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    1. The order Primates includes all of the following except: a. tarsiers. b. marsupials. c. monkeys. d. humans. e. prosimians. ANSWER: b REFERENCES: Introduction 2. Which statement is not true of human culture? a. It includes such things as technology, language, religion, and gender roles. b. It is genetically determined. c. It plays a critical role in human evolution. d. All people are products of human culture. e. It is learned. ANSWER: b REFERENCES: Biocultural Evolution 3. What is a relativistic view of culture and why is it important in anthropology? ANSWER: It is an approach that allows anthropology to view other cultures from a broader perspective, by viewing them as they relate to something else. It is very important because our world is increasingly interdependent. REFERENCES: The Anthropological Perspective 4. Which subdiscipline of anthropology is concerned with various aspects of human language? a. Ethnology b. Applied anthropology c. Primatology d. Anthropometry e. Linguistic anthropology ANSWER: e REFERENCES: What Is Anthropology? 5. Define the term biocultural evolution. ANSWER: It is the mutual, interactive evolution of human biology and culture. REFERENCES: Biocultural Evolution

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    6. Which of the following includes genetic alterations within populations? a. Anatomy b. Macroevolution c. Microevolution d. Osteology e. Paleopathology ANSWER: c REFERENCES: Introduction 7. The anthropological perspective proposes to broaden our viewpoint though time and space. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: The Anthropological Perspective 8. Which specialty focuses specifically on the study of skeletal material? a. Osteology b. Paleoanthropology c. Paleopathology d. Forensic anthropology e. Molecular anthropology ANSWER: a REFERENCES: What is Anthropology? 9. What is meant by the term biocultural evolution? a. Changes in human culture from generation to generation b. Biological evolution in all species except humans c. Biological changes in a species over time d. The influence of genetic engineering on culture e. The interaction between biology and culture in human evolution ANSWER: e REFERENCES: Biocultural Evolution 10. ____________ is the study of human anatomical and behavioral evolution as evidenced by the fossil record. a. Osteology b. Paleopathology c. Anthropometry d. Primatology e. Paleoanthropology ANSWER: e REFERENCES: What Is Anthropology?

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    11. Forensic anthropology is an applied subfield which benefits from a background in physical anthropology. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: What Is Anthropology? 12. What are the primary steps involved in the scientific method? ANSWER: It involves formulating a question, doing background research on what others have done on the subject, determining a hypothesis, developing a research design or methodology, collecting data and doing very precise analysis to test the hypothesis. REFERENCES: Physical Anthropology and the Scientific Method 13. Which of the following is not an important reason why primatology has become increasingly important since the late 1950s? a. Nonhuman primates are our closest living relatives. b. Through primatology we can better address the needs of primitive humans. c. The behavioral studies of any species provide a wealth of data on adaptation. d. Many nonhuman primates are threatened or seriously endangered. e. Behavioral studies have implications for understanding natural forces that have shaped human behavior. ANSWER: b REFERENCES: What Is Anthropology? 14. Which is not true about paleoanthropology? a. Its goal is to identify the various human ancestors. b. It is a valid way to conduct anthropology. c. It is the study of human evolution. d. It includes the fossils of ancient reptiles and amphibians. e. It attempts to gain insights into human adaptation and behavior. ANSWER: d REFERENCES: What is Anthropology? 15. ______ is the practical application of the subfields of anthropology. a. Linguistics b. Applied Anthropology c. Archaeology d. Physical Anthropology e. Cultural Anthropology ANSWER: b REFERENCES: What Is Anthropology?

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    16. Archaeologists: a. are interested in human behavior when it pertains to osteology. b. only examine complex civilizations that have left architectural ruins. c. focus primarily on biological imperatives. d. never work with physical anthropology. e. study earlier human groups using artifacts and structures as their evidence. ANSWER: e REFERENCES: What Is Anthropology? 17. What are the four major subfields of anthropology? ANSWER: The subfields are Cultural Anthropology, Linguistics, Archaeology, and Physical (or Biological) Anthropology. REFERENCES: Introduction 18. What is the role of the scientific method in physical anthropology? Discuss the various steps and how they might be applied to a specific case study in physical anthropology. ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: Physical Anthropology and the Scientific Method 19. The origins of physical anthropology arose from two areas of interest among 19 th -century scientists. What did these areas concern? a. The genetic determinants of behavior and osteology b. Nonhuman primates and origins of modern species c. Human variation and osteology d. The origins of modern species and human variation e. Human evolution and nonhuman primates ANSWER: d REFERENCES: What Is Anthropology? 20. The anthropological perspective does not: a. look at the diversity of the human experience. b. narrow our viewpoint of how our species has evolved through time and space. c. help to avoid ethnocentric pitfalls. d. offer a wider appreciation through time and space. e. give a wider appreciation of the human experience. ANSWER: b REFERENCES: The Anthropological Perspective

