US History: Essential Review for AP, Honors, and Other Advanced Study (2021)

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EDITORIALRobFranek,Editor-in-ChiefSelenaCoppock,ManagingEditorMeaveShelton,SeniorEditorAaronRiccio,SeniorEditorChrisChimera,EditorEleanorGreen,EditorOrionMcBean,EditorBrianSaladino,EditorPatriciaMurphy,EditorialAssistantPENGUINRANDOMHOUSEPUBLISHINGTEAMTomRussell,VP,PublisherAlisonStoltzfus,PublishingDirectorAmandaYee,AssociateManagingEditorEllenReed,ProductionManagerSuzanneLee,DesignerProducedbySideshowMedia,NewYorkDanTucker,PublisherFrancesJ.SooPingChow,DesignerThePrincetonReview110East42ndStreet,7thFloorNewYork,NY10017Email:editorialsupport@review.comCopyright©2020byTPREducationIPHoldings,LLC.Allrightsreserved.PublishedintheUnitedStatesbyPenguinRandomHouseLLC,NewYork,andinCanadabyRandomHouseofCanada,adivisionofPenguinRandomHouseLtd.,Toronto.APisatrademarkregisteredandownedbytheCollegeBoard,whichisnotaffiliated,and+Studyxy

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doesnotendorse,thisproduct.ThisbookwaspreviouslypublishedinadifferentformatwiththetiteASAPU.S.HistorybyThePrincetonReview,animprintofPenguinRandomHouseLLC,in2017.TermsofService:ThePrincetonReviewOnlineCompanionTools(“StudentTools”)forretailbooksareavailableforonlythetwomostrecenteditionsofthatbook.StudentToolsmaybeactivatedonlytwicepereligiblebookpurchasedfortwoconsecutive12-monthperiods,foratotalof24monthsofaccess.ActivationofStudentToolsmorethantwiceperbookisindirectviolationoftheseTermsofServiceandmayresultindiscontinuationofaccesstoStudentToolsServices.ISBN9780525570127EbookISBN9780525570226ThePrincetonReviewisnotaffiliatedwithPrincetonUniversity.Editors:ColleenDayandMeaveSheltonOriginalProductionEditors:KathyCarterandMelissaDuclosCoverartbyjomarapalon/AlamyStockPhotoAllinteriorartbyAlamyexcept:thispage(ThomasJefferson)WikimediaCommonsthispageLibraryofCongressa_prh_5.6.0_c0_r3f-StudyXy

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThePrincetonReviewwouldliketoextendspecialthankstothecontentdevelopmentteamfortheirhardwork,brilliantideas,enthusiasm,andabove-and-beyonddedicationtothisproject:GinaDonegan,KevinKelly,ErikKolb,andChristineLindwall.Abigroundofapplauseisduetothestellarproductionartistsandproductioneditorsfortheoriginaleditionofthisbook:DebbieSilvestrini,CraigPatches,MelissaDuclos,OtisRoffman,andKathyG.Carter.Withouttheircarefulattentionandhardwork,thebookyouareholdingwouldnotexist.

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CONTENTSCoverTitlePageCopyrightAcknowledgmentsWHERETOGETMORE(FREE)CONTENTINTRODUCTIONCHAPTER1:1491-1607EARLYCONTACTWITHTHENEWWORLD1.NATIVEPEOPLESOFNORTHAMERICA2.EARLYINTERACTIONSBETWEENEUROPEANSANDNATIVEAMERICANSi.FirstContactwiththeNativesii.TheEuropeanNationsRacetoColonize3.THESPANISHEMPIREi.Encomiendaii.TheCasteSystemCHAPTER2:1607-1754COLONIZATIONOFNORTHAMERICA1.FRENCH,DUTCH,ANDENGLISHCOLONIZATIONi.TheFrenchandtheDutchii.TheEnglish2.EARLYENGLISHCOLONIES

