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Classical and Contemporary Sociological Theory: Text and Readings Third Edition Test Bank

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Classical and Contemporary Sociological Theory: Text and Readings Third Edition Test Bank - Page 1 preview imageClassical and Contemporary Sociological Theory, Third EditionInstructor ResourcePage1of111. Theory is vital to making sense of social life because*a. it holds assorted observations and facts togetherb. you can’t do science without itc. sociological law states you mustd. social life is based solely on theory2. The thing toremember about facts is thata. they are only applicable to hard sciences*b. they are based upon implicit assumptionsc. facts are universally acceptedd. facts are mathematically derived3.Your authors do not provide which of the following when constructing a framework for theintroductory chapter as a means for students to comprehend classical sociological theory?a. howb. why*c.whend. who4. Which of the following is not true of scientific theories?a. Theory is a system of generalized statements or propositions about phenomenab. They explain and predict phenomena in questionc. They produce testable and thus falsifiable hypotheses*d. Theories are known scientifically as dependent variables5. Which of the following is true of sociological theories?*a. They tend to be more evaluative and critical.b. They tend to rely purely on statistics.c. They tend to rely on ethnographies only.a. They are centered upon participant observation.6. When a student starts thinking and writing about material presented in a secondary reading,she is how many steps removed from the original text?a. one*b. twoc. threed. four7. Many of the seeds for what would become sociology were first planted witha. the American Revolutionb. the French Revolution*c. the Enlightenmentd. the Fall of Rome
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Classical and Contemporary Sociological Theory: Text and Readings Third Edition Test Bank - Page 2 preview image
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Classical and Contemporary Sociological Theory: Text and Readings Third Edition Test Bank - Page 3 preview imageClassical and Contemporary Sociological Theory, Third EditionInstructor ResourcePage2of118. One of the concepts developed during the time of the Enlightenment includeda. verstehen*b. the civil societyc. religious conservatismd. anomic society9.One of the most important aspects of the new attitude from the Enlightenment was anemphasis ona. educationb. strategy*c. reasond. religion10. Who coined the term “sociology”?a. Emile Durkheimb. Karl Marxc. Max Weber*d. AugusteComte11. Who was the most instrumental in laying the groundwork for the emerging discipline ofsociology?*a. Emile Durkheimb. Karl Marxc. Max Weberd. Auguste Comte12. What theorist is mentioned when critiques of capitalism are discussed:a. Auguste Comteb. Max Weberc. Emile Durkheim*d. Karl Marx13. Which of the following individuals is not traditionally associated with the ideas of theEnlightenment?a. Copernicusb. Newton*c. Rousseaud. Galileo14. Which founding father of sociology, in response to the Industrial Revolution, comparedmodern society to an “iron cage”?a. Karl Marxb. Emile Durkheimc. Auguste Comte
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Classical and Contemporary Sociological Theory: Text and Readings Third Edition Test Bank - Page 4 preview imageClassical and Contemporary Sociological Theory, Third EditionInstructor ResourcePage3of11*d. Max Weber15. The authors’ metatheoretical framework is built around the questions ofa. solidarity and isolation*b. order and actionc. power and submissiond. cognition and emotion16. Which concept asks what accounts for the patterns or predictability of behavior that lead usto experience social life as routine?a. rational*b. orderc. nonrationald. action17. The perspective that pictures society as an overarching system that works down onindividuals and groups to determine the shape of the social order is called:a. individualistb. nonrational*c. collectivistd. rational18.Social facts are true because:a. they can be proven sob. rational thinking is key*c. we interpret them using pre-existing categories and assumptionsd. they are pre-determined19.Which word or phrase best matches for the term “nonrational” when used in the context ofthe authors’ metatheoretical framework?a. stupid*b. subjective idealsc.nonsensicald. irrational20. When a person takes her bearings more from forces outside herself than from internalizedforces, we would label this as:a. individualist*b. rationalc. collectivistd. nonrational21. According to the authors’ metatheoretical framework action guided by norms, values, morals,traditions is considered
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Classical and Contemporary Sociological Theory: Text and Readings Third Edition Test Bank - Page 5 preview imageClassical and Contemporary Sociological Theory, Third EditionInstructor ResourcePage4of11a. Rationalb. Collective.*c.Nonrational.d. Individual.22. According to the authors’ metatheoretical actors seen as relatively free to reproduce thepatterns and routines of social life is categorized asa. Rationalb. Collectivec. Nonrational*d. Individual23. The four coordinates used in the authors’ table of theorists’ basic orientation should beconsidered by the student as:a. real statistical pointsb. pure points*c. ideal typesd. fixed points24. Which of the following is true of the metatheoretical framework?a. It is a handy mirror for reality.*b. It helps to compare and contrast theorists.c. Theorists are defined by one quadrant only.d. Theories are one-dimensional always.25. In answer to the sample question posed in the chapter, “Why do people stop at red lights?”which quadrant would say it is both a habit and it is good and right to follow the law?a. collective nonrationalb. individual rationalc. collective rational*d. individual nonrational26. In which quadrant would we find the reason of “fear of getting a ticket” to the red lightquestion?a. collective nonrationalb. individual rationalc. collective rational*d. individual nonrational27. So-called facts are based on implicit assumptions and unacknowledged presuppositions.*a. Trueb.False28. Our everyday life is filled with theories as we seek to understand the world around us.
