2024-2025 Parathyroid Disorders (PEARLS) (Smarty PANCE) with Answers (52 Solved Questions)

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Parathyroiddisorders(PEARLS)(SmartyPANCE)100% VERIFIED ANSWERS2024/2025Whereis parathyroid hormone produced?Parathyroidhormone comes fromthe parathyroid glandswhich areburied within thethyroid glandWhat is the main job of the parathyroid glands?Their main job is tokeep bloodcalciumlevels stableHow does parathyroid hormone affect calcium and phosphate levels in theblood?Parathyroid hormoneincreasesbloodcalciumanddecreasesphosphatelevel.How are changes in the body’s levels of extracellular calciumdetected?Changes in the body's levels of extracellular calcium are detected by a surface receptorin parathyroid cells that's called the calcium-sensing receptor. These changes affect theamount of parathyroid hormone that's released by the parathyroid gland.How does parathyroid hormonefunctionin the body?Parathyroid hormonegets the bones to release calcium, it gets thekidneys toreabsorb more calciumso it's not lost in the urine, and itsynthesizes calcitriol, whichis also known as 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, oractive vitamin D. Active vitamin Dthen goes on to cause the gastrointestinal tract to increase calciumabsorption.Altogether, these effects help to keep the extracellular levels of calciumwithin a narrow range that's between 8.5 to 10 mg/dl.

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Defineprimary HPTHIn primaryhyperparathyroidism, the parathyroid gland is responsible for the problem,because itmakes parathyroid hormone independently of the calcium level. Excessparathyroid hormone stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone and makes the kidneyshold on to calcium and get rid of phosphate-resulting in hypercalcemia andhypophosphatemia. It's marked byelevatedcalciumandlow phosphorus.Usuallycaused by a PTH secretingparathyroid ADENOMAWhat are theetiologiesof primary HPTH and percentages?The mostmost common causeofprimary hyperparathyroidismisparathyroidadenomawhich is a benign tumor ( 85%), Hyperplasia (10%), Carcinoma ( 1%)What percentage of adenomas are not single but found in more than one gland?5%of adenomas are found in more than one glandDefinesecondary HPTHIn secondary hyperparathyroidism, the parathyroid gland is normal but↑ PTHbyaphysiologic responsetohypocalcemiaorvitamin D deficiencyCausesof secondary HPTH?Secondary hyperparathyroidism is caused by chronic hypocalcemiawhich cause theparathyroid gland to makes excess parathyroid hormone. Causes include calciumwasting caused by renal failure or decreased GI calcium absorption, rickets orosteomalacia; calcium levels are usually low. Chronic kidney disease is the mostcommon cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism.Definetertiary HPTHTertiary hyperparathyroidismis a situation where individuals who have hadsecondary hyperparathyroidism for many years develop primary hyperparathyroidism. Intertiary hyperparathyroidism parts of the parathyroid gland start making parathyroidhormone independently of blood calcium levels-resulting in hypercalcemia.How can you remember the symptoms ofprimary hyperparathyroidism?

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