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US History: Essential Review for AP, Honors, and Other Advanced Study (2021)

US History: Essential Review for AP, Honors, and Other Advanced Study (2021) helps you master complex topics with simplified explanations.

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    Downloaded from StudyXY.com [= Ww + StudyXY oi as . Za \ Rr ' BE \ Stu dy Anything This ContentHas been Posted On StudyXY.com as supplementary learning material. StudyXY does not endrose any university, college or publisher. Allmaterials posted are under the liability of the contributors. | 8) www.studyxy.com

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    EDITORIAL Rob Franek, Editor-in-Chief Selena Coppock, Managing Editor Meave Shelton, Senior Editor Aaron Riccio, Senior Editor Chris Chimera, Editor Eleanor Green, Editor Orion McBean, Editor Brian Saladino, Editor Patricia Murphy, Editorial Assistant PENGUIN RANDOM HOUSE PUBLISHING TEAM Tom Russell, VP, Publisher Alison Stoltzfus, Publishing Director Amanda Yee, Associate Managing Editor Ellen Reed, Production Manager Suzanne Lee, Designer Produced by Sideshow Media, New York Dan Tucker, Publisher Frances J. Soo Ping Chow, Designer The Princeton Review 110 East 42nd Street, 7th Floor New York, NY 10017 Email: editorialsupport@review.com Copyright © 2020 by TPR Education IP Holdings, LLC. All rights reserved. Published in the United States by Penguin Random House LLC, New York, and in Canada by Random House of Canada, a division of Penguin Random House Ltd., Toronto. AP is a trademark registered and owned by the College Board, which is not affiliated, and + Studyxy

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    does not endorse, this product. This book was previously published in a different format with the tite ASAP U.S. History by The Princeton Review, an imprint of Penguin Random House LLC, in 2017. Terms of Service: The Princeton Review Online Companion Tools (“Student Tools”) for retail books are available for only the two most recent editions of that book. Student Tools may be activated only twice per eligible book purchased for two consecutive 12-month periods, for a total of 24 months of access. Activation of Student Tools more than twice per book is in direct violation of these Terms of Service and may result in discontinuation of access to Student Tools Services. ISBN 9780525570127 Ebook ISBN 9780525570226 The Princeton Review is not affiliated with Princeton University. Editors: Colleen Day and Meave Shelton Original Production Editors: Kathy Carter and Melissa Duclos Cover art by jomar apalon / Alamy Stock Photo All interior art by Alamy except: this page (Thomas Jefferson) Wikimedia Commons this page Library of Congress a_prh_5.6.0_c0_r3 f- StudyXy

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    ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Princeton Review would like to extend special thanks to the content development team for their hard work, brilliant ideas, enthusiasm, and above-and-beyond dedication to this project: Gina Donegan, Kevin Kelly, Erik Kolb, and Christine Lindwall. A big round of applause is due to the stellar production artists and production editors for the original edition of this book: Debbie Silvestrini, Craig Patches, Melissa Duclos, Otis Roffman, and Kathy G. Carter. Without their careful attention and hard work, the book you are holding would not exist.

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    CONTENTS Cover Title Page Copyright Acknowledgments WHERE TO GET MORE (FREE) CONTENT INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1: 1491-1607 EARLY CONTACT WITH THE NEW WORLD 1. NATIVE PEOPLES OF NORTH AMERICA 2. EARLY INTERACTIONS BETWEEN EUROPEANS AND NATIVE AMERICANS i. First Contact with the Natives ii. The European Nations Race to Colonize 3. THE SPANISH EMPIRE i. Encomienda ii. The Caste System CHAPTER 2: 1607-1754 COLONIZATION OF NORTH AMERICA 1. FRENCH, DUTCH, AND ENGLISH COLONIZATION i. The French and the Dutch ii. The English 2. EARLY ENGLISH COLONIES