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    21. Fields of inquiry fundamental to studies of adaptation in modern human populations include: a. examinations of modern groups but not populations over time. b. traits that typify certain populations that have evolved as biological adaptation to environment. c. factors that have produced only genetic variation. d. traits that typify certain populations that have not evolved as biological adaptations. e. factors that have produced only visible physical differences. ANSWER: b REFERENCES: What Is Anthropology? 22. Primatology is the study of: a. human skeletal material. b. diseases in earlier human groups. c. skeletal remains at crime scenes. d. the beginnings of human evolution. e. the biology and behavior of nonhuman primates. ANSWER: e REFERENCES: What Is Anthropology? 23. Physical anthropologists are interested only in the study of biological systems. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: Introduction 24. Molecular anthropologists have used genetic technologies to investigate the relationships between human populations and between humans and nonhuman primates. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: What Is Anthropology? 25. Physical or biological anthropologists are only interested in the human fossil record. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: What Is Anthropology?

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    26. Human evolution is: a. not subject to the same factors that have produced other species. b. solely the result of cultural factors. c. complete and no longer a driving force as it once was. d. solely the result of biological factors. e. subject to the long-term interactions of biology and culture. ANSWER: e REFERENCES: Biocultural Evolution 27. Which of the following is true of the relativistic view of culture? a. It allows us to judge other species using well-tested human criteria. b. It allows us to understand our own culture from a narrower perspective. c. It allows us to understand which culture is superior to another. d. It allows us to understand other people’s concerns and view our culture from a broader perspective. e. It provides us with data to prove that the human species is better adapted than others. ANSWER: d REFERENCES: The Anthropological Perspective 28. Ethnographies are: a. studies of nonhuman primates. b. studies of only Western European societies. c. detailed descriptive studies of contemporary living peoples. d. the practical application of anthropological theories. e. studies done by archaeologists. ANSWER: c REFERENCES: What Is Anthropology? 29. Explain each of the subfields of anthropology and how they each contribute to our understanding of what it means to be human. ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: What Is Anthropology? 30. Define osteology and then discuss which subfields of physical anthropology require knowledge of osteology. ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: What Is Anthropology?

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    31. Approximately 3.7 million years ago, two or three hominins left their footprints across the savannah of modern-day Tanzania, clear evidence of: a. hominins walked bipedally. b. hominins traveled in small groups. c. Tanzania is 3.7 million years old. d. modern-day Tanzania continues to be a savannah environment. e. apes were present in Tanzania. ANSWER: a REFERENCES: Introduction 32. Cultural anthropology: a. focuses solely on the study of traditional societies. b. is the study of the patterns of belief and behavior found in modern and historical cultures. c. was first developed as a discipline in the 17 th century. d. includes the recovery and analysis of material culture from earlier civilizations. e. has no practical application in modern society. ANSWER: b REFERENCES: What Is Anthropology? 33. _______ focuses on the study of skeletal remains from archaeological sites. a. Primate paleontology b. Bioarchaeology c. Osteology d. Forensic anthropology e. Paleopathology ANSWER: b REFERENCES: What Is Anthropology? 34. Objects or materials made or modified for use by hominins are called: a. data. b. fossils. c. ethnographies. d. empiricism. e. artifacts. ANSWER: e REFERENCES: What Is Anthropology? 35. Briefly differentiate between paleoanthropology and paleopathology. ANSWER: Paleoanthropology is the study of early hominins and paleopathology is the study of early diseases and injuries in human skeletal remains. REFERENCES: What Is Anthropology?

