relationshipsthese phenomena.CExplanation clarifies the relationships among phenomena and identifies why certain events occur.DThrough prediction the probability of a specific outcome can be estimated in a given situation. By knowinpercentage of parents of obese adults who were obese, the probability of predicting this may becalculatedPTS:1DIF:Cognitive level: Applying (Application)REF: pp. 7-84. The nurse reviews a study in which adherence to an asthma action plan is compared among groupsof adolescents who received different asthma education. Which research method does this represent?a.Controlb.Descriptionc.Explanationd.PredictionANS: CFeedbackAControl indicates the ability to use a prescribed intervention to produce a desired outcome.BDescription involves identifying and understanding the nature of nursing phenomena and the relationships

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these phenomena.CExplanation clarifies the relationships among phenomena and identifies why certain events occur.DThrough prediction, the probability of a specific outcome can be estimated in a given situation.PTS:1DIF:Cognitive level: Applying (Application)REF: p. 75. A nurse manager is interested in learning which attitudes among staff nurses may indicate relativerisk of needle-stick injuries. To study this, the nurse manager will employ which method of study?a.Controlb.Descriptionc.Explanationd.PredictionANS: DFeedbackAControl indicates the ability to use a prescribed intervention to produce a desired outcome.BExplanation clarifies the relationships among phenomena and identifies why certain events occur.CDescription involves identifying and understanding the nature of nursing phenomena and the relationshipsthese phenomena.DThrough prediction, the probability of a specific outcome can be estimated in a given situation.PTS:1DIF:Cognitive level: Applying (Application)REF: pp. 7-8

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6.Which is the most important result of Florence Nightingale’s data collection and statistical analysisduring the Crimean War?a.Bringing awareness of the rigors of war to the general public.b.Developing a process for statistical analysis and nursing documentation.c.Identifying and defining the role of nurses in modern health care.d.Using clinical researchto evaluate the importance of sanitation, clean drinking water, and adequate nutritiANS: DFeedbackAThis was not the most important resultBThis was not the most important resultCThis was not the most important resultDNightingale’sresearch enabled her to instigate attitudinal, organizational, and social changes, including thmilitary’s approach to the care of the sick and society’s sense of responsibility for testing public water, imsanitation, and preventing starvation todecrease morbidity and mortality rates.PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding (Comprehension)REF: p. 117. The nurse participates in data collection in a study in which two different pain managementprotocols are used with randomly assigned patients to measure differences in postoperative recoverytime. Which method of study is this?a.Controlb.Correlation

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c.Descriptiond.ExplanationANS: AFeedbackAControl indicates the ability to use a prescribed intervention to produce a desiredoutcome.BCorrelation examines the relationships between different phenomena.CDescription involves identifying and understanding the nature of nursing phenomena and the relationshipsthese phenomena.DExplanation clarifies the relationships among phenomena and identifies why certain events occur.PTS:1DIF:Cognitive level: Applying (Application)REF: p. 88. The development of nursing theories and conceptual models in the late 1960s and 1970s served to:a.determine the effectiveness of nursinginterventions.b.establish the concept of evidence-based practice.c.provide funding for nursing research.d.provide direction for nursing research.ANS: DFeedbackAOutcome studies are used to determine the effectiveness of nursinginterventions.

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BThe concept of EBP was developed in the 1970s and promoted by the ANCC Magnet Designation prograCThe NINR seeks to provide funding for nursing research.DThe theories developed in the 1960s and 1970s helped to direct future nursingresearch.PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding (Comprehension)REF: pp. 11-129. Under Ada Sue Hinshaw, the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) began to change itsfocus to:a.funding nursing rather than medical research.b.evaluatingoutcomes rather than process studies.c.increasing the status and funding for nursing research.d.supporting the dissemination of nursing research.ANS: CFeedbackAThe change in focus from medical to nursing research came about with the firstnursing programs. Specialnursing organizations today and some nursing researchers still conduct medical research for specific studiBOutcomes research emerged in the 1980s and 1990s to document the effectiveness of health care services.CUnder Ada Sue Hinshaw, the national Center for Nursing Research (NCNR) changed its name to the NINRincrease the status and funding of nursing research.DThe NCNR’s purpose was to support the dissemination of nursing research.PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive level: Remembering (Knowledge)