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    i. The Chesapeake Colonies ii. New England iii. The Middle Colonies iv. The Southern Colonies v. Salutary Neglect 3. EARLY CONFLICTS i. Interactions Between Europeans and Native Americans ii. European Alliances with Native Americans iii. British Colonial Unrest iv. The Salem Witch Trials v. King Philip's War vi. The Pueblo Revolt 4. LATER EVOLUTION OF BRITISH COLONIES i. European Enlightenment ii. The First Great Awakening iii. Colonial Legislatures and Courts iv. Mercantilism 5. SLAVERY i. Transition from Indentured Servitude ii. Triangular Trade and the Middle Passage iii. Racial Segregation and the Law iv. The Development of Early African American Cultures CHAPTER 3: 1754-1800 CONFLICT AND AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE 1. SEVEN YEARS’ WAR (1754-1763) i. Albany Plan of Union (1754) ii. Outcome of the Seven Years’ War iii. Crown and Indian Resistance to Westward Expansion

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    iv. Fallout of the Seven Years’ War 2. THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR i. Declaratory Act ii. The Priority of Self-Rule iii. Hobbes and Locke iv. Founding Fathers v. Quartering of Soldiers vi. 'm the Tax Man vii. Sons of Liberty viii. Boycotts ix. Committees of Correspondence x. The First Continental Congress xi. Loyalists vs. Patriots xii. Timeline of the Revolutionary War 3. REVOLUTIONARY POLITICS i. Natural Rights ii. Push for Representative Democracy iii. Republican Motherhood iv. Broad Impact of the American Revolution 4. CREATION OF THE CONSTITUTION i. Articles of Confederation ii. Constitutional Convention ii. A Tale of Two Rebellions 5. THE EARLY REPUBLIC i. George Washington ii. John Adams iii. Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans iv. Regional Disagreements over Slavery v. Rise of American Art, Literature, and Architecture

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    6. EXPANDED MIGRATION AND INTERACTION WITH THE INDIANS i. Increased Alliances Between the British and Indians ii. The Iroquois iii. Early Westward Expansion and Territorial Disputes iv. Northwest Ordinance (1787) v. Treaty with the Indians vi. Spanish Mission Settlements 7. RELATIONS WITH EUROPE i. Attempts at Diplomacy ii. Parties Further Divide over Foreign Policy CHAPTER 4: 1800-1848 BEGINNINGS OF MODERN AMERICAN DEMOCRACY 1. THE DEFINING ISSUES OF THE ERA i. Jefferson, Hamilton, and Party Politics in the Early Republic ii. The Marshall Court iii. The War of 1812 iv. Monroe and the “Era of Good Feelings” v. Jacksonian Democracy 2. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL MOVEMENTS OF THE PERIOD i. The Second Great Awakening and the Quest for Utopia ii. A Very Romantic Era iii. The Nation Remains Divided 3. MAJOR POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS i. The Temperance Societies ii. Abolitionism iii. Women’s Suffrage iv. Other Reform Movements

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    4. THE MARKET REVOLUTION 5. SHIFTS IN THE LABOR MARKET AND CLASS STRUCTURE 6. REGIONALISM 7. TERRITORIALISM i. A Trail of Tears 8. CONFLICT OVER SLAVERY INCREASES CHAPTER 5: 1844-1877 TOWARD THE CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION 1. WESTWARD EXPANSION i. The Gold Rush ii. Silver and Copper Mining iii. Ranching iv. The Homestead Act v. Manifest Destiny vi. Texas vii. The Mexican-American War viii. The Transcontinental Railroad ix. American Connections with Asia x. Missionaries Xi. The Mormons 2. IMMIGRATION i. Irish, German. and Scandinavian Immigration ii. Nativism and Anti-Catholic Sentiment iii. Mexican-Americans in the Southwest 3. CONFLICT OVER SLAVERY i. Geographic Variations in Labor ii. The Free-Soil Movement