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    36. A group of reproductively-isolated organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring is called a(n): a. infrastructure. b. species. c. hominid. d. populace. e. family. ANSWER: b REFERENCES: Introduction 37. Explain what “the anthropological perspective” means and why it is important. ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: The Anthropological Perspective 38. What is the initial step in the scientific method? a. Form a theory b. Perform an experiment c. Form a hypothesis d. Collect data under precise conditions e. Publish a scientific article ANSWER: c REFERENCES: Physical Anthropology and the Scientific Method 39. Culture, as defined in Chapter 1: a. was not an important factor in human evolution. b. is genetically determined and does not alter over time. c. is important only as it pertains to modern humans. d. includes only those aspects of human lifestyle that relate to the arts. e. can be defined as the strategy by which humans adapt to the natural environment. ANSWER: e REFERENCES: Biocultural Evolution 40. Anthropology can be applied to practical issues outside the university setting. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: What Is Anthropology?

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    41. Forensic anthropologists: a. apply anthropological techniques to legal matters. b. are primarily concerned with the recovery of material culture remains. c. examine the relationships between medical treatment and culturally determined views of disease. d. study disease and trauma in ancient populations. e. study nonhuman primates. ANSWER: a REFERENCES: What Is Anthropology? 42. Which of the following does not apply to theories? a. They are tested explanations of facts. b. They are specific statements of scientific relationships that have not been verified. c. They are usually concerned with broader and more universal views. d. They are the result of repeated testing. e. They are not absolutes and are open to falsification. ANSWER: b REFERENCES: Physical Anthropology and the Scientific Method 43. Who uses anthropological techniques to assist in crime investigations and to identify skeletal remains in cases of disaster? a. Forensic anthropologists b. Archaeologists c. Primatologists d. Cultural anthropologists e. Paleoanthropologists ANSWER: a REFERENCES: What Is Anthropology? 44. What unique strategy allows humans to adapt to the natural environment? a. Walking on two legs b. Evolution c. Biological adaptation d. Culture e. Genetic change ANSWER: d REFERENCES: The Human Connection 45. Why are physical anthropologists concerned with studying human variation today? ANSWER: Their studies of human variation help us to better understand adaptive significance and to identify factors that have produced physical and genetic variation. REFERENCES: What Is Anthropology?

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    46. ________ is the subdiscipline of osteology that is concerned with disease and trauma in earlier populations. a. Anthropometry b. Paleopathology c. Forensic anthropology d. Primatology e. Paleoanthropology ANSWER: b REFERENCES: What Is Anthropology? 47. The focus of anthropology is very narrow and has only two subfields. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: What Is Anthropology? 48. All cultures share the same worldview. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: Biocultural Evolution 49. What is meant by the term adaptation in a biological sense? ANSWER: It is an anatomical, physiological, or behavioral response of organisms or populations to the environment. REFERENCES: Introduction 50. The term evolution refers to: a. patterns of inheritance from parent to offspring. b. the process of biological specialization. c. changes in the genetic make-up of a population from one generation to the next. d. genetic changes within populations, but not the appearance of new species. e. a response of organisms or populations to the environment. ANSWER: c REFERENCES: Introduction 51. The 3.7 million year-old footprints of two hominins were discovered in a riverbed in Texas. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: Introduction

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    52. Which of the following is not one of the subfields of anthropology in the United States? a. Cultural b. Psychological c. Physical d. Linguistics e. Archaeology ANSWER: b REFERENCES: What Is Anthropology? 53. What is a hypothesis? a. It is equivalent to a theory. b. It is a provisional statement regarding certain scientific facts or observations. c. It is a statement that has been proven to be true. d. It is a fact from which conclusions can be drawn. e. It is proof of a theory and occurs after testing a theory. ANSWER: b REFERENCES: Physical Anthropology and the Scientific Method 54. The human predisposition to assimilate culture and function within it is profoundly influenced by biological factors. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: Biocultural Evolution 55. The study of human biology within the framework of human evolution can be said to be the domain of which of the following? a. Osteology b. Cultural anthropology c. Primatology d. Archaeology e. Physical or biological anthropology ANSWER: e REFERENCES: What Is Anthropology?