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REF: pp. 12-1310. An emphasis of the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC) Magnet HospitalDesignation Program for Excellence in Nursing is:a.research and development of clinical practice guidelines.b.putting qualitativeresearch into practice in clinical settings.c.using standard nursing care plans based on outcomes research.d.utilizing evidence-based practice in nursing.ANS: DFeedbackAClinical practice guidelines are a more recent phenomenon, usingevidence-based research, expert opinionpatient needs and values to standardize care.BQualitative research was introduced in the late 1970s to gain insight into the phenomena related to nursingCOutcomes research was important in the 1980s to 1990s to document the effectiveness of health care serviDANCC implemented the Magnet Hospital Designation Program for Excellence in Nursing Service in 1990emphasized EBP for nursing.PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive level: Remembering (Knowledge)REF: pp. 12-1311. In a position statement in 2006, the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN)identified a need to:a.acquire clinical knowledge and expertise.b.focus on evidence-based practice.

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c.fund academic nursing research.d.prepare aworkforce of nurse scientists.ANS: DFeedbackABasic nursing education focuses on clinical knowledge and expertise.BEvidence-based practice is a focus of ANCC and the Magnet Designation Program for Excellence in NursService.CThe NINR focuseson funding for nursing research.DThe AACN identified the importance of creating a research culture, providing high-quality educational proto prepare a workforce of nurse scientists, develop a sound research structure, and obtain funding for nursiresearch.PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding (Comprehension)REF: p. 1412. The lead agency designated to improve health care quality is:a.Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ).b.American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC).c.Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN).d.National Institute for Nursing Research (NINR).ANS: AFeedback

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AAHRQ is a scientific partner with the public and private sectors to improve the quality and safety of patienBANCC providescredentialing for advanced practice nurses and for Magnet Designation for Excellence inServiceCQSEN is focused on developing the requisite skills, knowledge, and attitude statements for the competencprelicensure and graduate education.DThe National Institute of Nursing Research, originally the National Center for Nursing Research, is a fedefunded arm of the National Institutes of Health, providing nursing with federal support for nursing researcpriorities.PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive level: Remembering (Knowledge)REF: pp. 12-1313. To help fulfill the mission of the National Institute for Nursing Research—to promote andimprove the health of individuals, families, communities, and populations—a study may beconducted which:a.assesses the effectiveness of strategies for weight management in patients with type 2 diabetes.b.compares the attitudes of nurses toward clients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.c.generates up-to-date nursing diagnoses reflecting the needs of clients with type 2 diabetes.d.reviews hospital nurses’ adherence to glucose-monitoring guidelines for patients with type 2 diabetes.ANS: AFeedbackAA study that assesses the effectiveness of interventions helps to improve the health of patientpopulationsidentifying appropriate strategies.BA comparison of attitudes is a descriptive study that does not improve outcomes.

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CA study to generate nursing diagnoses does not directly affect patient outcomes.DA study reviewing adherence to guidelines seeks to provide data for quality assurance.PTS:1DIF:Cognitive level: Applying (Application)REF: pp. 14-1514. Which best describes the Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) competency forevidence-based practice (EBP)?a.Adhering topublished guidelines to provide care for a specific population.b.Empowering clients to choose among effective disease management strategies.c.Relying on expert knowledge to guide care plan development for an individual patient.d.Using evidencegained solely from experimental studies to guide care.ANS: BFeedbackAStrict adherence to guidelines does not take the patient/family preferences into account.BThe QSEN competency for EBP is defined as integrating the best evidence with clinicalexpertise andpatient/family preferences.CEBP does not rely solely on expert knowledge or experimental studies.DAlthough experimental studies provide the highest level of study data, EBP does not rely soley on experiestudies..PTS:1DIF:Cognitive level: Applying (Application)REF: p. 15

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15. Through knowledge gained from her phenomenological qualitative study identifying levels ofexperience of professional nurses, Patricia Benner would identify which nurse as an expert?a.A hospice nurse who values the unique wishes of each patient when providing palliative care.b.A medical-surgical nurse who organizes care for a group of patients to ensure timely administration ofmedications.c.A neonatal intensive care nurse who is skilled in inserting peripherally inserted central catheters.d.A pediatric nurse who notes subtle changes and intervenes to prevent respiratory failure.ANS: DFeedbackAThe proficient nurse views the patient as a whole and recognizes that each patientresponds differently to iand health.BThe competent nurse is able to achieve goals and plans and to take conscious actions to organize and provefficient care.CThe NIC nurse is also an example of a competent nurse who is skilled in a procedure.DThe expert nurse has an extensive background of experience and is able to identify and accurately intervenskillfully in a situation. The pediatric nurse in this case recognizes subtle changes and is able to act to prevserious circumstances.PTS:1DIF:Cognitive level: Analyzing (Analysis)REF: p. 1716. Which study exemplifies qualitative research?a.A study that evaluates appetite among residents of a long-term care facility and correlates this data with wor not residents are rooming together with their spouses.b.A study that defines levels of appetite based on residents’ descriptions of hunger in a long-term care facili

