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5 Steps to a 5 on the AP: U.S. Government and Politics (2003)

Prepare for success with 5 Steps to a 5 on the AP: U.S. Government and Politics (2003), a comprehensive guide to your certification test.

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    5 Steps to a 5 AP U.S. Government and Politics McGRAW-HILL

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    Other books in McGraw-Hill’s 5 Steps to a 5 Series include: AP Biology AP Calculus AB AP Chemistry AP English Language AP English Literature AP Psychology AP Spanish Language AP Statistics AP U.S. History Writing the AP English Essay

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    5 Steps to a 5 AP U.S. Government and Politics Pamela K. Lamb McGRAW-HILL M C G RAW -H ILL New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto

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    Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as per- mitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-143146-2 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-141276-X. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate train- ing programs. For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at george_hoare@mcgraw-hill.com or (212) 904- 4069. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is subject to these terms. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior consent. You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited. Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms. THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS”. McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. McGraw-Hill and its licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free. Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom. McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work. Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, spe- cial, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise. DOI: 10.1036/0071431462

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    Want to learn more? We hope you enjoy this McGraw-Hill eBook! If you d like more information about this book, its author, or related books and websites, please click here. ,

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    Contents Preface / xi Acknowledgments / xiii PART I HOW TO USE THIS BOOK / 1 Chapter 1 The Five-Step Program / 3 The Basics / 3 Organization of This Book / 4 Introduction to the Five-Step Program / 4 Graphics Used in This Book / 5 Three Approaches to Preparing for the AP U.S. Government and Politics Exam / 6 Calendars for Preparing for the AP U.S. Government and Politics Exam / 8 PART II WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT THE AP U.S. GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS EXAM / 13 Chapter 2 Introduction to the AP U.S. Government and Politics Exam / 15 Background of the Advanced Placement Program / 15 Reasons for Taking the Advanced Placement Exam / 16 What You Need to Know about the AP U.S. Government and Politics Exam / 17 A Look at the Diagnostic/Master Exam / 20 Getting Started: The Diagnostic/Master Exam / 21 Chapter 3 Section I of the Exam: The Multiple-Choice Questions / 32 Introduction to the Multiple-Choice Section of the Exam / 32 Types of Multiple-Choice Questions / 33 Strategies for Answering the Multiple-Choice Questions / 33 Scoring the Multiple-Choice Section / 35 Answer Sheet for Diagnostic Multiple-Choice Questions / 37 v For more information about this title, click here. Copyright 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use.

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    The Multiple-Choice Section of the Diagnostic/Master Exam / 39 Explanation of the Answers to the Multiple-Choice Questions of the Diagnostic/Master Exam / 46 Chapter 4 Section II of the Exam: The Free-Response Essay / 50 Introduction to the Free-Response Essay / 50 Types of Free-Response Prompts / 52 Developing the Free-Response Essay / 52 Rubrics for the Free-Response Essay / 53 Final Comments—Some Helpful Hints / 54 The Free-Response Section of the Diagnostic/Master Exam / 55 Rubrics for Free-Response Essays / 57 PART III COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW: DEVELOPING THE KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS, AND STRATEGIES / 59 Chapter 5 Review: Architecture and Development of U.S. Government / 61 Principles of Government / 61 Origins of American Government / 63 The United States Constitution / 68 Review Questions / 73 Answers and Explanations / 74 Rapid Review / 75 Chapter 6 Review: Federalism / 77 Federalism / 77 Federalism in Practice / 79 Establishing National Supremacy / 79 Federalism Today / 80 Review Questions / 82 Answers and Explanations / 83 Rapid Review / 84 Chapter 7 Review: Political Culture / 85 American Political Environment / 85 Public Opinion / 86 Review Questions / 88 Answers and Explanations / 89 Rapid Review / 89 vi • Contents

