5 Steps to a 5: AP Statistics 2024 (2024)

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ESN\7—®|N\__Z(2024APStatisticsJaredDerksen»DeAnnaKrauseMcDonald

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iw5STEPSTOAAPStatisticsJaredDerksen®DeAnnaKrauseMcDonaldFl3PRACTICETESTSb3ONLINECOURSE

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®YOURPERSONALIZEDSTUDYPROGRAMToAccessYourOnlineCourse:©Createanaccountatwww.mheducation.com/5stepsstats0mzimag\(a2]|REDEEMYOUR|CNNe—|ACCESSCODE||mhapstat345A,ioca)Enteryoure-mailaddressandcreateapassword.OoYou'reallsettostartstudying!H=ol:[===EE——"—Study

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basYOURPERSONALIZEDSTUDYPROGRAM(LUETETRAYETI=CustomizableStudyPlantracksyourdailygoalsFarGamesCenter*|forpracticeinsparemomentsSe€0C mamtnsitm—thPeerSupport0B-andstudytipsviasocialmediaaNStudyPlanInteractiveLessonsS|coverentirebook14740wo7%PracticeTestso———————[Remomerb-sdesignedtosimulatetherealthingaw=]PracticeQuestionsbm]Jomee3tobuildtestreadiness|(=)Pract:QuanttateComparionsStudyToolstofocusstudywhere——mostneeded@=®Practice.NumberTheoryDigitalFlashcards©resercumensPA]tomemorizekeyconceptsAdvancedAnalytics|afromtheIntelligentReportDashboard—Study

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3™APStatisticsJaredDerksenDeAnnaKrauseMcDonaldNewYorkChicagoSanFranciscoAthensLondonMadridMexicoCityMilanNewDelhiSingaporeSydneyToronto

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Copyright©2023,2022,2021,2019,2018byMcGrawHill.Allrightsreserved.ExceptaspermittedundertheCopyrightActof1976,nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedordistributedinanyformorbyanymeans,orstoredinadatabaseorretrievalsystem,withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofpublisher.ISBN:978-1-26-526341-6MHID: 1-26-526341-8ThematerialinthiseBookalsoappearsintheprintversionofthistitle:ISBN:978-1-26-526310-2,MHID:1-26-526310-8.eBookconversionbycodeMantraVersion1.0Alltrademarksaretrademarksoftheirrespectiveowners.Ratherthanputatrademarksymbolaftereveryoccurrenceofatrademarkedname,weusenamesinaneditorialfashiononly,andtothebenefitofthetrademarkowner,withnointentionofinfringementofthetrademark.Wheresuchdesignationsappearinthisbook,theyhavebeenprintedwithinitialcaps.McGrawHilleBooksareavailableatspecialquantitydiscountstouseaspremiumsandsalespromotionsorforuseincorporatetrainingprograms.Tocontactarepresentative,pleasevisittheContactUspageatwww.mhprofessional.com.Trademarks:McGrawHill,theMcGrawHilllogo,5Stepstoa5,andrelatedtradedressaretrademarksorregisteredtrademarksofMcGrawHilland/oritsaffiliatesintheUnitedStatesandothercountriesandmaynotbeusedwithoutwrittenpermission.Allothertrademarksarethepropertyoftheirrespectiveowners.McGrawHillisnotassociatedwithanyproductorvendormentionedinthisbook.AP,AdvancedPlacementProgram,andCollegeBoardareregisteredtrademarksoftheCollegeBoard,whichwasnotinvolvedintheproductionof,anddoesnotendorse,thisproduct.

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CONTENTSPrefaceAcknowledgmentsAbouttheAuthorsIntroduction:TheFive-StepProgramSTEP1SetUpYourStudyProgram1WhatYouNeedtoKnowAbouttheAPStatisticsExamBackgroundInformationSomeFrequentlyAskedQuestionsAbouttheAPStatisticsExam2HowtoPlanYourTimeThreeApproachestoPreparingfortheAPStatisticsExamCalendarforEachPlanSTEP2DetermineYourTestReadiness3TakeaDiagnosticExamAPStatisticsDiagnosticTestAnswersandExplanationsInterpretation:HowReadyAreYou?SectionI:Multiple-ChoiceQuestionsSectionII:Free-ResponseQuestionsCompositeScoreSTEP3DevelopStrategiesforSuccess4TipsforTakingtheExamGeneralTest-TakingTipsTipsforMultiple-ChoiceQuestionsTipsforFree-ResponseQuestions

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SpecificStatisticsContentTipsSTEP4ReviewtheKnowledgeYouNeedtoScoreHigh5One-VariableDataAnalysisDescriptiveVersusInferentialStatisticsParametersVersusStatisticsQuantitativeVersusCategorical(Qualitative)DataGraphicalAnalysisMeasuresofCenterEstimatingMediansFromGroupedDataMeasuresofSpread(Variability)PositionofaTerminaDistributionNormalDistributionRapidReviewPracticeProblemsCumulativeReviewProblemsSolutionstoPracticeProblemsSolutionstoCumulativeReviewProblems6Two-VariableDataAnalysisScatterplotsCorrelationLinearModelsResidualsCoefficientofDeterminationOutliersandInfluentialObservationsTransformationstoAchieveLinearityRapidReviewPracticeProblemsCumulativeReviewProblemsSolutionstoPracticeProblemsSolutionstoCumulativeReviewProblems7DesignofaStudy:Sampling,Surveys,andExperimentsSamplesSamplingBias