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Classical and Contemporary Sociological Theory: Text and Readings Third Edition Test Bank - Page 6 preview imageClassical and Contemporary Sociological Theory, Third EditionInstructor ResourcePage5of11*a. Trueb. False29. Theory is a system of generalized statements or propositions about phenomena.*a. Trueb. False30. Sociologists tend to be interested not only in understanding the workings of society, but alsoin realizing a more just or equitable social order.*a. Trueb. False31. In general, it is relatively easy to fashion universal laws to explain societal dynamics.a. True*b. False32. It is true that original texts are usually too hard for students to decipher.a. True*b. False33. Secondary texts do not merely translate what the theorist wrote into simpler terms; rather, inorder to simplify, they must revise what an author has said.*a. Trueb. False34. The Enlightenment was not so much a fixed set of ideas, but a new attitude, a new method ofthought.*a. Trueb. False35. The rise of science and empiricism in the mid-seventeenth century would give birth tosociology.a. True*b. False36. The primary domain of sociology according to Durkheim is social facts.*a. Trueb. False37. Sociology reflects a complex mix of Enlightenment and counter-Enlightenment ideas*a. Trueb. False
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Classical and Contemporary Sociological Theory: Text and Readings Third Edition Test Bank - Page 7 preview imageClassical and Contemporary Sociological Theory, Third EditionInstructor ResourcePage6of1138. Rousseau believed both in the social contract and that rationality by itself left an individuallifeless, cold, and uncertain.*a. Trueb. False39. Sociology’s founding fathers’ work emphasized rational thought and objective methodology;leaving little room for subjective and humanistic concerns.a. True*b. False40. Your textbook argues Abdel Rahman Ibn-Khaldun, Confucius, and Aristotle can best beunderstood as pre-modern sociologists.a. True*b. False41. Your authors argue that most scholars, researchers, and students view these theorists inexactly the same light, thus validating the fixed points of the theorists’ basic orientation table.a. True*b. FalseType: E42. Define theory and its use in science.*a. Varies. Theory is a system of generalized statements or propositions about phenomena.However, there are two additional features that, together, distinguish scientific theories fromother idea systems, such as those found in religion or philosophy. “Scientific” theories 1) explainand predict the phenomena in question; 2) produce testable and thus falsifiable hypotheses.Type: E43. Explain the social nature of facts.*a. Varies. Durkheim emphasized that the primary domain of sociology is social facts; that is,conditions and circumstances external to the individual that, nevertheless, determine one’scourse of action. Facts make sense only because we interpret them using preexisting categoriesand assumptions; that is, “theories.” The point is that even so-called facts are based on implicitassumptions and unacknowledged presuppositions.Type: E44. Explain the distinction between sociological theories and those from the other branches ofscience.*a. First, sociological theories tend to be more evaluative and critical than theories in the naturalsciences. A second difference between sociological theories and those found in other scientificdisciplines stems from the nature of their respective subjects.Type: E45. Why is it important to read primary works?