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    Chapter 8 Review: Political Parties / 90 What Are Political Parties? / 90 Roles of Political Parties / 90 Party Systems / 90 What Do Political Parties Do? / 91 Party Identification and Membership / 92 Two-Party Tradition in America / 92 Third or Minor Parties / 94 Structure and Organization of Political Parties / 95 Future of Political Parties / 96 Review Questions / 97 Answers and Explanations / 98 Rapid Review / 99 Chapter 9 Review: Voting and Elections / 101 Participation and Voting / 101 Types of Elections / 104 Campaign Finance / 107 Review Questions / 108 Answers and Explanations / 109 Rapid Review / 110 Chapter 10 Review: Interest Groups and the Mass Media / 112 Interest Groups / 112 Mass Media / 115 Biases in the Media / 118 Review Questions / 118 Answers and Explanations / 119 Rapid Review / 120 Chapter 11 Review: The Legislative Branch / 121 Congress / 121 Structure of Congress / 121 Organization of Congress / 122 Election to Congress / 122 Leadership of Congress / 123 Committee System / 124 Congressional Staff and Support / 125 Roles of Members of Congress / 125 Powers of Congress / 125 The Lawmaking Process / 126 Legislative Tactics / 127 Influences on Congress / 128 Review Questions / 128 Answers and Explanations / 130 Rapid Review / 130 Contents • vii

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    Chapter 12 Review: Executive Branch and the Bureaucracy / 132 Constitutional Origins of Presidency / 132 The Road to the White House / 134 The Vice Presidency / 135 Presidential Powers / 135 Limitations on Presidential Powers / 137 Presidential Character / 137 The Bureaucracy / 138 Executive Office of the President (EOP) / 139 Executive Departments / 140 Review Questions / 141 Answers and Explanations / 142 Rapid Review / 143 Chapter 13 Review: The National Judiciary / 144 The Federal Court System / 144 Structure of the Judicial System / 145 Judicial Selection / 146 The Court at Work / 147 Courts as Policymakers / 148 Judicial Philosophy / 149 Review Questions / 150 Answers and Explanations / 151 Rapid Review / 152 Chapter 14 Review: Civil Liberties and Civil Rights / 153 Civil Liberties / 153 Freedom of Religion / 154 Freedom of Speech / 155 Freedom of the Press / 157 Freedom of Assembly and Petition / 157 Property Rights / 158 Rights of the Accused / 158 Civil Rights / 159 The Civil Rights Movement / 160 Other Minorities / 161 Affirmative Action / 163 Review Questions / 164 Answers and Explanations / 165 Rapid Review / 165 Chapter 15 Review: Politics and Public Policymaking / 168 Policymaking Process / 168 Domestic Policy / 169 viii • Contents

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    Economic Policy / 171 Foreign and Defense Policy / 172 Review Questions / 174 Answers and Explanations / 176 Rapid Review / 176 PART IV DEVELOPING CONFIDENCE BY APPLYING SKILLS / 179 Chapter 16 Practice Exam 1 / 181 Chapter 17 Practice Exam 2 / 199 PART V APPENDIX / 217 Websites Related to the Advanced Placement Exam / 219 Glossary of Terms / 220 Contents • ix

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    Preface Welcome to AP U.S. Government and Politics. I am, first and foremost, a teacher who has taught advanced placement to many students who have successfully taken the AP exam. I am also a table leader and reader—one of those crazy teachers who spends a week in the summer reading thousands of student free-response essays. With this guide I hope to share with you what I know, including what I have learned from students and other AP teachers to help you be successful on the exam. My philosophy is not to teach only for the AP exam. Instead, my goal is to help students develop skills and abilities that lead to advanced levels of aptitude in government and politics. These are the same skills that will enable you to do well on the AP U.S. Government and Politics exam. My aim is to remove your nervousness and to improve your comfort level with the test. I believe that you are already motivated to succeed; otherwise, you would not have come this far. And obviously, you would not have purchased this prep book. Since you have taken or are already taking a government and politics class, this book is going to supplement your course readings, writing, and analysis. I am going to give you the opportunity to practice the skills and techniques that I know from experience really work ! I am confident that if you apply the techniques and processes presented in this book, you can succeed. Let’s begin. xi Copyright 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use.