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    1. Many people in the United States believe in the Biblical creation. What various kinds of factors may account for the fact that many people do not accept evolution as an explanation for the origins and diversity of life? ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: Opposition to Evolution Today 2. During the voyage of the Beagle Darwin noted the variations in Galapagos finches between beak size and: a. body size. b. longevity. c. diet. d. exercise. e. altitude. ANSWER: c REFERENCES: A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought 3. The most critical mechanism of evolutionary change is natural selection. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought 4. Many people argue that evolution is “just a theory.” Define theory and describe how evolution does or does not fit this definition. ANSWER: In science a theory is something that has been tested and has robust support. Evolution provides various cases of support from the peppered moth to current disease challenges. REFERENCES: Introduction 5. In explaining the origins of variation within species, Darwin: a. had no idea of the true causes. b. agreed with Lamarck that it was caused by an animal’s inner needs. c. used research he carried out while at Cambridge. d. argued it was caused by differential use of an animal’s body parts. e. used Mendel’s theory of heredity. ANSWER: a REFERENCES: Natural Selection 6. There are no well-documented examples of natural selection operating on natural populations. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: Natural Selection

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    7. In Europe during the Middle Ages, it was most commonly believed that: a. all forms were created by God and did not change over time. b. life was created slowly, over millions of years. c. most species had become extinct over time. d. all species had evolved from a common ancestor. e. evolution was the result of natural selection acting upon genetic variation. ANSWER: a REFERENCES: A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought 8. The principle of uniformitarianism: a. was the same as the theory of catastrophism. b. stated that the geological processes that operated in the past are still occurring in the present. c. was a problem for the development of evolutionary theories. d. was first proposed by Georges Cuvier. e. proposed that the earth was only a few thousand years old. ANSWER: b REFERENCES: A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought 9. In formulating his theory of natural selection, Darwin did not : a. appreciate the fact that population size is limited by availability of food. b. recognize the importance of biological variation within a population. c. wonder if he had enough supportive data. d. apply his knowledge of domesticated species to undomesticated ones. e. claim that favorable variations would tend to be destroyed, unfavorable ones be preserved. ANSWER: e REFERENCES: A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought 10. Populations which are prevented from mating and producing fertile offspring are: a. not in biological continuity. b. considered part of the same taxonomic species. c. infertile. d. less subject to selective pressures. e. reproductively isolated. ANSWER: e REFERENCES: A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought

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    11. Thomas Malthus did not : a. propose that human population today is not related to the availability of resources. b. argue that in nature resource availability remains relatively stable over time. c. argue that in nature there is a tendency for animal population to increase in number. d. influence the development of Darwin’s and Wallace’s theories of natural selection. e. argue for limits to human population growth. ANSWER: a REFERENCES: A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought 12. _________ was an 18 th century thinker who believed that living forms changed in response to the environment yet still rejected the idea that one species could give rise to another. a. John Ray b. Alfred Russel Wallace c. Georges Cuvier d. Erasmus Darwin e. Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon ANSWER: e REFERENCES: A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought 13. Fitness, in an evolutionary sense, refers to an individual’s: a. size. b. aggressiveness. c. strength. d. age at death. e. reproductive success. ANSWER: e REFERENCES: Natural Selection 14. __________was the opponent of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and the proposer of the view that the earth’s geological landscape is the result of violent cataclysmic events. a. Thomas Malthus b. Erasmus Darwin c. Alfred Russel Wallace d. Charles Lyell e. Georges Cuvier ANSWER: e REFERENCES: A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought

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    15. Growing attacks on traditional beliefs occurred simultaneously with growing awareness of biological diversity. _________challenged a notion proposed by Aristotle to account for the movement of the sun and planets. a. Darwin b. Wallace c. Mendel d. Copernicus e. Linnaeus ANSWER: d REFERENCES: A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought 16. Darwin argues that: a. there is biological variation within all species. b. fitness is a measure of how healthy and physically adapted an individual is. c. t here are fewer selective pressures on well-adapted species. d. individuals who have more resources are reproductively successful. e. in each generation all offspring survive in the most adapted species. ANSWER: a REFERENCES: Natural Selection 17. _____________first recognized that species were groups of organisms that were distinguished from other such groups by their ability to mate with one another and produce fertile offspring. a. Carolus Linnaeus b. John Ray c. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck d. Alfred Russel Wallace e. Charles Darwin ANSWER: b REFERENCES: A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought 18. Natural selection operates on populations, but it is individuals who evolve. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: Natural Selection 19. What is natural selection? ANSWER: Natural selection is the key evolutionary mechanism – that all species produce offspring faster than the food supply, that there is biological variation within all species, that in each generation more offspring are born than survive, that more favorable traits lead to more fit individuals, that the environment determines which traits are favorable, that traits are inherited and passed on to yield greater reproductive success overall, that accumulations of changes over time may lead to a new species, and that geographical isolation contributes to the formation of a new species through selective pressure. REFERENCES: Natural Selection

