Test Bank for Pearson's Federal Taxation 2020 Individuals, 33rd Edition

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1Pearson's Federal Taxation 2020: Individuals, 33e(Rupert/Anderson/Hulse)Chapter I1: An Introduction to TaxationLO1: History of Taxation in the United States1)The federal income tax is the dominant form of taxation by the federal government.Answer:TRUEExplanation: The federal income tax provides more revenues than any other tax.Page Ref.: I:1-2Objective: 12) The Sixteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution permits the passage of a federal incometax law.Answer: TRUEExplanation: The Sixteenth Amendment amended the Constitution to permit the imposition ofan income tax.Page Ref.: I:1-2Objective: 13) When a change in the tax law is deemed necessary by Congress, the entire Internal RevenueCode must be revised.Answer: FALSEExplanation: The federal income tax law is changed on an incremental basis.Page Ref.: I:1-3Objective: 14) The largest source of federal revenues is the corporate income tax.Answer: FALSEExplanation: The largest source is the individual income tax.PageRef.: I:1-3Objective: 15)Until about 100 years ago, attempts to impose a federal income tax were ruledunconstitutional. The amendment to the U.S. Constitution allowing the imposition of a federalincome tax is theA) Second Amendment.B) ThirteenthAmendment.C) Sixteenth Amendment.D) Nineteenth Amendment.Answer: CExplanation: The Sixteenth Amendment, ratified in 1913, gave Congress the power to impose afederal income tax.Page Ref.: I:1-2Objective: 1

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26) The largest source of revenues forthe federal government comes fromA) individual income taxes.B) corporate income taxes.C) Social Security and Medicare taxes (FICA).D) estate and gift taxes.Answer: AExplanation: The individual income tax has provided the largest source of revenuesfor manyyears.Page Ref.: I:1-3Objective: 1LO2: Types of Tax Rate Structures1) A progressive tax rate structure is one where the rate of tax increases as the tax base increases.Answer: TRUEExplanation: Under a progressive tax system, the rateincreases as the tax base increases.Page Ref.: I:1-4Objective: 22) The terms "progressive tax" and "flat tax" are synonymous.Answer: FALSEExplanation:A proportional, not progressive, tax and flat tax are synonymous.Page Ref.: I:1-4Objective:23) A proportional tax rate is one where the rate of the tax is the same for all taxpayers, regardlessof income levels.Answer: TRUEExplanation: A proportional tax is essentially a flat tax.Page Ref.: I:1-4Objective: 24) Regressive tax ratesdecrease as the tax base increases.Answer: TRUEExplanation: Regressive rates increase as the base decreases.Page Ref.: I:1-5Objective: 25) The marginaltax rate is useful in tax planning because it measures the tax effect of a proposedtransaction.Answer: TRUEExplanation: The marginal rate applies to the planned addition to income or reduction toincome.Page Ref.: I:1-5Objective: 2

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36) A taxpayer's average tax rate is the tax rate applied to an incremental amount of taxableincome that isadded to the tax base.Answer: FALSEExplanation: The marginal tax rate is the tax rate applied to an incremental amount of taxableincome.Page Ref.: I:1-5Objective: 27)If a taxpayer's total tax liability is $30,000, taxable income is $100,000, andeconomic incomeis $120,000, the average tax rate is 30 percent.Answer: TRUEExplanation: The average rate equals the tax liability divided by the taxable income.Page Ref.:I:1-5Objective: 28) If a taxpayer's total tax liability is $4,000, taxable income is $20,000, and total economicincome is $40,000, then the effective tax rate is 20 percent.Answer: FALSEExplanation: The effective rate would be $4,000/$40,000 = 10 percent.Page Ref.: I:1-6Objective: 29) Arthur pays tax of $5,000 on taxable income of $50,000 while taxpayer Barbara pays tax of$12,000 on $120,000. The tax is aA) progressive tax.B) proportional tax.C) regressive tax.D) None of the above.Answer: BExplanation: The tax rate is proportional because the 10% tax rate applies to both taxpayersregardless of their income level.Page Ref.: I:1-4; Example I:1-3Objective: 210) Which of the following taxes is progressive?A) sales taxB) excisetaxC) property taxD) federal income taxAnswer: DExplanation: Federal income tax rates increase as a taxpayer's taxable income rises.Page Ref.: I:1-4; Topic Review I:1-1Objective: 2