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    Acknowledgments My love and appreciation to Mark H. Lamb for his constant support, encouragement, and belief in my abilities and in me. Without his collab- oration, this book would never have been completed. Special thanks to Frances New for her suggestions and encouragement. To Derek James (DJ) New: May this book someday help you in your studies. To my AP Government and Politics colleagues and friends: Thanks for all the ideas you have shared over the years—I’ll see you at the reading. To my stu- dents, past, present, and future: Thank you for the inspiration you give to all teachers. xiii Copyright 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use.

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    HOW TO USE THIS BOOK PART I Copyright 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use.

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    Chapter 1 The Five-Step Program THE BASICS The Beginning It is my belief that if you focus on the beginning, the rest will fall into place. Once you purchase this book and decide to work your way through it, you are beginning your journey to the AP U.S. Government and Politics exam. I will be with you every step of the way. Why This Book? I believe that this book has something unique to offer you. I have spoken with many AP government and politics teachers and students, and have been fortunate to learn quite a bit about what they want from a test prep book. The contents of this book reflect genuine student concerns and needs. This is a student-oriented book. I will not try to impress you or overwhelm you with pompous language, mislead you with inaccurate information and tasks, or lull you into a false sense of confidence with easy shortcuts. Think of this book as a resource and guide to accompany you on your AP U.S. Government and Politics journey throughout the year. This book is designed to serve many purposes. It will: • Clarify requirements for the AP U.S. Government and Politics exam • Provide you with test practice • Help you pace yourself 3 “As a student, AP practice materials made me go above and beyond in preparation.” —MT, AP student Copyright 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use.

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    • Make you aware of the Five Steps to Mastering the AP U.S. Government and Politics exam ORGANIZATION OF THIS BOOK I know that your primary concern is to obtain information about the AP U.S. Government and Politics exam. I start by introducing the five-step plan and follow with three different approaches to exam preparation. I then give an overview of the AP exam in general and describe some tips and suggestions on how to approach the various sections of the exam. I next introduce the Diagnostic/Master Exam, which should give you an idea of where you stand before you begin your preparations. I recom- mend that you spend 45 minutes on this practice exam. The volume of material covered in AP U.S. Government and Politics is quite intimidating. The next section of this book provides a compre- hensive review of all the major sections you may or may not have cov- ered in the classroom. Not every AP U.S. Government and Politics class will get through the same amount of material. This book should help you fill any gaps in your understanding of the coursework. INTRODUCTION TO THE FIVE-STEP PROGRAM The Five-Step Program is a powerful program designed to provide you with the best possible skills, strategies, and practice to help lead you to that perfect 5 on the Advanced Placement U.S. Government and Politics exam, administered each May to more than 100,000 high school stu- dents. Each of the five steps will provide you an opportunity to get closer to the 5, which is the “Holy Grail” to all AP students. STEP ONE leads you through a brief process to help determine which type of exam preparation you want: 1. Full-year: September through May 2. One-semester: January through May 3. Basic training: the 6 weeks prior to the exam STEP TWO helps develop the knowledge you need to succeed on the exam: 1. A comprehensive review of the exam 2. One Diagnostic/Master Exam, which you can go through step by step and question by question to build your confidence level 3. Explanation of multiple-choice answers 4. A glossary of terms related to the AP U.S. Government and Politics exam 5. A list of interesting and related Websites and a Glossary 4 • How to Use This Book 1 2

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    STEP THREE develops the skills necessary to take the exam and do well: 1. Practice multiple-choice questions 2. Practice free-response questions STEP FOUR helps you develop strategies for taking the exam: 1. Learning about the test itself 2. Learning to read multiple-choice questions 3. Learning how to answer multiple-choice questions, including whether or not to guess 4. Learning how to plan and write the free-response questions STEP FIVE will help you develop confidence in using the skills demanded on the AP U.S. Government and Politics exam: 1. The opportunity to take a diagnostic exam 2. Time management techniques and skills 3. Two practice exams that test how well honed your skills are GRAPHICS USED IN THIS BOOK To emphasize particular skills, strategies, and practice, we use seven sets of icons throughout this book. The first icon is an hourglass, which indicates the passage of time dur- ing the school year. This hourglass icon will appear in the margin next to an item that may be of interest to one of the three types of students using this book (Approach A, B, or C students). For the student who plans to prepare for the AP U.S. Government and Politics exam during the entire school year, September through May, we use an hourglass that is full on the top. For the student who decides to begin preparing for the exam in January, we use an hourglass that is half full on the top and half full on the bottom. For the student who wishes to prepare during the final 6 weeks before the exam, we use an hourglass that is almost empty on the top and almost full on the bottom. The second icon is a footprint, which indicates which step in the five- step program is being emphasized in a given analysis, technique, or prac- tice activity. The Five-Step Program • 5 3 4 5