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i.TheChesapeakeColoniesii.NewEnglandiii.TheMiddleColoniesiv.TheSouthernColoniesv.SalutaryNeglect3.EARLYCONFLICTSi.InteractionsBetweenEuropeansandNativeAmericansii.EuropeanAllianceswithNativeAmericansiii.BritishColonialUnrestiv.TheSalemWitchTrialsv.KingPhilip'sWarvi.ThePuebloRevolt4.LATEREVOLUTIONOFBRITISHCOLONIESi.EuropeanEnlightenmentii.TheFirstGreatAwakeningiii.ColonialLegislaturesandCourtsiv.Mercantilism5.SLAVERYi.TransitionfromIndenturedServitudeii.TriangularTradeandtheMiddlePassageiii.RacialSegregationandtheLawiv.TheDevelopmentofEarlyAfricanAmericanCulturesCHAPTER3:1754-1800CONFLICTANDAMERICANINDEPENDENCE1.SEVENYEARS’WAR(1754-1763)i.AlbanyPlanofUnion(1754)ii.OutcomeoftheSevenYears’Wariii.CrownandIndianResistancetoWestwardExpansion

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iv.FalloutoftheSevenYears’War2.THEREVOLUTIONARYWARi.DeclaratoryActii.ThePriorityofSelf-Ruleiii.HobbesandLockeiv.FoundingFathersv.QuarteringofSoldiersvi.'mtheTaxManvii.SonsofLibertyviii.Boycottsix.CommitteesofCorrespondencex.TheFirstContinentalCongressxi.Loyalistsvs.Patriotsxii.TimelineoftheRevolutionaryWar3.REVOLUTIONARYPOLITICSi.NaturalRightsii.PushforRepresentativeDemocracyiii.RepublicanMotherhoodiv.BroadImpactoftheAmericanRevolution4.CREATIONOFTHECONSTITUTIONi.ArticlesofConfederationii.ConstitutionalConventionii.ATaleofTwoRebellions5.THEEARLYREPUBLICi.GeorgeWashingtonii.JohnAdamsiii.Federalistsvs.Democratic-Republicansiv.RegionalDisagreementsoverSlaveryv.RiseofAmericanArt,Literature,andArchitecture

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6.EXPANDEDMIGRATIONANDINTERACTIONWITHTHEINDIANSi.IncreasedAlliancesBetweentheBritishandIndiansii.TheIroquoisiii.EarlyWestwardExpansionandTerritorialDisputesiv.NorthwestOrdinance(1787)v.TreatywiththeIndiansvi.SpanishMissionSettlements7.RELATIONSWITHEUROPEi.AttemptsatDiplomacyii.PartiesFurtherDivideoverForeignPolicyCHAPTER4:1800-1848BEGINNINGSOFMODERNAMERICANDEMOCRACY1.THEDEFININGISSUESOFTHEERAi.Jefferson,Hamilton,andPartyPoliticsintheEarlyRepublicii.TheMarshallCourtiii.TheWarof1812iv.Monroeandthe“EraofGoodFeelings”v.JacksonianDemocracy2.SOCIALANDCULTURALMOVEMENTSOFTHEPERIODi.TheSecondGreatAwakeningandtheQuestforUtopiaii.AVeryRomanticEraiii.TheNationRemainsDivided3.MAJORPOLITICALORGANIZATIONSi.TheTemperanceSocietiesii.Abolitionismiii.Women’sSuffrageiv.OtherReformMovements

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4.THEMARKETREVOLUTION5.SHIFTSINTHELABORMARKETANDCLASSSTRUCTURE6.REGIONALISM7.TERRITORIALISMi.ATrailofTears8.CONFLICTOVERSLAVERYINCREASESCHAPTER5:1844-1877TOWARDTHECIVILWARANDRECONSTRUCTION1.WESTWARDEXPANSIONi.TheGoldRushii.SilverandCopperMiningiii.Ranchingiv.TheHomesteadActv.ManifestDestinyvi.Texasvii.TheMexican-AmericanWarviii.TheTranscontinentalRailroadix.AmericanConnectionswithAsiax.MissionariesXi.TheMormons2.IMMIGRATIONi.Irish,German.andScandinavianImmigrationii.NativismandAnti-CatholicSentimentiii.Mexican-AmericansintheSouthwest3.CONFLICTOVERSLAVERYi.GeographicVariationsinLaborii.TheFree-SoilMovement