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411)Which of the following taxes is proportional?A) gift taxB) income taxC) sales taxD) Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA)Answer:CExplanation: A sales tax is assessed at a fixed rate of the purchase amount, based on state andlocal law.Page Ref.: I:1-4; Topic Review I:1-1Objective: 212) Which of the following taxes is regressive?A) Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA)B) excise taxC) property taxD) gift taxAnswer: AExplanation: For upper income wage earners, the Social Security tax ceases at a maximum wagebase. For 2019, wages over $132,900 are not subject to the Social Security tax.Page Ref.: I:1-5; TopicReview I:1-1Objective: 213) The corporate tax rate isA) progressive.B) regressive.C) proportional.D) none of the above.Answer: CExplanation: The corporate tax rate is a flat 21 percent.Page Ref.: I:1-5Objective: 214) Sarah contributes $25,000 to a church. Sarah'smarginal tax rate is 35% while her average taxrate is 25%. After considering her tax savings, Sarah's contribution costsA) $6,250.B) $8,750.C) $16,250.D) $18,750.Answer: CExplanation: [$25,000 × (100%-35%)] = $16,250Page Ref.: I:1-5; ExampleI:1-4Objective: 2

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515) Helen, who is single, is considering purchasing a residence that will provide an $18,000 taxdeduction for property taxes and mortgage interest. If her marginal tax rate is 24% and hereffective tax rateis 20%, what is the amountof Helen's tax savings from purchasing theresidence?A) $3,600B) $4,320C) $3,200D) $18,000Answer: BExplanation: $18,000 × .24 marginal rate = $4,320 tax savings.Page Ref.: I:1-5; Example I:1-4Objective: 216) Charlotte pays $8,000 in tax deductible property taxes. Charlotte's marginal tax rate is 24%,effective tax rate is 20% and average rate is 22%. Charlotte's tax savings from paying theproperty tax isA) $1,600.B) $1,760.C) $1,920.D) $8,000.Answer: CExplanation: $8,000 × 0.24 =$1,920Page Ref.: I:1-5; Example I:1-4Objective: 217) Briana, who is single, has taxable income for 2019 of $90,000, resulting in a total tax of$15,775. Her total economic income is $100,000. Briana's average tax rate and effective tax rateare, respectively,A) 17.53% and 15.78%.B) 17.53% and 24%.C) 15.78% and 24%.D) 15.78% and 17.53%.Answer: AExplanation: Average tax rate: $15,775 ÷ $90,000 = 17.53%Effective tax rate: $15,775 ÷ $100,000 = 15.78%Page Ref.: I:1-5 and I:1-6; Example I:1-5Objective: 218) Larry and Ally are married and file a joint return. They are considering purchasing a personalresidence that will generate two deductions: $10,000 in home mortgage interest and $8,000 inreal estate taxes. Their marginal tax rate is 24%.What is the total tax savings if Larry and Allypurchase the residence?Answer: ($10,000 + $8,000) × .24 =$4,320Page Ref.: I:1-5; Example I:1-4Objective: 2

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619) Larry and Ally are married and file a joint return. They are considering purchasing a personalresidence that will generate two deductions: $10,000 in home mortgage interest and $8,000 inreal estate taxes. Their marginal tax rate is 24%. If Larry and Ally purchase the residence, whatwill be theafter-tax costof the additional $18,000 in expenditures?Answer: Tax savings of expenditures: ($10,000 + $8,000) × .24 = $4,320After-tax cost:: $18,000-$4,320 =$13,680.Page Ref.: I:1-5; Example I:1-4Objective: 2LO3: Other Types of Taxes1)All states impose a stateincome tax which is generally based on an individual's federaladjusted gross income (AGI) with minor adjustments.Answer: FALSEExplanation: While many states impose a state income tax, not all states do. In those states thatdo impose tax, the taxes vary greatly in both form and rates.Page Ref.: I:1-7Objective: 32) The unified transfer tax system, comprised of the gift and estate taxes, is based upon the totalproperty transfers an individual makes during lifetime and atdeath.Answer: TRUEExplanation: Gift and estate taxes, which comprise a unified transfer tax system, are based oncumulative transfers.Page Ref.: I:1-7Objective: 33) Gifts between spouses are generally exempt from transfer taxes.Answer: TRUEExplanation: The tax law allows for unlimited transfers between spouses.Page Ref.: I:1-8Objective: 34) The primary liability for payment of the gift tax is imposed upon the donee.Answer: FALSEExplanation: The gift tax is imposed on the donor.PageRef.: I:1-8Objective: 35) For gift tax purposes, a $15,000 annual exclusion per donee is permitted.Answer: TRUEExplanation: Donors are allowed to exclude $15,000 per donee per year for gift tax purposes.Page Ref.: I:1-8Objective: 3