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    Plan Knowledge Skills Strategies Confidence Building The third icon is a clock, which indicates a timed practice activity or a time management strategy. The clock’s face indicates how much time to allow for a given exercise. The full dial reminds you that this is a strat- egy to help you manage your time on the test. The fourth icon is an exclamation point, which points out a very important idea, concept, or strategy point that you should not pass over. The fifth icon is a checkmark, which alerts you to pay close attention. This activity will be most helpful if you go back and check your own work, your calendar, or your progress. The sixth icon is a lightbulb, which indicates strategies that you may want to try. The seventh icon is the sun, which indicates a tip that you might find useful. Boldfaced words indicate terms that are included in the glossary at the end of the book. THREE APPROACHES TO PREPARING FOR THE AP U.S. GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS EXAM Overview of the Three Plans No one knows your study habits, likes, and dislikes better than you. So you are the only one who can decide which approach you want or need to prepare for the Advanced Placement U.S. Government and Politics exam. Look at the brief profiles below. These may help you determine a prep mode. You’re a full-year prep student (Approach A) if 1. You like to plan far in advance 2. You arrive at the airport 3 hours before your flight because “you never know when these planes might leave early” 3. You like detailed planning and everything in its place 6 • How to Use This Book 1 2 3 4 5 1

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    The Five-Step Program • 7 4. You feel that you must be thoroughly prepared 5. You hate surprises You’re a one-semester prep student (Approach B) if 1. You get to the airport 1 hour before your flight is scheduled to leave 2. You are willing to plan ahead to feel comfortable in stressful situa- tions, but are okay with skipping some details 3. You feel more comfortable when you know what to expect, but a sur- prise or two is cool 4. You’re always on time for appointments You’re a 6-week prep student (Approach C) if 1. You get to the airport just as your plane’s final boarding is announced 2. You work best under pressure and tight deadlines 3. You feel very confident with the skills and background you’ve learned in your AP U.S. Government and Politics class 4. You decided late in the year to take the exam 5. You like surprises 6. You feel okay if you arrive 10–15 minutes late for an appointment “AP is tough—organization and planning are essential to success.” —JE, AP teacher

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    DECEMBER Read and study Chapter 7, Political Culture. Read and study Chapter 8, Political Parties. Review Chapters 5–6. JANUARY (20 weeks have elapsed.) Read and study Chapter 9, Voting and Elections. Read and study Chapter 10, Interest Groups and the Mass Media. Review Chapters 5–8. FEBRUARY Read and study Chapter 11, The Legislative Branch. Read and study Chapter 12, Executive Branch and the Bureaucracy. Read and study Chapter 13, The National Judiciary. Review Chapters 5–10. MARCH (30 weeks have now elapsed.) Read and study Chapter 14, Civil Liberties and Civil Rights. Read and study Chapter 15, Politics and Public Policymaking. Review Chapters 5–13. 8 • How to Use This Book SEPTEMBER–OCTOBER (Check off the activities as you complete them.) Determine the student mode (A, B, or C) that applies to you. Carefully read Chapters 1 and 2 of this book. Pay close attention to your walk- through of the Diagnostic/Master exam. Get on the Web and take a look at the AP Website(s). Skim the Comprehensive Review section. (Reviewing the topics covered in this section will be part of your year-long preparation.) Buy a few color highlighters. Flip through the entire book. Break the book in. Write in it. Highlight it. Get a clear picture of what your own school’s AP Government and Politics curriculum is. Begin to use the book as a resource to supplement the classroom learning. NOVEMBER (The first 10 weeks have elapsed.) Read and study Chapter 5, Architecture and Development of United States Government. Read and study Chapter 6, Federalism. CALENDARS FOR PREPARING FOR THE AP U.S. GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS EXAM A Calendar for Approach A: Year-Long Preparation for the AP Government and Politics Exam Although its primary purpose is to prepare you for the AP U.S. Government and Politics exam you will take in May, this book can enrich your study of government and politics, your analytical skills, and your essay writing skills.