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iii.TheUndergroundRailroadiv.JohnBrownv.ArgumentsforandAgainstSlaveryvi.TheAmericanColonizationSociety4.PRE=CIVILWARTENSIONSi.MexicanCessionii.TheCompromiseof1850iii.TheFugitiveSlaveActof1850iv.DredScottv.Sandfordv.TheEmergenceoftheRepublicanPartyvi.TheElectionof1860vii.SouthernSecession5.THECIVILWARi.Unionvs.Confederacyii.TheEmancipationProclamationiii.BlackSoldiersintheCivilWariv.TheGettysburgAddressv.TheEndoftheCivilWar6.RECONSTRUCTIONi.RadicalRepublicansvs.ModerateRepublicansii.TheReconstructionAmendmentsiii.TheImpeachmentofAndrewJohnsoniv.SuccessesandFailuresofReconstructionv.Sharecroppingvi.DiscriminationandSegregationDuringReconstructionvii.TheKuKluxKlanandLynchingviii.TheEndofReconstructionCHAPTER6:1865-1898

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THEINDUSTRIALREVOLUTION1.THEINDUSTRIALREVOLUTIONi.Government-SubsidizedTechnologyii.FactoriesandtheAssemblyLineIncreaseProductivityiii.Electricityiv.MonopoliesandTrustsv.IncreasingtheGapBetweenRichandPoorvi.InternationalTrade2.BUSINESSANDECONOMICINTERESTSi.Panicsii.Unions3.AGRICULTURALINTERESTSi.“NewSouth”ii.Mechanizationiii.Railroads:BenefitsandLiabilitiesiv.TheGrangev.PopulistParty4.IMMIGRATIONANDURBANDEVELOPMENTi.Asian,Italian.andEasternEuropeanImmigrationii.Exodustersii.TheRiseofUrbanismiv.CulturalAssimilationv.PoliticalMachinesvi.GrowthoftheMiddleClassandConsumerism5.WESTWARDMIGRATIONi.TheTranscontinentalRailroadii.PioneerHomesteadingii.Near-ExtinctionoftheBisoniv.ConflictBetweenWhiteSettlers,Indians,andMexican

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Americansv.IndianReservationsvi.Assimilationvs.CulturalPreservation6.THEGILDEDAGEi.CorruptionandtheCaptainsofIndustryii.AndrewCarnegie’sInconsistentPhilosophyiii.RiseofSocialism7.SOCIALCHANGEi.GovernmentCorruptionii.Tariffsiii.WomenintheGildedAgeiv.Plessyv.FergusonCHAPTER7:1890-1945THEEARLY20THCENTURY1.THEINDUSTRIALECONOMY2.THEPROGRESSIVEERA(1890-1920)i.CorruptioninPoliticsandBusinessii.LaborReformiii.Women’sSuffrageiv.Prohibitionv.Environmentalismvi.TheEndoftheProgressiveEra3.THEGREATDEPRESSIONi.TheStockMarketCrashii.ThePresidentialResponse4.POPULARCULTUREi.TheScopesMonkeyTrialii.TheReproductiveRightsMovement

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iii.TheHarlemRenaissanceiv.CulturalChangesandAfricanAmericans5.MIGRATIONANDIMMIGRATIONi.TheImmigrationActsofthe1920sii.TheFirstRedScareiii.Migration6.FOREIGNDIPLOMACYi.Imperialismvs.Isolationismii.TheSpanish-AmericanWar7.WORLDWAR|i.FromNeutralitytoWarii.TheTreatyofVersaillesandtheLeagueofNationsiii.Post-WWIIsolationism8.WORLDWARIIi.Democracyvs.Totalitarianismii.NaziGermanyandtheHolocaustiii.JapaneseAtrocitiesiv.U.S.InternmentofJapaneseAmericansv.TheEndoftheWarCHAPTER8:1945-1980THEPOSTWARPERIODANDTHECOLDWAR1.THECOLDWARi.Containmentii.TheKoreanWariii.TheVietnamWariv.ColdWarPoliticsintheThirdWorldv.TheSpaceRacevi.NixonandDétente