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    iii. The Underground Railroad iv. John Brown v. Arguments for and Against Slavery vi. The American Colonization Society 4. PRE=CIVIL WAR TENSIONS i. Mexican Cession ii. The Compromise of 1850 iii. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 iv. Dred Scott v. Sandford v. The Emergence of the Republican Party vi. The Election of 1860 vii. Southern Secession 5. THE CIVIL WAR i. Union vs. Confederacy ii. The Emancipation Proclamation iii. Black Soldiers in the Civil War iv. The Gettysburg Address v. The End of the Civil War 6. RECONSTRUCTION i. Radical Republicans vs. Moderate Republicans ii. The Reconstruction Amendments iii. The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson iv. Successes and Failures of Reconstruction v. Sharecropping vi. Discrimination and Segregation During Reconstruction vii. The Ku Klux Klan and Lynching viii. The End of Reconstruction CHAPTER 6: 1865-1898

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    THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 1. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION i. Government-Subsidized Technology ii. Factories and the Assembly Line Increase Productivity iii. Electricity iv. Monopolies and Trusts v. Increasing the Gap Between Rich and Poor vi. International Trade 2. BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC INTERESTS i. Panics ii. Unions 3. AGRICULTURAL INTERESTS i. “New South” ii. Mechanization iii. Railroads: Benefits and Liabilities iv. The Grange v. Populist Party 4. IMMIGRATION AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT i. Asian, Italian. and Eastern European Immigration ii. Exodusters ii. The Rise of Urbanism iv. Cultural Assimilation v. Political Machines vi. Growth of the Middle Class and Consumerism 5. WESTWARD MIGRATION i. The Transcontinental Railroad ii. Pioneer Homesteading ii. Near-Extinction of the Bison iv. Conflict Between White Settlers, Indians, and Mexican

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    Americans v. Indian Reservations vi. Assimilation vs. Cultural Preservation 6. THE GILDED AGE i. Corruption and the Captains of Industry ii. Andrew Carnegie’s Inconsistent Philosophy iii. Rise of Socialism 7. SOCIAL CHANGE i. Government Corruption ii. Tariffs iii. Women in the Gilded Age iv. Plessy v. Ferguson CHAPTER 7: 1890-1945 THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY 1. THE INDUSTRIAL ECONOMY 2. THE PROGRESSIVE ERA (1890-1920) i. Corruption in Politics and Business ii. Labor Reform iii. Women’s Suffrage iv. Prohibition v. Environmentalism vi. The End of the Progressive Era 3. THE GREAT DEPRESSION i. The Stock Market Crash ii. The Presidential Response 4. POPULAR CULTURE i. The Scopes Monkey Trial ii. The Reproductive Rights Movement

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    iii. The Harlem Renaissance iv. Cultural Changes and African Americans 5. MIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION i. The Immigration Acts of the 1920s ii. The First Red Scare iii. Migration 6. FOREIGN DIPLOMACY i. Imperialism vs. Isolationism ii. The Spanish-American War 7. WORLD WAR | i. From Neutrality to War ii. The Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations iii. Post-WWI Isolationism 8. WORLD WAR II i. Democracy vs. Totalitarianism ii. Nazi Germany and the Holocaust iii. Japanese Atrocities iv. U.S. Internment of Japanese Americans v. The End of the War CHAPTER 8: 1945-1980 THE POSTWAR PERIOD AND THE COLD WAR 1. THE COLD WAR i. Containment ii. The Korean War iii. The Vietnam War iv. Cold War Politics in the Third World v. The Space Race vi. Nixon and Détente

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    2. FEDERAL POWER VS. INDIVIDUAL CIVIL LIBERTIES 3. THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT i. Resistance to Desegregation 4. OTHER SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 5. LIBERALISM IN THE POSTWAR ERA i. The Liberal Sixties ii. The Liberal Seventies iii. The Rise of Conservatism 6. OTHER CULTURAL CHANGES OF THE POSTWAR YEARS 7. CULTURAL CONFLICT i. The Culture Clash and the Era of Assassination CHAPTER 9: 1980-PRESENT ENTERING THE 21ST CENTURY 1. CONSERVATISM AND THE “NEW RIGHT” i. Ronald Reagan ii. Contract with America iii. Welfare Reform Act iv. Block Grants v. Growth of the National Debt vi. Debate over Social Security Reform vii. Liberal Backlash viii. Citizens United v. FEC ix. Rise of the Tea Party 2. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, BUSINESS, BANKING i. Globalism ii. Digital Revolution iii. Manufacturing Jobs Go Away