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Classical and Contemporary Sociological Theory: Text and Readings Third Edition Test Bank - Page 8 preview imageClassical and Contemporary Sociological Theory, Third EditionInstructor ResourcePage7of11*a.Some scholars agree that original works are just too hard to decipher for students. Thisthinking is due to the nature of secondary textbooks, with these works interpreting andsimplifying the ideas of core theorists. The use of primary works is to provide students not onlywith core classical sociological theories and readings but also a framework for comprehendingthem as the writers intended.Type: E46. Discuss the Enlightenment and its impact on sociology.*a. The Enlightenment emphasis on reason was part and parcel of the rise of science: advocatingthe triumph of reasoned investigation and systematic observation of phenomena over religiousfaith and common-sense ways of understanding, Enlightenment intellectuals rebuked existingknowledge as fraught with prejudice and mindless tradition. This era facilitated the developmentof the discipline of sociology an it’s acceptance in the academic community as a scientific modeof studying society.Type: E47. Explain the connection between reason and science.*a. The rise of science and empiricism would give birth to sociology in the mid-nineteenthcentury. The central idea behind the emerging discipline was that society could be the subject ofscientific examination in the same manner as biological organisms or the physical properties ofmaterial objects. Society for the first time, could be studied as matter and organisms are studiedin the natural sciences. Society and groups could be studied with as much meticulous scientificrigour by sociologists as natural scientists apply, beyond the confines of religion.Type: E48. Discuss the role Durkheim played in the formation of sociology.*a. It was the French theorist Émile Durkheim (18581917) who arguably was most instrumentalin laying the groundwork for the emerging discipline of sociology. Durkheim emphasized thatthe primary domain of sociology is social facts; that is, conditions and circumstances external tothe individual that, nevertheless, determine one’s course of action. He was the first to publishwork done via a scientific/quantitative method.Type: E49. Explain the Industrial Revolution’s impact on sociology.*a. The new discipline of sociology sought to scientifically explain both the causes and theeffects of extraordinary social change. One of the most important of these changes was theIndustrial Revolution, which began in England in the eighteenth century.This was one of thekey and first areas of study due to the mechanized production of goods and demands on labour itcreated.Type: E50. Define and explain the question of order.*a. Varies. An individual’s analytical frame or map revolves around two central questions thatsocial theorists and philosophers have grappled with since well before the establishment of
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Classical and Contemporary Sociological Theory: Text and Readings Third Edition Test Bank - Page 9 preview imageClassical and Contemporary Sociological Theory, Third EditionInstructor ResourcePage8of11sociology as an institutionalized discipline: the questions of order and action (Alexander 1987).Order accounts for the patterns and/or predictability of behavior that lead us to experience sociallife as routine. What we don’t see and take for granted as a society and social beings.It askswhat accounts for the patterns or predictability of behavior that lead us to experience social lifeas routine.Type: E51. Define and explain the question of action.*a. An individual’s analytical frame or map revolves around two central questions that socialtheorists and philosophers have grappled with since well before the establishment of sociology asan institutionalized discipline: the questions of order and action (Alexander 1987). Action,considers the factors that motivate individuals or groups to act within society as social beings.The forces held to be responsible for steering individual or group behavior in a particulardirection.Type: E52. Define theories and explain how they differ from ideas found in religion and philosophy.Next, use these definitions as a foundation for the contemporary debate about evolution,“intelligent design” and the separation between church and state in U.S. schools.