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c.A study that observes the interactions of spouses during mealtimes in a long-term care facility.d.Astudy that observes the effectiveness of spousal encouragement to eat on the residents’ quality of appetilong-term care facility.ANS: CFeedbackACorrelational studies are quantitative studies.BA descriptive study that measures appetite isa quantitative study.CQualitative research involves the study of people as they interact in their sociohistorical settings.DA measure of the effectiveness of an intervention is a quasi-experimental quantitative study.PTS:1DIF:Cognitive level: Analyzing (Analysis)REF: p. 1917. A nurse researcher wants to know how well adolescent mothers can learn to manage theirchildren’s asthma and develops an initial study to explore and define perceptions of asthma amongthis population. Which best describes this initial study?a.Correlational researchb.Descriptive researchc.Phenomenological researchd.Outcomes researchANS: BFeedback

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ACorrelational research would attempt to make a connection between perceptions of asthma and a specificoBDescriptive research explores new areas of research and describes situations as they exist in the world. Thstudy aims to describe current perceptions of asthma in a given population.CPhenomenological research involves gaining deeper insights into perceptions and values, not simply descrthem.DQualitative research does not attempt to define variables.PTS:1DIF:Cognitive level: Analyzing (Analysis)REF: p. 2018. Which research technique would be used by a nurse researcher who wishes to compare bondingpatterns of neonatal intensive care (NIC) infants to non-NIC infants to test various theories aboutinfant-parent bonding?a.Experimentalb.Exploratoryc.Grounded-theoryd.Quasi-experimentalANS: CFeedbackAExperimental and quasi-experimental techniques determine the effectiveness of particular outcomes.BExploratory research is performed to describe a problem or issue.CGrounded-theory research is performed to formulate, test, and refine a theory about aparticular phenomen

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DPhenomenological research involves gaining deeper insights into perceptions and values.PTS:1DIF:Cognitive level: Applying (Application)REF: p. 2119. What type of study design would be used to evaluate patient satisfaction in an outpatient clinic?a.Exploratory-descriptive researchb.Outcomes researchc.Qualitative researchd.Phenomenological researchANS: BFeedbackAExploratory-descriptive research is performed to address an issue or problems by describing theproblem iBOutcomes research is designed to evaluate patient responses to interventions as well as satisfaction with caCQualitative research is observational and involves describing patients in a particular setting.DPhenomenological research involves gaining deeper insights into perceptions and values.PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding (Comprehension)REF: p. 2120.The nurse researcher wishes to review a body of qualitative studies about women’s attitudestoward health care in order to develop an overall interpretation of these findings. Which type ofreview will the nurse researcher use?a.Meta-analysis

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b.Meta-synthesisc.Mixed-methods systematic reviewd.Systematic reviewANS: BFeedbackAMeta-analyses are used toevaluate quantitative studies.BA meta-synthesis is used to evaluate qualitative studies.CA mixed methods systematic review is used to evaluate a variety of study designs.DA systematic review is a structured, comprehensive synthesis of the researchliterature to determine the beresearch evidence available to address a health care question.PTS:1DIF:Cognitive level: Applying (Application)REF: p. 2321. Which type of evaluation of research yields the most precise estimates of treatment effects whendescribing results?a.Meta-analysisb.Meta-synthesisc.Mixed-methods systematic reviewd.Systematic reviewANS: AFeedback