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    iv. Decline of Unions v. Repeal of Glass-Steagall 3. DEMOGRAPHIC SHIFTS i. Migration to South and Southwest ii. Increased Immigration iii. Anti-Immigration Sentiment iv. Diversity: Asset or Liability? v. Gender Roles vi. Rise of Nontraditional Families vii. LGBT Rights 4. 1980S AND 1990S FOREIGN POLICY i. Fall of the Soviet Bloc ii. Diplomacy between the United States and U.S.S.R. iii. Increased Military Spending iv. End of the Cold War 5. POST 9/11 FOREIGN POLICY i. 9/11 ii. Iraq War iii. Climate Change

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    WHERE TO GET MORE (FREE) CONTENT Go to PrincetonReview.com/prep * Enter the following ISBN for your book: 9780525570226 + Answer a few simple questions to set up an exclusive Princeton Review account. (If you already have one, you can just log in.) * Click the “Student Tools” button, also found under “My Account” from the top toolbar. You're all set to access your bonus content! Need to report a potential content issue? Contact EditorialSupport@review.com and include: * full title of the book * ISBN number + page number Need to report a technical issue? Contact TPRStudentTech@review.com and provide: * your full name *+ email address used to register the book * full book title and ISBN * computer OS (Mac/PC) and browser (Firefox, Safari, etc.) Once you've registered, you can... * Get valuable advice about the college application process, including tips for writing a great essay and where to apply for financial aid * If you're still choosing between colleges, use our searchable

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    rankings of the latest edition of The Best Colleges to find out more information about your dream school * Access a variety of printable resources, including bonus topic supplements and a “further reading” list for U.S. History * Check to see if there are any corrections or updates to this edition

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    INTRODUCTION

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    HAT IS THIS BOOK AND WHEN SHOULD | USE IT? F ast Track: U.S. History is a one-stop guide meant to help you ep up with your course—or to accelerate your content expertise. Whether you're a crammer, visual learner, or high-level student looking for extra review, this book is filled to the brim with information that you'll benefit from knowing (or brushing up on). We've taken every opportunity to translate key content into friendly and succinct formats, from timelines of major wars and concise profiles of notable figures, to flow charts illustrating the causes and effects of significant policy decisions, and much more. In short—which is the point of this book—think of the following material as a fantastic set of class notes. This book is pocket-sized because it's meant to be used whenever and wherever you want. Waiting on a tardy friend? Spend some time with the Founding Fathers! Stuck on a sluggish commute? Wake yourself up with the Transcontinental Railroad! These are bite-sized topics that you can pick up and put down at your own pace. Whether you need it for a last-minute review or as a supplement for your class, you'll find no judgment here. Remember: it's never too late (or too early) to start studying. THIS ISN'T STANDARDIZED TEST PREP What you won't find here are test-taking strategies or practice questions for a specific standardized test, like the AP or SAT Subject exams; for that kind of focus, check out our test-specific U.S. History prep titles online or at your local bookstore.

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    WHAT DOES THIS BOOK COVER? This book opens with a survey of the indigenous cultures of North America and the interactions between Europeans and Native Americans. These early chapters explore the impact of European colonization on the continent, colonial society, slavery, and the conflicts that arose both with the British and among the colonists themselves. From there, we'll discuss the Revolutionary War, independence, the creation of the Constitution, and the formative period of the American democratic system. We'll then review 19th-century developments such as westward expansion, the Civil War, Reconstruction, and the Industrial Revolution, as well as 20th-century modernization and wars, the Great Depression, Civil Rights, and the post-Cold War period including the factors shaping the 21st century. Additionally, we'll delve into topics such as social change, class, immigration, gender roles, foreign policy, innovations in technology, and more. In short, this book covers all of the U.S. history content— and probably then some!—that you would study in a high school class, AP or otherwise. This means that whether you're cramming for your class’s final exam or prepping for an AP or SAT-level test in U.S. History, this book can help get you there—on the fast track. HOW DO | USE THIS BOOK? Think of this book like a toolkit: figure out what you're trying to accomplish, and then choose the part that works best for your schedule and your needs. DIG DEEP Start by looking at the ASK YOURSELF questions throughout these pages. You're checking to see where your knowledge might be a bit loose, testing your connections, and identifying tough spots that