*a. Varies. Theories are a system of generalized statements or propositions about phenomena.Two features distinguish them from religion and philosophy: Ability to explain and predict thephenomena in question; Ability to produce testable and thus falsifiable hypotheses. Whereasreligion can be defined as: a cause, principle, or system of beliefs held to with ardor and faith.Whereas philosophy can be defined as: a search for a general understanding of values and realityby chiefly speculative rather than observational means. Evolution can be defined as: thehistorical development of a biological group (as a race or species) and is most popularlyassociated with Charles Darwin’s work from the 1850s. “Intelligent Design” came into use aftera late 1980s Supreme Court case. “ID” can be defined as: a belief that certain features of theuniverse and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, not an undirected processsuch as natural selection. Separation of church and state is a long tradition in the U.S. in order toensure the secularity of government and at the same time insure individual religious freedom forits citizens.Type: E53. Define and briefly explain both the Enlightenment and counter-Enlightenment. In addition,explain how each of sociology’s founding fathers’ work embodies both movements.*a. The Enlightenment was a period of remarkable intellectual development that occurred inEurope during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. The development of civilsociety (open spaces of debate relatively free from government control) enabled a critical massof literate citizens to think about the economic, political, and cultural conditions that shapedsociety. One of the most important aspects of this new attitude was an emphasis on reason.Central to this new attitude was questioning and reexamining received ideas and values. TheEnlightenment emphasis on reason was part and parcel of the rise of science. Counter-Enlightenment-in the late eighteenth century, a conservative reaction to the Enlightenment took
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Classical and Contemporary Sociological Theory: Text and Readings Third Edition Test Bank - Page 10 preview imageClassical and Contemporary Sociological Theory, Third EditionInstructor ResourcePage9of11place. Under the influence of Jean-Jacques Rousseau the unabashed embrace of rationality,technology, and progress was challenged. Against the emphasis on reason, counter-Enlightenershighlighted the significance of nonrational factors, such as tradition, emotions, ritual, andceremony. Most importantly, counter-Enlighteners were concerned that the accelerating pace ofindustrialization and urbanization and the growing pervasiveness of bureaucratization wereproducing profoundly disorganizing effects. Durkheim was interested in both objective orexternal social facts and the more subjective elements of society, such as feelings of solidarity orcommitment to a moral code. Karl Marx fashioned an economic philosophy that was at oncerooted in science and humanist prophecy. Max Weber combined a methodical, scientificapproach with a concern about both the material conditions and idea systems of modernsocieties.Type: E54. Define the term “social facts” and using examples, like your own life as a framework, brieflydescribe the “social facts” present in your own life, and how they operate. You may use anothersubject matter if you do not feel comfortable using your own life.*a. Durkheim emphasized that, while the primary domain of psychology is to understandprocesses internal to the individual (e.g., personality or instincts), the primary domain ofsociology is “social facts”: that is, conditions and circumstances external to the individual that,nevertheless, determine that individual’s course of action. As a scientist, Durkheim advocated asystematic and methodical examination of social facts and their impact on individuals. Individualstudents’ answers will vary but each should identify some power, force, or institution within hisor her own life which plays a part in how he or she acts, feels, or thinks.Type: E55. First, briefly explain the Industrial Revolution’s impact on the birth of sociology. Discuss therole that this era played in the development of sociology while applying sociological concepts toyour discussion.*a. A period of enormous change that began in England in the eighteenth century. The term“Industrial Revolution” refers to the application of power-driven machinery to agriculture,transportation, and manufacturing. Although industrialization began in remote times andcontinues today, this process completely transformed Europe in the eighteenth century. It turnedEurope from a predominantly agricultural to a predominantly industrial society. It not onlyradically altered how goods were produced and distributed, but galvanized the system ofcapitalism as well. Specifically, large numbers of people left farms and agricultural work tobecome wage earners in factories in the rapidly growing cities. At the same time, factories weretransformed by a long series of technological changes. Ever-more efficient machines wereadopted, and tasks were routinized. However, this rise in efficiency came at a tremendoushuman cost. Mechanized production reduced both the number of jobs available and the technicalskills needed for work in the factory. A few profited enormously, but most worked long hours forlow wages. Accidents were frequent and often quite serious. Workers were harshly punished andtheir wages were docked for the slightest mistakes. Women and children worked alongside menin noisy, unsafe conditions. Most factories were dirty, poorly ventilated and lit, and dangerous.