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    20. ___________refined the existing system of classifying biological organisms into a binomial system a. Georges Cuvier b. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck c. Carolus Linnaeus d. George-Louis Leclerc de Buffon e. Erasmus Darwin ANSWER: c REFERENCES: A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought 21. Which of the following concepts did NOT influence Darwin in developing his theory of evolution? a. Species are unchanging types, and individual variation within a species is not important. b. Population size increases more rapidly than food supplies. c. There is biological variation in all members of a species. d. Favorable variations are passed on and accumulate in populations over time. e. There is competition among individuals for resources. ANSWER: a REFERENCES: Natural Selection 22. Natural selection merged with the work of __________ in the 20 th century to open up our understanding of evolutionary theory. a. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck b. Gregor Mendel c. Alfred Russel Wallace d. C harles Lyell e. Erasmus Darwin ANSWER: b REFERENCES: Constraints on 19th-Century Evolutionary Theory 23. The concept of a theory in science is associated with all of the following except: a. it has robust support. b. it is a hunch or intuitive idea. c. it has been tested. d. it has not been disproved. e. it has evidentiary support. ANSWER: b REFERENCES: A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought 24. Outline Lamarck’s theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics. According to this theory, what was the environment’s role in biological change? ANSWER: U nder Lamarck’s theory an animal’s activity patterns would cause change in their physical make- up; those parts used would expand and those not used would decrease. REFERENCES: A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought

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    25. Evolution is a theory that has considerable support from genetic evidence. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: Introduction 26. Regarding the example of the peppered moth, which of the following is not true? a. The two color patterns resulted from genetic variation in the species. b. The dark is more visible on the trees darkened by pollution. c. The most common variety of the peppered moth in England, prior to the 19 th century, was a mottled gray color. d. Natural selection acted upon pre-existing variation in the population. e. It has recently come under criticism. ANSWER: b REFERENCES: Natural Selection 27. P resent and discuss the fundamentals of evolutionary change produced by natural selection. ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: Natural Selection 28. What is the belief that species do not change but are the same as when they were first created? a. Uniformitarianism b. Catastrophism c. Natural selection d. Fixity of species e. The Great Chain of Being ANSWER: d REFERENCES: A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought 29. In the example of the peppered moth and changing camouflage colors, which one is best considered the selective agent ? a. Trees b. Peppered moths c. Birds d. Grey moths e. Coal dust ANSWER: c REFERENCES: Natural Selection 30. Define what Darwin meant by the concept of fitness. ANSWER: It is a measure of the relative reproductive success of individuals. REFERENCES: Natural Selection

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    31. What is the term for the theory stating that characteristics acquired during the lifetime of an individual could be passed on to that individual’s offspring? a. Use-disuse theory b. Fixity of species c. Natural selection d. Catastrophism e. Uniformitarianism ANSWER: a REFERENCES: A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought 32. Which concept, proposed by Charles Lyell, had a profound effect on 19 th -century scientific thought? a. Natural selection b. The immense age of the earth c. The role of catastrophic events in producing geological phenomena d. Recent origins for earth e. The inheritance of acquired characteristics ANSWER: b REFERENCES: A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought 33. Who coined the term “biology”? a. Charles Lyell b. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck c. Georges Cuvier d. Charles Darwin e. Thomas Malthus ANSWER: b REFERENCES: A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought 34. We credit Erasmus Darwin with significantly influencing Charles Darwin’s evolutionary thinking. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought 35. Charles Darwin: a. received no formal education. b. began to doubt the fixity of species during a voyage around the world in the 1830s. c. grew up in modest circumstances. d. was a physician who studied natural history as a hobby. e. spent two years in Africa where he developed the theory of natural selection. ANSWER: b REFERENCES: A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought