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2.FEDERALPOWERVS.INDIVIDUALCIVILLIBERTIES3.THECIVILRIGHTSMOVEMENTi.ResistancetoDesegregation4.OTHERSOCIALMOVEMENTS5.LIBERALISMINTHEPOSTWARERAi.TheLiberalSixtiesii.TheLiberalSeventiesiii.TheRiseofConservatism6.OTHERCULTURALCHANGESOFTHEPOSTWARYEARS7.CULTURALCONFLICTi.TheCultureClashandtheEraofAssassinationCHAPTER9:1980-PRESENTENTERINGTHE21STCENTURY1.CONSERVATISMANDTHE“NEWRIGHT”i.RonaldReaganii.ContractwithAmericaiii.WelfareReformActiv.BlockGrantsv.GrowthoftheNationalDebtvi.DebateoverSocialSecurityReformvii.LiberalBacklashviii.CitizensUnitedv.FECix.RiseoftheTeaParty2.SCIENCE,TECHNOLOGY,BUSINESS,BANKINGi.Globalismii.DigitalRevolutioniii.ManufacturingJobsGoAway

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iv.DeclineofUnionsv.RepealofGlass-Steagall3.DEMOGRAPHICSHIFTSi.MigrationtoSouthandSouthwestii.IncreasedImmigrationiii.Anti-ImmigrationSentimentiv.Diversity:AssetorLiability?v.GenderRolesvi.RiseofNontraditionalFamiliesvii.LGBTRights4.1980SAND1990SFOREIGNPOLICYi.FalloftheSovietBlocii.DiplomacybetweentheUnitedStatesandU.S.S.R.iii.IncreasedMilitarySpendingiv.EndoftheColdWar5.POST9/11FOREIGNPOLICYi.9/11ii.IraqWariii.ClimateChange

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WHERETOGETMORE(FREE)CONTENTGotoPrincetonReview.com/prep*EnterthefollowingISBNforyourbook:9780525570226+AnswerafewsimplequestionstosetupanexclusivePrincetonReviewaccount.(Ifyoualreadyhaveone,youcanjustlogin.)*Clickthe“StudentTools”button,alsofoundunder“MyAccount”fromthetoptoolbar.You'reallsettoaccessyourbonuscontent!Needtoreportapotentialcontentissue?ContactEditorialSupport@review.comandinclude:*fulltitleofthebook*ISBNnumber+pagenumberNeedtoreportatechnicalissue?ContactTPRStudentTech@review.comandprovide:*yourfullname*+emailaddressusedtoregisterthebook*fullbooktitleandISBN*computerOS(Mac/PC)andbrowser(Firefox,Safari,etc.)Onceyou'veregistered,youcan...*Getvaluableadviceaboutthecollegeapplicationprocess,includingtipsforwritingagreatessayandwheretoapplyforfinancialaid*Ifyou'restillchoosingbetweencolleges,useoursearchable

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rankingsofthelatesteditionofTheBestCollegestofindoutmoreinformationaboutyourdreamschool*Accessavarietyofprintableresources,includingbonustopicsupplementsanda“furtherreading”listforU.S.History*Checktoseeifthereareanycorrectionsorupdatestothisedition

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INTRODUCTION

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HATISTHISBOOKANDWHENSHOULD|USEIT?FastTrack:U.S.Historyisaone-stopguidemeanttohelpyouepupwithyourcourse—ortoaccelerateyourcontentexpertise.Whetheryou'reacrammer,visuallearner,orhigh-levelstudentlookingforextrareview,thisbookisfilledtothebrimwithinformationthatyou'llbenefitfromknowing(orbrushingupon).We'vetakeneveryopportunitytotranslatekeycontentintofriendlyandsuccinctformats,fromtimelinesofmajorwarsandconciseprofilesofnotablefigures,toflowchartsillustratingthecausesandeffectsofsignificantpolicydecisions,andmuchmore.Inshort—whichisthepointofthisbook—thinkofthefollowingmaterialasafantasticsetofclassnotes.Thisbookispocket-sizedbecauseit'smeanttobeusedwheneverandwhereveryouwant.Waitingonatardyfriend?SpendsometimewiththeFoundingFathers!Stuckonasluggishcommute?WakeyourselfupwiththeTranscontinentalRailroad!Thesearebite-sizedtopicsthatyoucanpickupandputdownatyourownpace.Whetheryouneeditforalast-minuterevieworasasupplementforyourclass,you'llfindnojudgmenthere.Remember:it'snevertoolate(ortooearly)tostartstudying.THISISN'TSTANDARDIZEDTESTPREPWhatyouwon'tfindherearetest-takingstrategiesorpracticequestionsforaspecificstandardizedtest,liketheAPorSATSubjectexams;forthatkindoffocus,checkoutourtest-specificU.S.Historypreptitlesonlineoratyourlocalbookstore.