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Classical and Contemporary Sociological Theory: Text and Readings Third Edition Test Bank - Page 11 preview imageClassical and Contemporary Sociological Theory, Third EditionInstructor ResourcePage10of11Type: E56. Discuss how the digital revolution of the late 20thcentury has affected both society and theways wecontinue to study society. Do you feel the digital revolution has impacted society andsociology to the same extent as the Industrial Revolution? Why or why not?*a. The digital revolution occurred during the last twenty years (although some may debate theexact start) of the twentieth century. Building on and improving existing analog communicationtechnology, digital micro-chip based technologies allowed for the rise in computers especiallypersonal computing. An array of personal technology products have served to improve society’sbureaucratic infrastructure now built on a backbone of various software programs and serversystems (especially banking, records, etc.). Students’ answers to which revolution is moreprofound on society will vary.Type: E57. What role does social media play in society, today? Be specific.*a. Building on and improving existing analog communication technology, digital micro-chipbased technologies allowed for the rise in computers especially personal computing. An array ofpersonal technology products have changed the way people live their lives while society’s. Thisdigital revolution has changed how we interact with one another, in some ways strengthening ourbonds (i.e. cell phones, smart devices, applications) while in others masking our “real” selvesand adding layers of abstraction to our interactions (from chat rooms and instant messaging toinboxing and twitter feeds, friending and unfriending, following and blocking etc.).Type: E58. When we now study society we must study both the “real” and “virtual” worlds we inhabit.Is there a clear distinction between these worlds?or are they becoming one and the same?Explain your answer.*a. Varies. This digital revolution has changed how we interact with one another, in some waysstrengthening our bonds (i.e. cell phones, smart devices, applications) while in others maskingour “real” selves and adding layers of abstraction to our interactions (from chat rooms andinstant messaging to inboxing and twitter feeds, friending and unfriending, following andblocking etc.). Labels are given to the different type of relationship and these relationships andlabels may have changed over time.Type: E59. List and define each of the authors’ four coordinates of action and order for mapping theory,then create a question regarding an activity in our society, covered in class, and provide thepossible answers or reasons for this activity by utilizing each of the four coordinates.*a. Order-It asks what accounts for the patterns or predictability of behavior that lead us toexperience social life as routine. Collective-Society is thus pictured as an overarching systemthat works down on individuals and groups to determine the shape of the social order. Society isunderstood as a reality sui generis that operates according to its own logic distinct from the willof individuals: Individual-Here, it is individuals and groups creating, recreating, or altering thesocial order that works up to produce society. This position grants more autonomy to actors,because they are seen as relatively free to reproduce the patterns and routines of social life (i.e.,
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Classical and Contemporary Sociological Theory: Text and Readings Third Edition Test Bank - Page 12 preview imageClassical and Contemporary Sociological Theory, Third EditionInstructor ResourcePage11of11the social order) or transform them. Action-the factors that motivate individuals or groups toact. The forces held to be responsible for steering individual or group behavior in a particulardirection. Nonrational-the individual takes his bearings from subjective ideals, symbolic codes,values, morals, norms, traditions, the quest for meaning, unconscious desires, or emotionalstates, or a combination of these. Rational-It contends that individual and group actions aremotivated primarily by the attempt to maximize rewards while minimizing costs. Here,individuals and groups are viewed essentially as calculating and strategic as they seek to achievethe “selfish” goal of improving their position.
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Classical and Contemporary Sociological Theory: Text and Readings Third Edition Test Bank - Page 13 preview imageClassical and Contemporary Sociological Theory, Third EditionInstructor Resource11. Which of the following is a “class” in capitalism according to Marx?a. Protestants*b. wage laborersc. villagersd. Communism2. Marx refers to the middle-class owners of capital asa. prolétariat.*b. bourgeoisie.c. verstehen.d. veblen.3. Classes are groups of individuals who share a common position in relation toa. their religious affiliationb. how they interpret the world*c. the forces of productiond. how they consume products4. For Marx, which of the following is a catalyst for social change and the prime mover ofhistory?a. forces of productionb. bourgeoisiec. alienation*d. class struggle5. Marx refers to propertyless wage earners as*a. proletariatb. bourgeoisiec. verstehend. veblen6. Marx used the termclass consciousness to refer to:*a. an awareness on the part of the working class of their common relationship to the means ofproductionb. the alienation of the working classc. the false ideology of the working classd. the sense of entitlement of the middle class7. According to the authors, Karl Marx’s basic theoretical orientation would fall under thecategory of:a. nonrational, collectiveb. nonrational, individualc. rational, individual*d. rational, collective