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    may need special attention. OPEN THE BRAIN VALVES Once you've identified a trouble spot for yourself, target that specific chapter (or section). Sometimes you just need to replace some bad connections with some new ones, and these visualizations will help you get the job done! NAIL THAT INFORMATION INTO PLACE Pick topics at random and try to explain or summarize them. Can you reproduce notes on the subject? Really make sure you can visualize each concept: for instance, when you think about the Bill of Rights, can you recall the 3rd Amendment? The 9th Amendment? DOIT ALL There's no wrong way to use this book! Read it cover to cover —more than once if that's what helps you to connect each piece. Try focusing on the graphics the first time through, then go back through and line it up with the text—or read the text first, and then use the images to solidify those thoughts. WHAT DO THE DIFFERENT SIDEBAR TYPES MEAN? You may not realize it, but every class you take is carefully aligned to some set of standards that your instructor, principal, or even local government have determined needs to be covered. What you're getting, then, is what may have worked in the past, or what's comfortable for your instructor—which isn’t necessarily what's best for you, and which may cause the class to feel overwhelming. Instead of going at the teacher's pace, Fast Track: U.S. History works more like a self-guided tour of the subject. If there's something you're interested in, you can linger on that topic instead of sitting back as the class glosses over it. To that end, the graphics and icons are designed to make you read more actively and to keep you engaged. Most of the visuals will be self-explanatory, but there are a few

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    different types of sidebars that will pop up over and over again, which we'd like to explain here: ASK YOURSELF... ASK YOURSELF questions look like this. These are opportunities to solidify your understanding of the material you've just covered. They're also a great way to take these concepts outside of the book and make the sort of real-world connections you'll be able to use in any essays or short-answer questions you come across. If you see this feature and you're interested in learning more, the ONLINE CONTENT icon points you toward even more information that can be accessed for free in your online student tools. This feature calls out BONUS INFORMATION & TRIVIA—fun facts that may help you to remember a tricky concept. If nothing else, you can use the info learned here to impress your friends! Love U.S. history? For a deeper dive, check out our list of resources to explore further, found in your online supplement. It will point you toward books like A People’s History of the United States, films such as All the President's Men and Malcolm X, and documentaries like Selma and The Civil War—all acclaimed resources that will give you different perspectives on important events in U.S. history.

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    United States history is traditionally thought to have begun when Christopher Columbus inadvertently discovered the Americas and claimed the land for Spain. This section examines the various cultures of the indigenous people living here at that time and the effects of the early contacts between Europeans and Native Americans. CHAPTER CONTENTS 1. Native Peoples of North America 2. Early Interactions Between Europeans and Native Americans 3. The Spanish Empire NATIVE PEOPLES OF NORTH AMERICA When Christopher Columbus discovered the “New World” and set the stage for European colonization, there were already millions of indigenous people living there. These Native Americans, who are believed to be descendants of Asian migrants who traveled across the Bering land bridge thousands of years earlier, were scattered across modern-day North and South America. The name “Indian,” which has been historically applied to these earliest Americans, comes from Columbus’s mistaken belief that he had in fact reached his intended