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WHATDOESTHISBOOKCOVER?ThisbookopenswithasurveyoftheindigenousculturesofNorthAmericaandtheinteractionsbetweenEuropeansandNativeAmericans.TheseearlychaptersexploretheimpactofEuropeancolonizationonthecontinent,colonialsociety,slavery,andtheconflictsthatarosebothwiththeBritishandamongthecoloniststhemselves.Fromthere,we'lldiscusstheRevolutionaryWar,independence,thecreationoftheConstitution,andtheformativeperiodoftheAmericandemocraticsystem.We'llthenreview19th-centurydevelopmentssuchaswestwardexpansion,theCivilWar,Reconstruction,andtheIndustrialRevolution,aswellas20th-centurymodernizationandwars,theGreatDepression,CivilRights,andthepost-ColdWarperiodincludingthefactorsshapingthe21stcentury.Additionally,we'lldelveintotopicssuchassocialchange,class,immigration,genderroles,foreignpolicy,innovationsintechnology,andmore.Inshort,thisbookcoversalloftheU.S.historycontent—andprobablythensome!—thatyouwouldstudyinahighschoolclass,APorotherwise.Thismeansthatwhetheryou'recrammingforyourclass’sfinalexamorpreppingforanAPorSAT-leveltestinU.S.History,thisbookcanhelpgetyouthere—onthefasttrack.HOWDO|USETHISBOOK?Thinkofthisbooklikeatoolkit:figureoutwhatyou'retryingtoaccomplish,andthenchoosethepartthatworksbestforyourscheduleandyourneeds.DIGDEEPStartbylookingattheASKYOURSELFquestionsthroughoutthesepages.You'recheckingtoseewhereyourknowledgemightbeabitloose,testingyourconnections,andidentifyingtoughspotsthat

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mayneedspecialattention.OPENTHEBRAINVALVESOnceyou'veidentifiedatroublespotforyourself,targetthatspecificchapter(orsection).Sometimesyoujustneedtoreplacesomebadconnectionswithsomenewones,andthesevisualizationswillhelpyougetthejobdone!NAILTHATINFORMATIONINTOPLACEPicktopicsatrandomandtrytoexplainorsummarizethem.Canyoureproducenotesonthesubject?Reallymakesureyoucanvisualizeeachconcept:forinstance,whenyouthinkabouttheBillofRights,canyourecallthe3rdAmendment?The9thAmendment?DOITALLThere'snowrongwaytousethisbook!Readitcovertocover—morethanonceifthat'swhathelpsyoutoconnecteachpiece.Tryfocusingonthegraphicsthefirsttimethrough,thengobackthroughandlineitupwiththetext—orreadthetextfirst,andthenusetheimagestosolidifythosethoughts.WHATDOTHEDIFFERENTSIDEBARTYPESMEAN?Youmaynotrealizeit,buteveryclassyoutakeiscarefullyalignedtosomesetofstandardsthatyourinstructor,principal,orevenlocalgovernmenthavedeterminedneedstobecovered.Whatyou'regetting,then,iswhatmayhaveworkedinthepast,orwhat'scomfortableforyourinstructor—whichisn’tnecessarilywhat'sbestforyou,andwhichmaycausetheclasstofeeloverwhelming.Insteadofgoingattheteacher'space,FastTrack:U.S.Historyworksmorelikeaself-guidedtourofthesubject.Ifthere'ssomethingyou'reinterestedin,youcanlingeronthattopicinsteadofsittingbackastheclassglossesoverit.Tothatend,thegraphicsandiconsaredesignedtomakeyoureadmoreactivelyandtokeepyouengaged.Mostofthevisualswillbeself-explanatory,butthereareafew