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76)An individual will be subject togift tax on gifts made to a charity greater than $15,000.Answer: FALSEExplanation: Contributions to charity are not limited by the $15,000 gift tax exclusion.Page Ref.: I:1-8Objective: 37) Property is generallyincluded on an estate tax returnat its historical cost basis.Answer: FALSEExplanation: Property is generally valued at fair market value at date of death or the alternatevaluation date.Page Ref.: I:1-10Objective: 38) Property transferred to thedecedent's spouse is exempt fromthe estate tax because of theestate tax marital deduction provision.Answer: TRUEExplanation: The estate and gift tax law allows tax exempt transfers to spouses.Page Ref.: I:1-10Objective: 39) Gifts made during ataxpayer's lifetime may affectthe amount of estate tax paid by thetaxpayer's estate.Answer: TRUEExplanation: Gift and estate taxes are applied to cumulative transfers under the uniform taxsystem.Page Ref.: I:1-10Objective: 310) While federaland state income taxes, as wellas the federal gift and estate taxes, aregenerally progressive in nature, property taxes are proportional.Answer: TRUEExplanation: Property taxes are assessed on the value of property.Page Ref.: I:1-11Objective: 311) The unified transfer tax systemA) imposes a single tax upon transfers of property during an individual's lifetime only.B) imposes a single tax upon transfers of property during an individual's life and at death.C) imposes a single taxupon transfers of property only at an individual's death.D) none of above.Answer: BExplanation: The gift (transfers during life) tax and estate (transfers after death) tax systems areunified.Page Ref.: I:1-7Objective: 3

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812)When property is transferred, the gift tax is based onA) replacement cost of the transferred property.B) fair market value on the date of transfer.C) the transferor's original cost of the transferred property.D) the transferor's depreciated cost of thetransferred property.Answer: BExplanation: The gift tax is based on the property's fair market value on the date of transfer.Page Ref.: I:1-8Objective: 313) Paul makes the following property transfers in the current year:• $22,000 cash to hiswife• $34,000 cash to a qualified charity• $220,000 house to his son• $3,000 computer to an unrelated friendThe total of Paul's taxable gifts, assuming he does not elect gift splitting with his spouse, subjectto the unified transfer tax isA) $205,000.B) $212,000.C) $245,000.D) $279,000.Answer: AExplanation: $220,000-$15,000 = $205,000. The gift to theunrelated friend is below the$15,000 annual gift tax exclusion. The gifts to his wife and to the charity are not subject to gifttax.Page Ref.: I:1-8; Example I:1-6Objective: 314) Charlie makes thefollowing gifts in the current year: $40,000 to his spouse, $30,000 to hischurch, $18,000 to his nephew, and $25,000 to a friend. Assuming Charlie does not elect giftsplitting with his wife, his taxable gifts in the current year will beA) $28,000.B) $13,000.C) $25,000.D) $43,000.Answer: BExplanation: ($18,000-$15,000) + (25,000-$15,000) = $13,000. The gift to his spouse and thecharitable gift are not subject to gift taxes.Page Ref.: I:1-8; Example I:1-6Objective: 3

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915) Shaquille buys newcars for five of his friends. Each car cost $70,000. What is the amount ofShaquille's taxable gifts?A) $0B) $275,000C) $335,000D) $350,000Answer: BExplanation: 5 × ($70,000-$15,000) = $275,000Page Ref.: I:1-8; Example I:1-6Objective: 316)In 2019, an estate is not taxable unless the sum of the taxable estate and taxable gifts madeafter 1976 exceedsA) $4,505,800.B) $10,000,000.C) $5,000,000.D) $11,400,000.Answer: DExplanation: The unified credit equivalent for estate and gift taxesis $ 11,400,000 for 2019.Page Ref.: I:1-9; Example I:1-7Objective: 317) Eric dies in the current year and has a gross estate valued at $16,500,000. The estate incursfuneral and administrative expenses of $100,000 and also pays off Eric's debts whichamount to$250,000. Eric bequeaths $600,000 to his wife. Eric made no taxable transfers during his life.Eric's taxable estate will beA) $4,250,000.B) $15,550,000.C) $4,150,000.D) $16,500,000.Answer: BExplanation: ($16,500,000-$100,000-$250,000-$600,000) = $15,550,000Page Ref.: I:1-10; Example I:1-8Objective: 3