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AA meta-analysis is conducted to statistically combine or pool the results from previous quantitative studiessingle statistical analysis that provides one of the highest levels of evidence about an intervention’s effectiBMeta-synthesis is defined as the systematic compiling and integration of qualitative study results to expanunderstanding and developa unique interpretation of study findings in a selected area.CMixed-methods systematic reviews might include a variety of study designs, such as qualitative research aquasi-experimental, correlational, and/or descriptive studies.DA systematic review is a structured, comprehensive synthesis of the research literature to determine the beresearch evidence available to address a health care question.PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding (Comprehension)REF: p. 2222. The nurse serves on a committee to develop a clinical protocol to guide dressing changes formethicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) abscesses. Which is the most important type ofevidence to consider when formulating this protocol?a.Assertions from a panel ofinfectious disease physicians about existing protocols to treat this organism.b.A statistical review of experimental studies comparing various dressing change protocols and patient outcc.A systematic review of all nursing and medical literatureabout the incidence of MRSA infection and variodressing change protocols.d.Studies identifying the correlations between variables such as dressing types and subsequent infection rateANS: BFeedbackAExpert panel opinions are useful, but do notprovide statistically significant evidence about interventions aresults.BA statistical review of experimental studies is a meta-analysis and is the strongest level of evidence.

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CA literature review is an initial step in developing a protocol or designing a study.DCorrelational studies are not as powerful as experimental studies.PTS:1DIF:Cognitive level: Analyzing (Analysis)REF: p. 22 |p. 2423. What role will a new nurse graduate who has a BSN expect to play in research?a.Appraising studiesand implementing evidence-based guidelines and protocols.b.Developing, evaluating, and revising evidence-based guidelines and protocols.c.None, since the BSN affords limited education on the research process.d.Synthesizing findings and leadinghealth care teams to make evidence-based changes.ANS: AFeedbackAThe BSN prepares nurses to read and critically appraise research studies and to assist with implementationevidence-based guidelines and protocols.BNurses with a Master of Sciencein Nursing (MSN) may revise or develop protocols and identify and criticappraise the quality of evidence-based studies.CNurses with a MSN are provided the educational preparation to critically appraise and synthesize findingsstudies to revise or develop protocols, algorithms, or policies for use in practice (see Figure 1-4). They alsthe ability to identify and critically appraise the quality of evidence-based guidelines developed by nationaorganizations.DAdvanced practice nurses and nurse administrators have the ability to lead health care teams in making esschanges in nursing practice and in the health care system based on current research evidence. DPNs may lhealth care teams to make evidence-based changes in practice.PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding (Comprehension)

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REF: pp. 25-2624.A job description for a nurse position in a teaching hospital includes “coordinating researchteams to facilitate studies to generate knowledge about nursing actions.” Whichtype of advancednursing degree would be required for this position?a.Doctorate of Nursing Practice (DNP)b.Doctorate in Nursing (PhD)c.Master of Science in Nursing (MSN)d.Post-Doctorate in NursingANS: BFeedbackADNP-prepared nursestranslate nursing research into practice.BPhD-prepared nurses can critique, implement, plan, and develop new or revised guidelines, as well as genereplicate knowledge via conduction of research.CMSN-prepared nurses identify problems requiring research and may conduct studies, but usually in collabwith other nurse scientists.DThe difference between PhD and post-PhD is unclear—in this situation you are one and the samePTS:1DIF:Cognitive level: Applying (Application)REF: pp. 25-26MULTIPLE RESPONSE1. Which are components of Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)? (Choose all that apply.)a.Best research evidenceb.Expert opinion consensus

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c.Patient needs and valuesd.Safe, cost-effective careANS: A, C, DFeedbackCorrectBestresearch evidence is used to formulate EBP.Patient needs and values are used to develop EBP.Safe, cost-effective care is a component of EBP.IncorrectExpert opinion consensus is not a part of EBP.PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding (Comprehension)REF: pp. 27-282. A nurse with a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) is prepared to do which of the following?(Choose all that apply.)a.Appraise and summarize research findingsb.Assist with the implementation of evidence-based guidelinesc.Conduct independent nursing studiesd.Expand the body of nursing knowledge through independent researchANS: A, BFeedbackCorrectThe BSN-prepared nurse is capable of appraising and summarizing research findings.The BSN-prepared nurse assists withthe implementation of evidence-based guidelines.