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ExperimentsandObservationalStudiesRapidReviewPracticeProblemsCumulativeReviewProblemsSolutionstoPracticeProblemsSolutionstoCumulativeReviewProblems8ProbabilityandRandomVariablesProbabilityRandomVariablesNormalProbabilitiesSimulationandRandomNumberGenerationTransformingandCombiningRandomVariablesRulesfortheMeanandStandardDeviationofCombinedRandomVariablesRapidReviewPracticeProblemsCumulativeReviewProblemsSolutionstoPracticeProblemsSolutionstoCumulativeReviewProblems9BinomialDistributions,GeometricDistributions,andSamplingDistributionsBinomialDistributionsGeometricDistributionsSamplingDistributionsSamplingDistributionsofaSampleProportionRapidReviewPracticeProblemsCumulativeReviewProblemsSolutionstoPracticeProblemsSolutionstoCumulativeReviewProblems10Inference:EstimatingwithConfidenceIntervalsEstimationandConfidenceIntervalsFormulaforaConfidenceIntervalforaProportionConditionsforaConfidenceIntervalforaProportion

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ConstructandInterpretaConfidenceIntervalforaProportionConfidenceLevelasaCaptureRateSampleSizeRapidReviewPracticeProblemsCumulativeReviewProblemsSolutionstoPracticeProblemsSolutionstoCumulativeReviewProblems11Inference:TestingHypothesesStatisticalSignificanceandP-ValueTheHypothesis-TestingProcedureRecapofHypothesis(Significance)TestingInferenceforaSinglePopulationProportionTypeIandTypeIIErrorsandthePowerofaTestInferencefortheDifferenceBetweenTwoPopulationProportionsz-Proceduresversust-ProceduresInferenceforaSinglePopulationMeanInferencefortheDifferenceBetweenTwoPopulationMeansRapidReviewPracticeProblemsCumulativeReviewProblemsSolutionstoPracticeProblemsSolutionstoCumulativeReviewProblems12InferenceforRegressionSimpleLinearRegressionInferencefortheSlopeofaRegressionLineConfidenceIntervalfortheSlopeofaRegressionLineInferenceforRegressionUsingTechnologyRapidReviewPracticeProblemsCumulativeReviewProblemsSolutionstoPracticeProblems

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SolutionstoCumulativeReviewProblems13InferenceforCategoricalData:Chi-SquaredTestsChi-SquareGoodness-of-FitTestInferenceforTwo-WayTablesRapidReviewPracticeProblemsCumulativeReviewProblemsSolutionstoPracticeProblemsSolutionstoCumulativeReviewProblems14Free-ResponseQuestion6:TheInvestigativeTaskSolutionGeneralTipsfortheInvestigativeTaskSTEP5BuildYourTest-TakingConfidenceAPStatisticsPracticeTest1APStatisticsPracticeTest2AppendixesFormulaSheetTablesBibliographyWebsitesGlossary

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PREFACECongratulations,youarenowanAPStatisticsstudent.APStatisticsisoneofthemostinterestingandusefulsubjectsyouwillstudyinschool.Sometimesithasthereputationofbeingeasycomparedtocalculus.However,itcanbedeceptivelydifficult,especiallyinthesecondhalf.Itisdifferentandchallenginginitsownway.Unlikecalculus,whereyouareexpectedtogetpreciseanswers,instatisticsyouareexpectedtolearntobecomecomfortablewithuncertainty.Insteadofsayingthingslike“Theansweris...”youwillmoreoftenfindyourselfsayingthingslike“Weareconfidentthat...”or“Wehaveevidencethat...”It’sanewandexcitingwayofthinking.HowdoyoudowellontheAPexam?Byunderstandingstatisticalprinciples.KeepuponthematerialduringyourAPStatisticsclassandreadthisbooktoreviewandpreparefortheexam.NotethatthequestionsontheAPexamaregenerallyquiteconceptual.Inadditiontodoingcomputations,youwillneedtoexplainwhyyoudidthemandwhattheymean.Thisalsomeansyoumustcommunicateyourthoughtsclearly.Youcanalwaysuseacalculator,solearntouseitwell.ButsuccessontheAPStatisticsexamwillrequiremorethanpushingbuttons.Thisbookisself-containedinthatitcoversallofthematerialrequiredbythecoursecontentdescriptionpublishedbytheCollegeBoard.However,itisnotdesignedtosubstituteforanin-classexperienceorforyourtextbook.Usethisbookasasupplementtoyourin-classstudies,asareferenceforaquickrefresheronatopic,andasoneofyourmajorresourcesasyoupreparefortheAPexam.Thiseditionextendsandupdatespreviouseditions.IttakesintoaccountchangesinthinkingaboutAPStatisticssincethepublicationofthefirsteditionin2004andincludessometopicsthatshouldhelpyouunderstandwhatisimportantwhenansweringquestionsontheexam.YoushouldbeginyourpreparationsbyreadingthroughtheIntroductionandStep1.However,youshouldn’tattempttheDiagnosticExaminChapter3untilyouhavebeenthroughallthematerialinthecourse.Thenyoucan

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