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1018) Jose dies in the current year and has a gross estate valued at $13,000,000 in 2019. Over thepast ten years, Jose had made taxable gifts of $400,000. The estate incurs funeralandadministrative expenses of $100,000 and also pays off Jose's debts which amount to $300,000.Jose bequeaths $500,000 to his wife. What is the amount of Jose's tax base, the amount on whichthe estate tax is computed?A) $12,100,000B) $12,500,000C)$700,000D) $1,100,000Answer: BExplanation: $13,000,000-$100,000 funeral/administrative expense-$300,000 liabilities-$500,000 marital transfers = $12,100,000 taxable estate + $400,000 gifts = $12,500,000 tax basePage Ref.: I:1-10; Example I:1-8Objective: 319) Which of the following statements isincorrect?A) Property taxes are levied on real estate.B) Excise taxes are assessed on items such as gasoline and telephone use.C) Gift taxes are imposed on the recipient of a gift.D) The estatetax is based on the fair market value of property at death or the alternate valuationdate.Answer: CExplanation: Gift taxes are imposed on the donor of a gift, not the recipient.Page Ref.: I:1-8 through I:1-11Objective: 320) Kole earns $140,000in2019 in his job as a sales manager. What is his FICA tax?A) $10,270B) $8,240C) $10,710D) $10,167Answer: AExplanation: (132,900 × .062) + (140,000 × .0145) = $10,270Page Ref.: I:1-11Objective: 321) Jillian, a single individual, earns $230,000in 2019 through her job as an accountingmanager. What is her FICA tax?A) $11,845B) $11,575C) $17,595D) $10,167Answer: AExplanation: (132,900 × .062) + (230,000 × .0145) + ((230,000-200,000) × .009) = $11,845Page Ref.: I:1-11Objective: 3

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1122) Martha is self-employed in 2019. Her self employment income is $140,000. What is her self-employment tax?A) $20,334B) $20,540C) $21,420D) None of the aboveAnswer: BExplanation: (132,900 × .124) + (140,000 × .029) = $20,540Page Ref.: I:1-11Objective: 323) Vincent makes the following gifts during 2019:$15,000 cash gift to wifeGift of automobile valued at $35,000 to his adult sonGift of golf clubs valued at $5,000 to a friend$10,000 contribution to churchAlthough he is married, none ofthe gifts are considered joint gifts with his wife. What are thetotal taxable gifts subject to the unified transfer tax?Answer:Gift ValueAdjustmentTaxable GiftCash to wife$15,000spousal gifts excluded$0Auto to son35,000less $15,000exclusion20,000Clubs to friend5,000less $15,000exclusion0Church donation10,000charity gifts excluded0Taxable gifts$20,000Page Ref.: I:1-8; Example I:1-6Objective: 3

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1224)Jeffery died in 2019 leaving a $16,000,000 grossestate. Six months after his death, the grossassets are valued at $16,100,000. In years prior to 2019 (but after 1976), Jeffery had madetaxable gifts of $300,000. Of the $16,000,000 gross estate, estate assets valued at $3 million weretransferred to hiswife and $100,000 was used to pay administrative and funeral expenses. Jefferyhad debts of $200,000 which were paid by the estate, and the remainder of the estate wastransferred to his children.a.What is the amount of Jeffery's taxable estate?b.Whatis the tax base for computing Jeffery's estate?c.What is the amount of estate tax owed if the unified credit is $4,505,800?d.Alternatively, if six months after his death, the gross assets in Jeffery's estate declined invalue to $15,000,000, can the administrator of Jeffery's estate elect the alternate valuation date?Answer:Gross Estate$16,000,000Minus: Funeral and administrative expenses( 100,000)Minus: Debts( 200,000)Minus: Marital deduction(3,000,000)Taxable estate (a)$12,700,000Plus: Taxable gifts made after 1976300,000Tax base (b)$13,000,000Tentative tax on estate tax base $345,800 + [.4× (13,000,000-$1,000,000)]$5,145,800Minus: Tax credits (unified tax credit)4,505,800Unified transfer tax due (c)$640,000d.The alternate valuation date (six months after the date ofdeath) may be elected only if theaggregate value of the gross estate decreases during the six-month period following the date ofdeath and the election results in a lower estate tax liability. In this case, the alternate valuationdate can be elected.Page Ref.: I:1-10; Example I:1-8Objective: 325) Mia is self-employed as a consultant. During 2019, Mia earned $180,000 in self-employmentincome. What is Mia's self-employmenttax?Answer: .124 × $132,900 =$16,480.029 × $180,000 =5,220Self-employment tax$21,700Page Ref.: I:1-11Objective: 4LO4: Criteria for a Tax Structure1) Adam Smith's canons of taxation are equity, certainty, convenience, and economy.Answer:TRUEExplanation: Adam Smith's canons of taxation include equity, certainty, convenience andeconomy.Page Ref.: I:1-12Objective: 4