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    36. Charles Darwin acknowledged the importance of selective pressure when formulating his theory of natural selection. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought 37. __________wrote the highly praised Principles of Geology in which was emphasized the principle of uniformitarianism. a. Charles Darwin b. Alfred Russel Wallace c. Charles Lyell d. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck e. Thomas Malthus ANSWER: c REFERENCES: A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought 38. What is the “theory of evolution” based on what you have learned in this chapter? ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought 39. Carolus Linnaeus: a. developed theories of natural selection. b. was a supporter of Charles Darwin. c. was a proponent of evolutionary change. d. established a binomial system of classification for plants and animals. e. opposed all notions of fixity of species. ANSWER: d REFERENCES: A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought 40. Charles Darwin recognized the importance of beak variation in finches while visiting the Galápagos Islands. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought 41. Creationism is considered a science because it has testable hypotheses. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: Opposition to Evolution Today

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    42. Which is the best example of natural selection? a. The medium ground finch of the Galápagos b. Mendel’s project with peas and beans c. The recent decrease in resistant strains of disease-causing microorganisms d. The recent increase in resistant strains of disease-causing microorganisms e. T he peppered moth ANSWER: d REFERENCES: Natural Selection 43. What is meant by biological continuity? ANSWER: It is when expressions of a phenomenon continuously grade into one another so that there are no discrete categories of difference. REFERENCES: Opposition to Evolution Today 44. Alfred Russel Wallace is best known for: a. finding numerous important fossils during the 19 th century. b. the principle of uniformitarianism. c. being the co-discoverer of natural selection. d. finding numerous important fossils during the 18 th century. e. identifying changes in the coloration of a species moth. ANSWER: c REFERENCES: A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought 45. Charles Darwin was not the only one to conceive of natural selection. Who also published an article suggesting current species were descended from other species? a. Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon b. Erasmus Darwin c. John Scopes d. Alfred Russel Wallace e. Jean Baptiste Lamarck ANSWER: d REFERENCES: A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought 46. Charles Lyell, author of Principles of Geology , is considered the founder of modern geology. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought

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    47. The fact that individuals who possess favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than those who possess less favorable traits is the basis for which theory? a. Uniformitarianism b. Catastrophism c. Natural selection d. The inheritance of acquired characteristics e. The fixity of species ANSWER: c REFERENCES: Natural Selection 48. Explain why and how Charles Lyell’s principle of uniformitarianism and Thomas Malthus’ argument on population growth and resource availability were important to Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace as they developed their theories of biological evolution. ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought 49. Compare and contrast catastrophism and uniformitarianism. ANSWER: Both are theories to explain change, but both explain it in different ways. Catastrophism argues that the earth’s geological landscape is the result of violent cataclysmic events. As these events occurred, some forms of life became extinct and later repopulated by migrating species from other areas. Uniformitarianism argues that the earth’s features are the result of long-term processes, leaving the earth as a product of deep geological time. REFERENCES: A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought 50. What is the view that the extinction and the subsequent appearance of more modern forms could be explained by a series of disasters and creations? a. Catastrophism b. Use-disuse theory c. Natural selection d. Descent with modification e. Uniformitarianism ANSWER: a REFERENCES: A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought 51. Who was the first to actually attempt to explain the mechanism by which species change? a. Charles Darwin b. Erasmus Darwin c. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck d. Carolus Linnaeus e. Charles Lyell ANSWER: c REFERENCES: A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought

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    52. Several events combined to alter Western Europeans’ ideas about the earth by the 18 th century. These did not include: a. the circumnavigation of the globe. b. the discovery of the New World. c. the invention of the microscope. d. a less than rigid feudal class system. e. the notion of a sun-centered universe. ANSWER: d REFERENCES: A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought 53. The theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristics has recently displaced natural selection as mainstream science’s most accepted theory of evolutionary change. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought 54. Which is the most common reason that about half of Americans do not believe in evolution? a. The mechanisms of evolution are complex and do not lend themselves to simple explanations. b. Most Americans are religiously fundamentalist and do not believe in science. c. Most have not read or studied science in school. d. Most people do not want clear-cut answers. e. Most people possess extensive familiarity with the principles of genetics and know that evolution could not occur. ANSWER: a REFERENCES: Opposition to Evolution Today