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    destination—the East Indies. During the pre-Columbian era, various tribes with widely divergent cultures and lifestyles were scattered throughout the region. TRIBES OF * Typically lived in permanent shelters made of wood and tree bark THE PACIFIC and survived through hunting, foraging, and especially fishing NORTHWEST « Notable tribes include the Chinook (who would later famously encounter explorers Lewis and Clark in the 19th century). TRIBES OF « Typically lived in permanent single-family shelters (“wigwams”) or THE long multi-family wooden dwellings (“longhouses”) and survived NORTHEAST through farming and local hunting » Notable tribes include the Iroquois and the Algonquian. TRIBES OF » Typically lived a nomadic lifestyle, often hunting bison for survival THE GREAT and living in makeshift shelters made from animal skins (“teepees”) PLAINS + Notable tribes include the Lakota Sioux. o Typically lived in permanent structures made from clay and straw TRIBES OF and survived through dry farming; maize cultivation, which spread THE northward from present-day Mexico, facilitated the establishment of SOUTHWEST these permanent settlements « Notable tribes include the Pueblo people of the desert, known for their impressive towns and elaborate multistory houses. TRIBES OF * Typically lived in permanent single-family dwellings and survived THE through farming a variety of crops, as well as through hunting and SOUTHEAST gathering + Notable tribes include the Cherokee. * Typically lived a nomadic lifestyle in extremely cold northern regions and survived through hunting, gathering, whaling, and fishing; they THE INUIT lived in “igloos” (houses built out of snow) in the winter and in makeshift (often wooden) shelters in the summer + Notable tribes include the Ifiupiat people of Alaska (sometimes called “Eskimos”). Some Regional Lifestyle Differences Among Pre-Columbian Native Americans Study

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    The Native Americans of the Great Plains would later embrace the Spanish introduction of the horse to North America, which greatly facilitated their nomadic lifestyle. They would often travel on horseback and sleep in teepee tents that were easily constructed and disassembled. They fiercely resisted European occupation of their lands and were viewed as warlike, sometimes wearing war paint and the brightly colored “feathered war bonnet.” Pre-Columbian Disbursement of Native American Tribes Throughout the Modern-Day United States EE ———————————————————————— ASK YOURSELF... The Native Americans of the Great Plains are most closely associated with the iconic image of the “Indian” in popular culture. Accordingly, to what extent have Hollywood depictions (particularly those of the western genre) distorted our modern perceptions of what life was historically like for the majority of indigenous people? StudyXY

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    Columbus's proposal to find a new sea passage to Asia was rejected by the rulers of Portugal, France, and England. Many experts at the time believed his calculations were way off and that he'd never make it. They were right. EARLY INTERACTIONS BETWEEN EUROPEANS AND NATIVE AMERICANS Columbus's arrival in 1492 marked the beginning of the Contact Period, during which Europeans and Native Americans interacted. While in some places, such as the Roanoke Colony, initial relations could be characterized as friendly and mutually beneficial, conflict soon arose as the various foreign nations began to colonize the region and dominate the indigenous people. While the native population reaped the benefit of some European technologies and advances, their population was eventually decimated by the introduction of deadly disease. FIRST CONTACT WITH THE NATIVES When the Europeans first arrived in the Americas, the two races exchanged goods and information, creating new opportunities for both cultures. Unfortunately, however, there were substantial negative repercussions from this Columbian exchange, particularly for the native people.

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    THE EUROPEAN NATIONS RACE TO COLONIZE Spain, the nation that sponsored Columbus and the superpower of the day, was the first to establish colonies in the Americas. Eventually other countries, such as France, England, and the Netherlands, followed suit in an eager effort to carve out their own valuable pieces of the vast New World. While the different nations interacted with the indigenous population with varying levels of acceptance, with some (such as the French) permitting intermarriage, the natives and their culture were almost invariably viewed as inferior. Colonization was

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    seen as a civilizing force, particularly in the realm of religion. The establishment of a colony in the New World was an extremely expensive and risky venture! The likelihood of success was often slim, and the monetary losses involved could be catastrophic (even for the governments of Europe). The willingness of some nations (especially England) to gamble on colonization was largely due to the development of JOINT STOCK COMPANIES, which operate much like modern corporations. Stock in the company is sold to many different investors (or “shareholders”), who then reap the profits of a successful enterprise but risk only their own investment. JAMESTOWN, the first permanent British colony in America, was founded through joint stock funding. EE ———————————————————————— ASK YOURSELF... Was it possible for the Europeans to effect a respectful colonization of StudyXY

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