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132) Theprimaryobjective of the federal income tax law is to achieve various economic and socialpolicy objectives.Answer: FALSEExplanation: The primary objective of the federal incometax law is to raise revenues forgovernment operations.Page Ref.: I:1-14Objective: 43) Which of the following isnotone of Adam Smith's canons of taxation?A) equityB) convenienceC) certaintyD) economic stimulationAnswer: DExplanation: Smith's canons of taxation are equity, certainty, convenience and economy (interms of administration of the tax system).Page Ref.: I:1-12Objective: 44) Horizontal equity means thatA)taxpayers with the same amount of income should paythe same amount of tax.B) taxpayers with larger amounts of income should pay more tax than taxpayers with loweramounts of income.C) all taxpayers should pay the same tax.D) None of the above.Answer:AExplanation: Horizontal equity means that taxpayers with the same amount of income shouldpay the same amount of tax.Page Ref.: I:1-13Objective: 45) Vertical equity means thatA) taxpayers with the same amount of income should pay the same amountof tax.B) taxpayers with larger amounts of incomeshould pay more tax than taxpayers with loweramounts of income.C) all taxpayers should pay the same tax.D) None of the above.Answer: BExplanation: Vertical equity means that taxpayers with larger amounts of income should paymore tax than taxpayer's with lower amounts of income.Page Ref.: I:1-13Objective: 4

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146) Which of the following isnotan objective of the federal income tax law?A) Stimulate private investment.B) Redistribution of wealth.C) Encourage research and development activities.D) Prevent taxpayers from paying a higher percentage of their income in personal income taxesdue to inflation.Answer: BExplanation:Redistribution of wealth is not an objective of the federal income tax law.Page Ref.: I:1-14 and I:1-15Objective: 47) Which of the following isnota social objective of the tax law?A) prohibition of a deduction for illegal bribes, fines and penaltiesB) a deduction for charitable contributionsC) an exclusion for interest earned by large businessesD) creation of tax-favored pension plansAnswer: CExplanation: There is no exclusion for interest income earned by large businesses.Page Ref.: I:1-15Objective: 48) A presidential candidate proposes replacing theincome tax with a national sales tax. The salestax would have a flat rate. Describe the impact of this change in terms of tax structure and equity.Answer: The change would replace a progressive tax with a proportional tax. The national salestax decreases vertical equity since taxpayers with higher income would not necessarily pay morein taxes. The sales tax would be based on consumption, not income. The impact of the sales taxis regressive since taxpayers with lower levels of income would pay a greater percentage of theirincome.Page Ref.: I:1-3, I:1-4 and I:1-14; Topic Review I:1-1Objective: 4LO5: Entities in the Federal Income Tax System1) Individuals are the principal taxpaying entities in the federal income tax system.Answer: TRUEExplanation: Revenues from income taxation of individuals far exceed those of other taxpayers.Page Ref.: I:1-17Objective: 5

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152) The various entities in the federal income tax system may beclassified into two generalcategories,taxpaying entities(such asindividuals and C [regular] corporations) andflow-throughentitiessuch as sole proprietorships, partnerships, S corporations, and limited liabilitycompanies.Answer: TRUEExplanation: Certain business entities do not pay tax; the income is passed through to thebusiness owners. The business owners pay the tax on the taxable income earned by the entity aspart of their tax liability.Page Ref.: I:1-17Objective: 53)Dividends paid from most U.S. corporations are taxed at the same rate as the recipients'salaries and wages.Answer: FALSEExplanation: Qualifying dividends are taxed at a preferential rate.Page Ref.: I:1-20Objective: 54) Flow-through entities do not have to file tax returns since they are not taxable entities.Answer: FALSEExplanation: S Corporations, partnerships and limited liability companies have to file aninformational tax return each year.Page Ref.: I:1-20Objective: 55) Organizing acorporation as an S Corporation results in a single level of taxation.Answer: TRUEExplanation: S Corporations do not pay tax. Owners of the corporation pay tax on their share ofthe corporation's taxable income, but do not pay tax on the distributionsreceived.Page Ref.: I:1-22Objective: 56) In a limited liability partnership,a partner is not liable for his partner's acts of negligence ormisconduct.Answer: TRUEExplanation: A partner in an LLP is liable for his own acts of negligence or misconduct, but notthose of his partners.Page Ref.: I:1-23Objective: 57) Limitedliability companies may elect to be taxed as corporations.Answer: TRUEExplanation:An LLC can affirmatively elect to be taxed as a corporation.Page Ref.: I:1-23Objective: 5
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