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Chapter 5: Energy: Matter in Motion Part 1

Physics45 CardsCreated 4 months ago

This deck covers key concepts of energy in the context of food science, including types of energy, their applications, and related scientific principles.

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Define energy.

The ability to do work.
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
Define energy.
The ability to do work.

What are 2 things that food scientists examine relating to energy?

  • How heat is transferred during cooking and preservation

- How energy ...

Define potential energy.
Stored energy; the work done in lifting objects to a position.
What form is Ep in food?
Chemical potential energy (calories).
Define kinetic energy.
Energy of motion.

How does Ek relate to food?

Atoms and molecules always in motion

ex: heat water, atoms move faster, Ek increases

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Chapter 5: Energy: Matter in Motion Part 1
TermDefinition
Define energy.
The ability to do work.

What are 2 things that food scientists examine relating to energy?

  • How heat is transferred during cooking and preservation

- How energy affects the structure of food during such processes

Define potential energy.
Stored energy; the work done in lifting objects to a position.
What form is Ep in food?
Chemical potential energy (calories).
Define kinetic energy.
Energy of motion.

How does Ek relate to food?

Atoms and molecules always in motion

ex: heat water, atoms move faster, Ek increases

Compare internal vs. external energy.

External: E applied to an object by another source
Internal: E contained in an in an object

What kind of energy does food contain?
Internal potential energy.

Name the 5 forms of energy in the food industry.

1) Mechanical
2) Electrical
3) Radiant
4) Nuclear
5) Chemical

Define mechanical energy.
Total kinetic and potential energy of a system.
How does the body use mechanical energy?
When it moves.

How does the food industry use mechanical energy?

Food processing, for its equipment

ex: mixers, blenders, and food processors convert electrical energy to mechanical energy

Define chemical energy.
Generated when bonds are broken/formed during chemical reactions.
What is an endothermic reaction?
Absorbs energy and lowers temperature.
What is an exothermic reaction?
Releases energy and increases temperature.
How does metabolism allow us to utilize chemical energy?
Breaks down food –> release chemical energy.
Define electrical energy.
Produced by the movement of electrons.
During food processing, what is electric energy converted to?
Mechanical or radiant.
What is electrical energy transported by?
Transported through materials that are good conductors (copper, silver, etc.).
Define radiant energy.
Energy transmitted in the form of waves through space or some medium.
What is another word for radiant energy?
Electromagnetic spectrum.
Name some examples of radiant energy.
Radio waves, ultraviolet waves, microwaves, electric coils, charcoal grills, gas flames, induction cooktops.
What forms of energy do microwave ovens convert?
Electrical energy to radiant energy.
How do microwaves work?
Electron tube converts electrical E into waves of radiant energy (microwaves). Then, the interior surfaces reflects microwaves towards the food which heats it up.

Name 3 issues with microwaves.

  • Food-borne outbreaks (ex: raw poultry)

  • Food not cooked properly

  • Carry-over cooking (food still being cooked after microwaving)

How does induction cooking work?
Alternating currents --> magnetic field excites electrons -> electric current -> causes flat pan to heat.
Why do induction cooktops produce less energy waste?
Since they directly heat the cooking vessel.
What type of vessel needs to be used for induction cooking?
Ferromagnetic.
Define nuclear energy.
Result of splitting or combining atoms of certain elements, which then give off radiation.
How is nuclear energy used in medicine?
X-Rays.
How is nuclear energy used in food preservation?
Irradiation.
Is irradiation effective? Why don't we use it often?
One of the most effective, but public thinks food will be radioactive.
Define heat.
Heat is an energy transfer from one body to another caused by a temperature difference between the 2.
Define a calorie.
One calorie is the heat needed to raise the temp of one gram of water one oC.
Define a kilocalorie. Why do we use kilocalories?
One kilocalorie is the heat needed to raise the temp of one kilogram of water one oC. It simplifies calorie count.
Define heat capacity.
The ability of a substance to absorb heat.
What foods have high heat capacity?
Foods with high water content.
Define specific heat.
The ability of a substance to absorb or transfer heat compared to water's ability. The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1g of that substance 1oC.
Why is it important to know specific heat?
Helps predict how the food will react during processing.
Define temperature.
The measure of the average kinetic energy of a group of individual molecules.
Temperature is an indirect measure of what?
Molecular motion.
What is temperature measured with?
Thermometer.
Why is it important to measure the temperature of food?
To ensure food safety and product quality.
How does heat flow?
Hot objects --> cold objects.
What does thermodynamics study?
Studies heat flow and T in relation to material properties.