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    MAY (First 2 weeks) (THIS IS IT!) Review Chapters 1–15— all the material. Take Practice Exam 2. Score yourself. Get a good night’s sleep before the exam. Fall asleep knowing that you are well prepared. GOOD LUCK ON THE TEST! The Five-Step Program • 9 APRIL Take Practice Exam 1 in the first week of April. Evaluate your strengths and weaknesses. Study appropriate chapters to correct your weaknesses. Review Chapters 5–15. “Study groups helped me focus.” — DA, AP student “My teacher held review sessions right before the exam—they really help!” —TG, AP student

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    Review Chapters 7–8. Read and study Chapter 13, The National Judiciary. Review Chapters 9–10. Read and study Chapter 14, Civil Liberties and Civil Rights. Read and study Chapter 15, Politics and Public Policymaking. APRIL Take Practice Exam 1 in the first week of April. Evaluate your strengths and weaknesses. Study appropriate chapters to correct your weaknesses. Review Chapters 5–10. Review Chapters 11–15. MAY (First 2 weeks) (THIS IS IT!) Review Chapters 1–15— all the material. Take Practice Exam 2. Score yourself. Get a good night’s sleep before the exam. Fall asleep knowing that you are well prepared. GOOD LUCK ON THE TEST! 10 • How to Use This Book JANUARY–FEBRUARY Carefully read Parts I and II of this book. Take the Diagnostic/Master exam. Pay close attention to your walk-through of the Diagnostic/ Master exam. Read and study Chapter 5, Architecture and Development of U.S. Government. Read and study Chapter 6, Federalism. Read and study Chapter 7, Political Culture. Read and study Chapter 8, Political Parties. Read and study Chapter 9, Voting and Elections. Read and study Chapter 10, Interest Groups and the Mass Media. Review Chapters 5–10. MARCH (10 weeks to go) Read and study Chapter 11, The Legislative Branch. Review Chapters 5–6. Read and study Chapter 12, Executive Branch and the Bureaucracy. A Calendar for Approach B: Semester-Long Preparation for the AP Government and Politics Exam Working under the assumption that you’ve completed or are taking one semester of government and politics studies, the following calendar will use the skills you’ve been practicing to prepare you for the May exam.

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    Carefully go over the Rapid Reviews for Chapters 5–10. Continue to skim and highlight the Glossary. MAY (First 2 weeks) (THIS IS IT!) Skim Chapters 5–15. Carefully go over the Rapid Review sections of Chapters 5–15. Complete Practice Exam 2. Score yourself and analyze your errors. Get a good night’s sleep. Fall asleep knowing that you are well prepared. GOOD LUCK ON THE TEST! The Five-Step Program • 11 APRIL 1–15 Skim Parts I and II of this book. Skim Chapters 5–10. Carefully go over the Rapid Review sections of Chapters 5–10. Complete Practice Exam 1. Score yourself and analyze your errors. Skim and highlight the Glossary at the end of the book. APRIL 16–MAY 1 Skim Chapters 11–15. Carefully go over the Rapid Review sections of Chapters 11–15. A Calendar for Approach C: 6-Week Preparation for the AP Government and Politics Exam At this point, we assume that you have been building your government and politics knowledge base for more than 6 months. You will, therefore, use this book primarily as a guide to the AP U.S. Government and Politics exam. Given the time constraints, now is not the time to try to expand your AP Government and Politics curriculum. Rather, you should focus on and refine what you already know. “Relax! Knowing the makeup of the test and how to take the test really helps.” —JB, AP student

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    WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT THE AP U.S. GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS EXAM PART II Copyright 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use.

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