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IncorrectThe BSN-prepared nurse does not conduct independent nursing studies.The BSN-prepared nurse does not expand the body of nursing knowledge through independent rePTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding (Comprehension)REF: pp. 25-263. Which of the following is a research question for an experimental study? (Choose all that apply.)a.What is it like to live with asthma?b.Do children who have an updated asthma action plan havefewer missed school days caused by asthma?c.Which asthma triggers influence poor attitudes about chronic disease?d.Which bronchodilator medication has fewer side effects?ANS: B, DFeedbackCorrectDetermining which interventions reduce asthmasick days is a controlled, quantitative, experimendesign.A study about the effects of a medication is an experimental study.IncorrectAsking what it is like to live with asthma will generate qualitative data.A study determining relationshipsbetween asthma triggers and attitudes about disease is a correlastudy.PTS:1DIF:Cognitive level: Analyzing (Analysis)REF:p. 19| pp. 27-2802: Introduction to theQuantitative Research

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Chapter 02: Introduction to the Quantitative ResearchGrove: Understanding Nursing Research, 6th EditionMULTIPLE CHOICE1. A researcher conducts a study which outlines the daily habits of women who are overweight. Thisstudy represents what type of research?a.Correlationalb.Descriptivec.Experimentald.Quasi-experimentalANS: BFeedbackACorrelational research investigates the relationship between or among variables.BDescriptive research is the exploration of phenomena in real-life situations.CExperimental research is an objective, systematic,highly controlled investigation for the purpose of prediccontrolling phenomena.DThe purpose ofquasi-experimentalresearchis to examine causal relationships or determine the effect ofvariable on another. Thus, these studies involve implementing a treatment or intervention and examining teffects of this intervention using selected methods of measurement.PTS:1DIF:Cognitive level: Applying (Application)REF: pp. 32-332. The researcher wants to learn whether there is a relationship between parental education andemergency room use among children who have asthma. Which type of research study will thisresearcher use?a.Basic

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b.Correlationalc.Historicald.PhenomenologicalANS: BFeedbackABasic research is scientificinvestigation that involves the pursuit of “knowledge for knowledge’s sake.”BCorrelational research investigates the relationship between or among variables.CHistorical research is a type of qualitative research.DPhenomenological research is a type of qualitative research.PTS:1DIF:Cognitive level: Applying (Application)REF: pp. 32-333. The nurse evaluates a research study that examines the relationship between computer andtelevision screen time and obesity. A correlational analysis reveals a correlation of +0.95. What canthe nurse conclude about the relationship between these two variables?a.An increase in screen time causes obesity.b.An increase in obesity leads to increased screen time.c.Screen time and obesity vary in oppositedirections.d.Screen time and obesity vary together.ANS: DFeedback

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AVariables that vary in opposite directions will have a negative correlation.BDescriptive research is the exploration of phenomena in real-life situations.CCorrelationalstudies do not indicate cause, so an increase in screen time or an increase in obesity does notor lead to an increase in the other.DA positive correlation between variables indicates that the variables vary together.PTS:1DIF:Cognitive level: Analyzing (Analysis)REF: pp. 33-344. In which type of research does the researcher seek to examine causal relationships amongvariables without being able to manipulate the variables?a.Descriptiveb.Correlationalc.Experimentald.Quasi-experimentalANS: DFeedbackADescriptive research is the exploration of phenomena in real-life situations.BCorrelational research investigates the relationship between or among variables but does not attribute causCExperimental design isconsidered the most powerful quantitative design because of the rigorous control ovariables.DQuasi-experimental studies have less control than experimental studies, but they do exhibit some degree o

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control.PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding (Comprehension)REF: p. 345. The nurse participates in data collection for a clinical drug trial in which subjects are randomlyassigned to either a treatment or a placebo group to measure the effects of the drug on a specificoutcome. This is which type of study?a.Correlationalb.Descriptivec.Experimentald.Quasi-experimentalANS: CFeedbackACorrelational research investigates the relationship between or among variables but does not attribute causBDescriptive research isthe exploration of phenomena in real-life situations.CExperimental design involves control of variables and random assignment of subjects so that effects of vaon specific outcomes can be measured.DQuasi-experimental studies have less controlthan experimental studies, but they do exhibit some degree ocontrol.PTS:1DIF:Cognitive level: Applying (Application)REF: p. 346. A researcher studies the effect of asthma action plans on frequency of emergency department visitsfor asthma-related symptoms. The study would be described as:

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a.applied research.b.basic research.c.descriptive research.d.phenomenological research.ANS: AFeedbackAApplied research involves research that is directly applicable to clinical practice.BBasicresearch is scientific investigation that involves the pursuit of “knowledge for knowledge’s sake.”CDescriptive research is the exploration of phenomena in real-life situations.DPhenomenological research would not investigate this type of research question. Phenomenological resear“what is the lived experience of the person in this situation?”PTS:1DIF:Cognitive level: Applying (Application)REF: p. 357. Basic research seeks to:a.directly influence clinical practice.b.generate knowledgefor knowledge’s sake.c.predict or control outcomes of variables.d.validate or test theoretical frameworks.ANS: B

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FeedbackAApplied research is used to solve problems, make decisions, or predict or control outcomes in real-life prasituations.BBasic research is more likely to be found in a laboratory setting and generates knowledge for knowledge’smay be used as the foundation for other research.CExperimental research is conducted in order to be able to predict or control outcomesDGrounded theory research is used to validate theoretical frameworks.PTS:1DIF:Cognitive level: Analyzing (Analysis)REF: pp. 35-368. When developing a study, a researcher establishes rules for measurement of independent anddependent variables in order to minimize the possibility of error. This is an example of:a.control.b.manipulation.c.precision.d.rigor.ANS: AFeedbackAControl involves the imposing of rules by the researcher to decrease the possibility of error andthus increaprobability that the study’s findings are an accurate reflection of reality.BManipulation is when the researcher makes changes in the treatment received by the subjects.CPrecision encompasses accuracy, detail, and order and is evident in the concise statement of the research p

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DRigor is the discipline, attention to detail, and precision necessary when striving for excellence in researchPTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding (Comprehension)REF: pp. 36-379. In which type of research study does the researcher have the most control?a.Correlationalb.Descriptivec.Experimentald.Quasi-experimentalANS: CFeedbackACorrelational research investigates the relationship between or among variables but does notattribute causBDescriptive research is the exploration of phenomena in real-life situations.CExperimental design involves control of variables and random assignment of subjects so that effects of vaon specific outcomes can be measured.DQuasi-experimental studies have less control than experimental studies, but they do exhibit some degree ocontrol.PTS:1DIF:Cognitive level: Analyzing (Analysis)REF:p. 34| pp. 36-3710. A researcher designs a study to evaluate stress and anxiety associated with breastfeeding in whichdata collection takes place in the homes of mothers with premature newborns after discharge homefrom the NIC. This would be an example of which type of research setting?

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a.Highly controlled, fieldb.Highlycontrolled, laboratoryc.Natural, fieldd.Partially controlled, laboratoryANS: CFeedbackAThere are three common settings for conducting research: natural, partially controlled, and highly controllhighly-controlled setting would involveexperimental control of an independent variable, which this studydo.BThis is a field study, with data collection occurring in patients’ homes and not in a laboratory.CThe setting describes where the research and data collection occur. A natural setting, or field setting, is anuncontrolled, real-life situation or environment, such as the home. In a natural setting, there is relatively licontrol over the setting and the variables associated with the setting.DThere are three common settings for conducting research: natural, partially controlled, and highly controllnatural setting, or field setting, is an uncontrolled, real-life situation or environment. This is a field study,data collection occurring in patients’ homes and not in a laboratoryPTS:1DIF:Cognitive level: Applying (Application)REF: pp. 36-3711. When conducting a research study using a convenience sample of all first grade students fromtwo classrooms in a nearby school, the nurse researcher may increase the sample control by:a.assigning one classroom to the experimental group and the other classroom to the control group.b.exposing all subjects to the treatment variable and then comparing the outcome data to pretreatment data.

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c.randomly assigningstudents from both classrooms to either the experimental group or the control group.d.using all of these subjects as treatment subjects and comparing outcomes to a group of subjects from a simstudy.ANS: CFeedbackAAssigning one classroom toone group and the other classroom to the other group is less effective than ransampling.BPre-and post-treatment comparison may be used when random assignment is not possible.CRandomly assigning subjects to either a treatment group or a controlgroup improves sample control and dbias. Even when convenience sampling is used, subjects may be randomly assigned to groups.DComparing a treatment group to a group in another study does not control the treatment variables becausevariationsbetween two studies.PTS:1DIF:Cognitive level: Analyzing (Analysis)REF: p. 3712. A nurse is assisting with data collection for a study measuring the effects of a sleep aidmedication on oxygen saturations. Subjects will sleep in a darkened room in a sleep lab whileparticipating. Which type of research setting is this?a.Fieldb.Highly controlledc.Naturald.Partially controlledANS: B

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