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differenttypesofsidebarsthatwillpopupoverandoveragain,whichwe'dliketoexplainhere:ASKYOURSELF...ASKYOURSELFquestionslooklikethis.Theseareopportunitiestosolidifyyourunderstandingofthematerialyou'vejustcovered.They'realsoagreatwaytotaketheseconceptsoutsideofthebookandmakethesortofreal-worldconnectionsyou'llbeabletouseinanyessaysorshort-answerquestionsyoucomeacross.Ifyouseethisfeatureandyou'reinterestedinlearningmore,theONLINECONTENTiconpointsyoutowardevenmoreinformationthatcanbeaccessedforfreeinyouronlinestudenttools.ThisfeaturecallsoutBONUSINFORMATION&TRIVIA—funfactsthatmayhelpyoutorememberatrickyconcept.Ifnothingelse,youcanusetheinfolearnedheretoimpressyourfriends!LoveU.S.history?Foradeeperdive,checkoutourlistofresourcestoexplorefurther,foundinyouronlinesupplement.ItwillpointyoutowardbookslikeAPeople’sHistoryoftheUnitedStates,filmssuchasAllthePresident'sMenandMalcolmX,anddocumentarieslikeSelmaandTheCivilWar—allacclaimedresourcesthatwillgiveyoudifferentperspectivesonimportanteventsinU.S.history.

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UnitedStateshistoryistraditionallythoughttohavebegunwhenChristopherColumbusinadvertentlydiscoveredtheAmericasandclaimedthelandforSpain.ThissectionexaminesthevariousculturesoftheindigenouspeoplelivinghereatthattimeandtheeffectsoftheearlycontactsbetweenEuropeansandNativeAmericans.CHAPTERCONTENTS1.NativePeoplesofNorthAmerica2.EarlyInteractionsBetweenEuropeansandNativeAmericans3.TheSpanishEmpireNATIVEPEOPLESOFNORTHAMERICAWhenChristopherColumbusdiscoveredthe“NewWorld”andsetthestageforEuropeancolonization,therewerealreadymillionsofindigenouspeoplelivingthere.TheseNativeAmericans,whoarebelievedtobedescendantsofAsianmigrantswhotraveledacrosstheBeringlandbridgethousandsofyearsearlier,werescatteredacrossmodern-dayNorthandSouthAmerica.Thename“Indian,”whichhasbeenhistoricallyappliedtotheseearliestAmericans,comesfromColumbus’smistakenbeliefthathehadinfactreachedhisintended

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destination—theEastIndies.Duringthepre-Columbianera,varioustribeswithwidelydivergentculturesandlifestyleswerescatteredthroughouttheregion.TRIBESOF*TypicallylivedinpermanentsheltersmadeofwoodandtreebarkTHEPACIFICandsurvivedthroughhunting,foraging,andespeciallyfishingNORTHWEST«NotabletribesincludetheChinook(whowouldlaterfamouslyencounterexplorersLewisandClarkinthe19thcentury).TRIBESOF«Typicallylivedinpermanentsingle-familyshelters(“wigwams”)orTHElongmulti-familywoodendwellings(“longhouses”)andsurvivedNORTHEASTthroughfarmingandlocalhunting»NotabletribesincludetheIroquoisandtheAlgonquian.TRIBESOF»Typicallylivedanomadiclifestyle,oftenhuntingbisonforsurvivalTHEGREATandlivinginmakeshiftsheltersmadefromanimalskins(“teepees”)PLAINS+NotabletribesincludetheLakotaSioux.oTypicallylivedinpermanentstructuresmadefromclayandstrawTRIBESOFandsurvivedthroughdryfarming;maizecultivation,whichspreadTHEnorthwardfrompresent-dayMexico,facilitatedtheestablishmentofSOUTHWESTthesepermanentsettlements«NotabletribesincludethePueblopeopleofthedesert,knownfortheirimpressivetownsandelaboratemultistoryhouses.TRIBESOF*Typicallylivedinpermanentsingle-familydwellingsandsurvivedTHEthroughfarmingavarietyofcrops,aswellasthroughhuntingandSOUTHEASTgathering+NotabletribesincludetheCherokee.*Typicallylivedanomadiclifestyleinextremelycoldnorthernregionsandsurvivedthroughhunting,gathering,whaling,andfishing;theyTHEINUITlivedin“igloos”(housesbuiltoutofsnow)inthewinterandinmakeshift(oftenwooden)sheltersinthesummer+NotabletribesincludetheIfiupiatpeopleofAlaska(sometimescalled“Eskimos”).SomeRegionalLifestyleDifferencesAmongPre-ColumbianNativeAmericansStudy