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Classical and Contemporary Sociological Theory: Text and Readings Third Edition Test Bank - Page 14 preview imageClassical and Contemporary Sociological Theory, Third EditionInstructor Resource28. According to Marx’s materialist conception of history, ideas or consciousness is determinedbya. the fetishism of commoditiesb. forms of legitimate authority*c. the forces and relations of production; what individuals produce and how they produce itd. the conceptual categories through which we order experience9. Whose theory is Marx inverting when he states “Life is not determined by consciousness, butconsciousness by life”?a. Antonio Gramscib. Friedrich Engels*c. Georg W.F. Hegeld. Thorstein Veblen10. What term does Marx use to refer to when the process of production and the results of ourlabor confront us as a dominating power?a. class struggleb. forces of production*c. alienationd. proletariat11.What is Marx referring to when he writes “The universality of its property is theomnipotence of its being”?a. power*b. moneyc. authorityd. alienation12. Marx states the capitalist class will produce its own “grave-diggers”. For Marx, who arethese “diggers”?a. the bourgeoisieb. new capitalists*c. class-conscious proletariatd. owners of capital13. What will become a fetter to the continued development of the means of production?a. class struggleb. ownership of production*c. social relations of productiond. class consciousness14. According to Marx, the standard on which the value of commodities is based isa. the degree of usefulness of the commodity*b. the amount of labor time necessary to produce the commodityc. the level of exploitation experienced by the workerd. the exchange of private property necessary for actualizing an exchange
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Classical and Contemporary Sociological Theory: Text and Readings Third Edition Test Bank - Page 15 preview imageClassical and Contemporary Sociological Theory, Third EditionInstructor Resource315. Marx definedsurplus valueasa. difference between the number of workers and the number of products produced*b. difference between what workers earn for their labor and the price or value of the goods theyproducec. difference between the number of workers and the number of consumers in the same marketd. the difference between what the workers earn across competing companies in the samemarket16. Marx argues that fetishizing commoditiesa. creates the conditions necessary for developing class consciousness and thus sparking thecommunist revolution*b. leads us to attribute magical, personally transforming properties to the goods we buyc. leads workers to endow machines with human qualities and assign the source of theirexploitation to technology and the production of commoditiesd. increases the surplus value produced during the production process17. The cycle of exchange for the typical wage earner as outlined by Marx resembles whichpattern?a. M-C-Mb. M-C-M-C*c. C-M-Cd. C-M-C-M18. Raw materials, machinery for production or even more generally money, in Marx’s economicframework, are all considereda. commoditiesb. goods*c. capitald. surplus19. Which classical sociological theorist wroteThe Origin of Family, Private Property, and theState?a. Karl Marxb. Emile Durkheim*c. Friedrich Engelsd. Max Weber20. The Origin of Family, Private Property, and the Statehas which of the following as afoundation for its conception of history?a. Hegelianism*b. Materialismc.Interactionismd. Economism21. InThe Origin of Family, Private Property, and the State,what term is used to refer to theperiod of communally organized hunting and gathering societies?
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Classical and Contemporary Sociological Theory: Text and Readings Third Edition Test Bank - Page 16 preview imageClassical and Contemporary Sociological Theory, Third EditionInstructor Resource4a. stage of barbarismb. mechanical solidarity*c. state of savageryd. organic solidarity22. Which form of family resulted in a new division of labor wherein the man received exclusiveownership of the means of production?*a. pairing familyb. polygynyc. group marriaged. polygamy23. According to Engels, which of the following ultimately became the decisive center of powerin a civilized society?a. bourgeoisie*b. the statec. proletariatd. the family24. Marx believed that capitalism wasmorallya good system; but thateconomically,it wasdoomed to fail.a. True*b. False25. Marx believed that capitalism was a necessary stage in the transition towardsocialism/communism.*a. Trueb. False26. As discussed by the authors, Marx’s basic theoretical orientation could be said to beindividualist and nonrational.a. True*b. False27. The superstructure consists of everything non-economic such as legal, political, andeducational systems.*a. Trueb. False28. Marx’s arguments stems from his agreement with Hegel on the real basis of the progressionof human societies.a. True*b. False29. The dominant economic class controls only a society’s means of material production.a. True
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