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    1. What is a regulatory gene? ANSWER: It is genes that influence the activity of other genes. They direct embryonic development and are involved in physiological processes throughout life. REFERENCES: Regulatory Genes 2. What causes nondisjunction? Give one example of nondisjunction. ANSWER: Nondisjunction occurs when chromosomes or strands do not separate during either of the two divisions. One of the daughter cells gets two copies of the affected chromosome and the other gets none. Trisomy 21 is one of the best-studied examples of nondisjunction. REFERENCES: Cell Division 3. How many chromosome pairs occur in a normal human somatic cell? a. 24 b. 26 c. 46 d. 23 e. 48 ANSWER: d REFERENCES: Cell Division 4. The structure within the cytoplasm that converts energy is called: a. prokaryotes. b. transfer RNA (tRNA). c. messenger RNA (mRNA). d. mitochondria. e. eukaryotes. ANSWER: d REFERENCES: Cells 5. The two basic types of cells are somatic cells and: a. organelles. b. polar bodies. c. gametes. d. autosomes. e. zygotes. ANSWER: c REFERENCES: Cells 6. Describe the structure of the DNA molecule in as much detail as you can. ANSWER: It is a double-stranded molecule held together by a series of four matching bases. REFERENCES: Cells

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    7. What is the evolutionary significance of meiosis? ANSWER: It increases genetic variation in populations and prevents cloning. REFERENCES: Cell Division 8. Autosomes: a. carry genetic information influencing all physical characteristics except primary sex determination. b. happen only in cases where a genetic deficiency occurs. c. are found within gametes only. d. carry genetic information that determine the individual’s sex. e. do not carry genetic information. ANSWER: a REFERENCES: Cell Division 9. The two strands of a chromosome are joined at a constricted area called the: a. centromere. b. nucleotide. c. cytoplasm. d. ribosome. e. autosome. ANSWER: a REFERENCES: Cell Division 10. What are the X and Y chromosomes called? a. Karyotypes b. Autosomes c. Centromeres d. Gametes e. Sex chromosomes ANSWER: e REFERENCES: Cell Division 11. Which component of red blood cells is responsible for oxygen transport? a. Proline b. The cell membrane c. Valine d. Hemoglobin e. T he ribosomes ANSWER: d REFERENCES: From DNA to Protein

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    12. After mitosis, daughter cells contain the same amount of DNA as in the original cell. What is this due to? a. Recombination b. Pairing of homologous chromosomes c. Meiosis d. DNA replication e. Protein synthesis ANSWER: d REFERENCES: Cell Division 13. The process of translation during protein synthesis occurs at the ribosomes. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: From DNA to Protein 14. Which of the following nitrogenous bases in not found in DNA? a. Uracil b. Cytosine c. Guanine d. Thymine e. Adenine ANSWER: a REFERENCES: From DNA to Protein 15. What is polymerase chain reaction and why is it important in genetics? ANSWER: PCR is a method of producing thousands of copies of a DNA sample. This allows scientists many examples of DNA to analyze and to use for experiments. REFERENCES: New Frontiers 16. Chromosomes are: a. made up of DNA and proteins. b. visible during all stages of cell division. c. composed only of mRNA. d. indiscrete structures. e. occur singularly. ANSWER: a REFERENCES: Cell Division 17. The result of nondisjunction is that none of the daughter cells will receive any chromosomes. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: Cell Division

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    18. Meiosis: a. involves two divisions and results in six daughter cells. b. permits healing of injured tissue. c. is the cell division process in somatic cells. d. is the cell division in specialized cells in ovaries and testes. e. replaces cells during growth and development. ANSWER: d REFERENCES: Cell Division 19. Basic units of the DNA molecule composed of a sugar, phosphate, and one of four DNA bases is called a(n): a. protein. b. nucleotide. c. intron. d. enzyme. e. chromosome. ANSWER: b REFERENCES: From DNA to Protein 20. Humans and chimpanzees share about 98 percent of their DNA. What might be the role of regulatory genes in producing the anatomical differences between these two lineages? ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: Regulatory Genes 21. What was a major goal of the Human Genome Project? a. Facilitate human cloning b. Trace evolutionary relationships among primates c. Map the chromosomes of every human on the planet d. Prevent overpopulation e. Sequence the entire human genome ANSWER: e REFERENCES: New Frontiers 22. Nondisjunction can occur in the autosomes but never occurs in the sex chromosomes. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: Cell Division

