2024-2025 Disorders of the Forearm, Wrist, and Hand (PEARLS) (Smarty PANCE) with Answers (77 Solved Questions)

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DisordersoftheForearm,Wrist,andHand(PEARLS)(SmartyPANCE)100%VERIFIED ANSWERS2024/2025 CORRECTWhat ismedial epicondylitis?An overuse syndrome that results in pain in the myotendinous junction betweenthewrist flexors and medial epicondylealso known as "golfer's elbow"What is the cause ofmedial epicondylitis?It is caused by an overuse of the elbow, particularly wrist flexion and forearm pronationWhat are the symptoms ofmedial epicondylitis?Pain with resisted wristflexion and pronationPain at the medial elbow epicondyle thatmay radiate to the wristDiagnosis ofmedial epicondylitis?Provocative testing-Pain is elicited withresisted wrist flexionwhile the elbow isfully extendedTreatment ofmedial epicondylitis?Treat with activity modification, physical therapy, corticosteroid injections-orthopedicsurgeryin patients who failed physical therapy for 4-6 months

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What islateral epicondylitis?An overuse syndrome that results in pain in the myotendinous junction betweenthewrist extensors and lateral epicondyle also known as "tennis elbow"What is the cause oflateral epicondylitis?It is caused by an overuse of the elbow, particularly wrist extension and forearmsupination.What is the symptoms oflateral epicondylitis?Symptoms includepain over the lateral epicondyleand pain withwristextensionorforearm supinationTreatment oflateral epicondylitis?Treat with activity modification,counterforce bracing, physical therapy, andcorticosteroid injections-orthopedic surgery in patients who failed physical therapy for4-6 monthsWhat iselbow (olecranon) bursitis?Elbow (Olecranon) Bursitisoccurs in the olecranon bursa, a thin, fluid-filled sac that islocated at the boney tip of the elbow (the olecranon)What isanother nameforolecranon bursitis?Scholar's elbowPresentation ofelbow (olecranon) bursitis?Elbow swelling-It may be distinguished from an effusion of the elbow joint if thepatient is able to fully extend the elbow joint without accentuating the painNonseptic bursitisvs.Septic bursitis

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●Nonseptic bursitis:acute traumaor repetitive trauma causes inflammation of theolecranon bursa●Septic bursitis: infection from microorganisms transferred via trauma to the skinoverlying the bursa. Pain or fever may suggest an infectious etiologyDiagnosis ofelbow (olecranon) bursitis?The diagnosis of olecranon bursitis is often made byclinical evaluationalone withoutthe aid of objective diagnostic testing.● R/O septic or gout–aspirate● Imaging studies are typically not necessary for diagnostic purposesWhat iscubital tunnel syndrome?Cubital tunnel syndromehappens when the ulnar nerve, which passes through thecubital tunnel (a tunnel of muscle, ligament, and bone) on the inside of the elbow, isinjured and becomes inflamed, swollen, and irritated.●Cubital tunnel syndromeis caused byulnar nerve compressionat theelbowPresentation ofcubital tunnel syndrome?Ulnar lesions at theelbowtypically present withnumbness and tingling in the fourthand fifth digits,medial elbow pain,nocturnal numbnessandparesthesia,andworseningof symptoms withelbow and/or repeated wrist flexionWhat special testis used to diagnose cubital tunnel syndrome?The Tinel's sign testis often used to help diagnose carpal tunnel syndrome,cubitaltunnel syndrome, or tarsaltunnel syndrome● A positive result-tingling when the affected nerveis tappedWhat isulnar tunnel syndrome?

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Ulnar tunnel syndromeis caused byulnar nerve compressionat thewristinGuyon's canalPresentation ofulnar tunnel syndrome?Ulnar lesions atthewristtypically present with hand weakness and atrophy, loss ofdexterity, and variable sensory involvement as outlined below.Symptoms ofulnar tunnel syndrome?Symptoms are the same for both cubital and ulnar tunnel syndromeParesthesias over thesmall fingerandulnar half of the 4th finger,andulnardorsum of the hand● Exacerbating activities includecell phone use (excessive flexion)●Night symptomsare caused by sleeping with the arm in flexionDiagnosisofcubitalandulnar tunnel syndrome?Diagnosis is suggested by symptoms and signs, and sometimesnerve conductionstudiesTreatmentofcubitalandulnar tunnel syndrome?Treat withNSAIDs,activity modification, andnighttime bracing.● Operative-ulnar nerve decompression.What iscarpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)?Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)occurs when themedian nerve, which runs from theforearm into the palm of the hand, becomes pressed or squeezed at the wristWhat is the cause ofcarpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)?

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