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TheNativeAmericansoftheGreatPlainswouldlaterembracetheSpanishintroductionofthehorsetoNorthAmerica,whichgreatlyfacilitatedtheirnomadiclifestyle.Theywouldoftentravelonhorsebackandsleepinteepeetentsthatwereeasilyconstructedanddisassembled.TheyfiercelyresistedEuropeanoccupationoftheirlandsandwereviewedaswarlike,sometimeswearingwarpaintandthebrightlycolored“featheredwarbonnet.”Pre-ColumbianDisbursementofNativeAmericanTribesThroughouttheModern-DayUnitedStatesEE————————————————————————ASKYOURSELF...TheNativeAmericansoftheGreatPlainsaremostcloselyassociatedwiththeiconicimageofthe“Indian”inpopularculture.Accordingly,towhatextenthaveHollywooddepictions(particularlythoseofthewesterngenre)distortedourmodernperceptionsofwhatlifewashistoricallylikeforthemajorityofindigenouspeople?StudyXY

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Columbus'sproposaltofindanewseapassagetoAsiawasrejectedbytherulersofPortugal,France,andEngland.Manyexpertsatthetimebelievedhiscalculationswerewayoffandthathe'dnevermakeit.Theywereright.EARLYINTERACTIONSBETWEENEUROPEANSANDNATIVEAMERICANSColumbus'sarrivalin1492markedthebeginningoftheContactPeriod,duringwhichEuropeansandNativeAmericansinteracted.Whileinsomeplaces,suchastheRoanokeColony,initialrelationscouldbecharacterizedasfriendlyandmutuallybeneficial,conflictsoonaroseasthevariousforeignnationsbegantocolonizetheregionanddominatetheindigenouspeople.WhilethenativepopulationreapedthebenefitofsomeEuropeantechnologiesandadvances,theirpopulationwaseventuallydecimatedbytheintroductionofdeadlydisease.FIRSTCONTACTWITHTHENATIVESWhentheEuropeansfirstarrivedintheAmericas,thetworacesexchangedgoodsandinformation,creatingnewopportunitiesforbothcultures.Unfortunately,however,thereweresubstantialnegativerepercussionsfromthisColumbianexchange,particularlyforthenativepeople.

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THEEUROPEANNATIONSRACETOCOLONIZESpain,thenationthatsponsoredColumbusandthesuperpoweroftheday,wasthefirsttoestablishcoloniesintheAmericas.Eventuallyothercountries,suchasFrance,England,andtheNetherlands,followedsuitinaneagerefforttocarveouttheirownvaluablepiecesofthevastNewWorld.Whilethedifferentnationsinteractedwiththeindigenouspopulationwithvaryinglevelsofacceptance,withsome(suchastheFrench)permittingintermarriage,thenativesandtheirculturewerealmostinvariablyviewedasinferior.Colonizationwas

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seenasacivilizingforce,particularlyintherealmofreligion.TheestablishmentofacolonyintheNewWorldwasanextremelyexpensiveandriskyventure!Thelikelihoodofsuccesswasoftenslim,andthemonetarylossesinvolvedcouldbecatastrophic(evenforthegovernmentsofEurope).Thewillingnessofsomenations(especiallyEngland)togambleoncolonizationwaslargelyduetothedevelopmentofJOINTSTOCKCOMPANIES,whichoperatemuchlikemoderncorporations.Stockinthecompanyissoldtomanydifferentinvestors(or“shareholders”),whothenreaptheprofitsofasuccessfulenterprisebutriskonlytheirowninvestment.JAMESTOWN,thefirstpermanentBritishcolonyinAmerica,wasfoundedthroughjointstockfunding.EE————————————————————————ASKYOURSELF...WasitpossiblefortheEuropeanstoeffectarespectfulcolonizationofStudyXY

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