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    23. The DNA base adenine always pairs with which other DNA base? a. Thymine b. Cytosine c. Uracil d. Guanine e. Mitochondria ANSWER: a REFERENCES: From DNA to Protein 24. A triplet is a series of three mRNA bases. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: From DNA to Protein 25. The progress made in genetics by the Human Genome Project is significant. What was the goal of the project and what is the potential for anthropologists, given that the genomes of other species are being studied? ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: New Frontiers 26. Which of the following statements is false ? a. Nondisjunction occurs when strands of the same chromosome fail to separate. b. Nondisjunction occurs only in mitosis. c. Nondisjunction occurs when homologous chromosomes fail to separate. d. Nondisjunction can result in a daughter cell with an extra chromosome. e. Nondisjunction can result in a daughter cell completely lacking a chromosome. ANSWER: b REFERENCES: Cell Division 27. Compare and contrast the processes and end products of mitosis and meiosis. ANSWER: In mitosis there is a simple division that produces two daughter cells, each of which contains 46 chromosomes. In meiosis there are two divisions that result in four cells, each with only half the original number of chromosomes. REFERENCES: Cell Division 28. Which of the following statements is false regarding the process of meiosis? a. There are two cell divisions. b. Meiosis produces daughter cells with the same amount of DNA found in the original cell. c. Meiosis produces daughter cells with half the original amount of DNA found in the original cell. d. Meiosis produces gametes. e. After recombination, each chromosome contains some new genetic combination. ANSWER: b REFERENCES: Cell Division

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    29. Cells: a. only have a nucleus and no cytoplasm. b. originated on earth approximately 5 million years ago. c. are only inherited from one parent. d. usually do not have DNA. e. are the basic units of life. ANSWER: e REFERENCES: Cells 30. What are the two steps in protein synthesis? ANSWER: The two steps are transcription and translation (or decoding). REFERENCES: From DNA to Protein 31. Transfer RNA forms a copy of the DNA molecule during translation. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: From DNA to Protein 32. Which of the following statements is false ? a. The sequence of amino acids in a protein is ultimately determined by the sequence of DNA bases. b. The number and sequence of amino acids determines protein function. c. The first step in protein synthesis is translation. d. Proteins are composed of amino acids. e. Proteins are manufactured by the ribosomes. ANSWER: c REFERENCES: From DNA to Protein 33. The definition of gene is currently the subject of some debate. What is the central focus of the debate and what is the reason for the conflicting meanings? ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: What Is a Gene? 34. Gametes: a. can make copies of all other types of cells. b. are also called zygotes. c. are basic units of the DNA molecule composed of sugar. d. are important structural components of the body. e. transmit genetic information from parent to offspring. ANSWER: e REFERENCES: Cells

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    35. Enzymes are: a. specialized proteins. b. in the formation of a double helix. c. reproductive cells. d. always produced outside the body. e. a semifluid substance in the nucleus of the cell. ANSWER: a REFERENCES: From DNA to Protein 36. The Human Genome Project was successfully completed in 1952. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: New Frontiers 37. All of the following is true of genetics except it: a. is not a specialty for most physical anthropologists. b. is required in only a few of the specialty areas of biological anthropology. c. unifies the various subdisciplines of biological anthropology. d. is the study of how genes work. e. is an approach that explains how traits are inherited across generations. ANSWER: b REFERENCES: Introduction 38. A zygote: a. has the potential to develop into a new individual. b. is part of a nucleotide. c. undergoes meiosis. d. has only half the full complement of the necessary genetic material. e. is formed by the union of two somatic cells. ANSWER: a REFERENCES: Cells 39. Mitochondrial DNA has the same molecular structure and function as nuclear DNA found in the nucleus. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: Cells

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    40. Ribosomes are: a. only present when the cell divides. b. found only in prokaryotes. c. the sex chromosomes. d. the gametes. e. important to protein synthesis. ANSWER: e REFERENCES: Cells 41. Somatic cells are not : a. those that make up tissues, e.g. muscles and the brain. b. one type of eukaryotic cell. c. also known as gametes. d. basically all the cells in the body except those involved in reproduction. e. the cellular components of tissue. ANSWER: c REFERENCES: Cells 42. Discuss whether it is possible for a human to have the following combinations of sex chromosomes: XYY; XO (only one X and no Y); XXX. ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: Cell Division 43. Which of the following statements concerning RNA is false ? a. It contains the same sugar as found in DNA. b. It is involved in the synthesis of proteins. c. It is able to pass through the nuclear membrane. d. It is single-stranded. e. It contains the base uracil instead of thymine. ANSWER: a REFERENCES: From DNA to Protein 44. The discovery of the structure of DNA dates back to the late 1700s. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: From DNA to Proteins

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