Test Bank For Our Origins, 5th Edition

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Our OriginsFIFTH EDITIONGreg LadenTracy BetsingerTHE STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK - ONEONTANicole SlovakSANTA ROSE JUNIOR COLLEGETEST BANK

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IntroductionviiChapter 1|What Is Biological Anthropology?1Chapter 2|Evolution: Constructing a Fundamental Scientific Theory18Chapter 3|Genetics and Genomics: Reproducing Life and Producing Variation36Chapter 4|Genes and Their Evolution: Population Genetics56Chapter 5|Biology in the Present: LivingPeople75Chapter 6|Biology in the Present: The Other Living Primates94Chapter 7|Primate Sociality, Social Behavior, and Culture114Chapter 8|Fossils and Their Place in Time and Nature136Chapter 9|Primate Origins and Evolution: The First 50 Million Years153Chapter 10|Early Hominin Origins and Evolution: The Roots of Humanity172Chapter 11|The Origins and Evolution of EarlyHomo189Chapter 12|The Origins, Evolution, and Dispersal of ModernPeople209Chapter 13|The Past 10,000 Years: Agriculture, Population, Biology229Chapter 14|Evolution:Today and Tomorrow246CONTENTS

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11D.Identify several different research areas in biologicalanthropology.1E.Identify and explain the importance of six major attributes that separatehumans from nonhuman animals.1F.Explain the four steps involved in “doing science”(i.e., the scientific method).1G.Distinguish between hypotheses and theories.LEARNING OBJECTIVES1A.Explain the differences and similarities among thefour branches of anthropology and understand what itmeans to say biological anthropologists practice aninterdisciplinary science.1B.Characterize the importance of the bioculturalapproach to anthropological inquiry.1C.Explain how Franz Boas’s research contributed to thedevelopment of the four branches of anthropology.CHAPTER 1What Is Biological Anthropology?

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2|Chapter 11CHAPTER 1: What Is Biological Anthropology?MULTIPLE CHOICE1.Before AD 1000, what did the people of St. Catherines Island eat?a.They ate wild animals, fish, and wild plants.b.They ate bison and salmon.c.They were vegetarians and ate wild plants exclusively.d.They ate mostly fruit.ANS: ADIF:EasyOBJ:Characterize the importance of the biocultural approach to anthropological inquiry.TOP:What Is Anthropology?MSC: Remembering2.What was the cause of the biological change in the indigenous people of St. Catherines Island afterAD 1000?a.They became sedentary and had less food to eat because they stayed in the same area.b.They became sedentary and consumed more corn, which caused dental disease due to itshigh sugar content.c.They became sedentary and did not have enough exercise to keep their bodies fit andhealthy.d.They continued as nomads, but loss of animals due to climate change created a decline intheir food source.ANS: BDIF:ModerateOBJ:Characterize the importance of the biocultural approach to anthropological inquiry.TOP:What Is Anthropology?MSC: Remembering3.What can be learned from studying a population through time?a.We can learn that lifestyles do not change over time.b.We can learn that diets, and therefore human biology, change through time.c.We can learn that consuming the wrong foods over time does little to population health.d.We can learn that human physiology does not change through time.ANS: BDIF:ModerateOBJ:Characterize the importance of the biocultural approach to anthropological inquiry.TOP:What Is Anthropology?MSC: Understanding4.Biological anthropologists focus ona.humans from a cultural perspective.b.humans from a biological perspective.c.humans from biological and cultural perspectives.d.human behavior only.ANS: CDIF:ModerateOBJ:Explain the differences and similarities among the four branches of anthropology andunderstand what it means to say biological anthropologists practice an interdisciplinary science.TOP:What Is Anthropology?MSC: Understanding

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What Is Biological Anthropology?|325.Archaeologistsa.study primate evolution.b.devote most of their effort to recovering artifacts and building museum collections.c.study past human societies, focusing mostly on their material remains.d.primarily study the evolution of language.ANS: CDIF:EasyOBJ:Explain the differences and similarities among the four branches of anthropology andunderstand what it means to say biological anthropologists practice an interdisciplinary science.TOP:What Is Anthropology?MSC: Remembering6.The biocultural approacha.is the study of human remains from archaeological contexts.b.studies the interrelationship between human culture and human biology.c.assumes that most human culture is genetic in origin.d.was originally developed by Boas but subsequently replaced by biological anthropology.ANS: BDIF:ModerateOBJ:Characterize the importance of the biocultural approach to anthropological inquiry.TOP:What Is Anthropology?MSC: Understanding7.What are the four branches of anthropology?a.archaeology, geology, geography, and biologyb.physical anthropology, biological anthropology, cultural anthropology, and linguisticanthropologyc.cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology, geology, and physical anthropologyd.biological anthropology, archaeology, cultural anthropology, and linguistic anthropologyANS: DDIF:ModerateOBJ:Explain the differences and similarities among the four branches of anthropology andunderstand what it means to say biological anthropologists practice an interdisciplinary science.TOP:What Is Anthropology?MSC: Remembering8.Which is the study of evolution and variation in humans’ physical traits?a.biological anthropologyc.linguistic anthropologyb.archaeologyd.cultural anthropologyANS: ADIF:EasyOBJ:Explain the differences and similarities among the four branches of anthropology andunderstand what it means to say biological anthropologists practice an interdisciplinary science.TOP:What Is Anthropology?MSC: Remembering

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4|Chapter 139.What are the four branches of anthropology?a.linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, biological anthropology, andpaleontologyb.cultural anthropology, biological anthropology, archaeology, and linguistic anthropologyc.paleontology, biological anthropology, cultural anthropology, and linguisticanthropologyd.biological anthropology, ethnography, cultural anthropology, and archaeologyANS: BDIF:EasyOBJ:Explain the differences and similarities among the four branches of anthropology andunderstand what it means to say biological anthropologists practice an interdisciplinary science.TOP:What Is Anthropology?MSC: Remembering10.Your professor researches the Turkana pastoralists of Kenya, investigating both the genetic changesthat allow them to easily digest milk and the role that dairy animals have played in their history. Yourprofessor MOST likely uses which of the following methods in her research?a.sociolinguisticsc.the biocultural approachb.interdisciplinary scienced.archaeological excavationANS: CDIF:ModerateOBJ:Characterize the importance of the biocultural approach to anthropological inquiry.TOP:What Is Anthropology?MSC: Applying11.Biological anthropology is the study of human ________ and human biocultural ________.a.bones; naturec.culture; languageb.evolution; variationd.pottery; stone toolsANS: BDIF:EasyOBJ:Explain the differences and similarities among the four branches of anthropology andunderstand what it means to say biological anthropologists practice an interdisciplinary science.TOP:What Is Anthropology?MSC: Remembering12.What did researchers conclude regarding the populations that lived on St. Catherines Island?a.The introduction of farming led to an improvement in overall health.b.The population was sedentary, regardless of the people’s food acquisition method.c.The later farming population was taller with fewer dental problems than the earlierforaging population.d.The arrival of the Spanish resulted in harder work and poorer health of the nativeinhabitants.ANS: DDIF:ModerateOBJ:Identify several different research areas in biological anthropology.TOP:What Is Anthropology?MSC: Remembering13.The study of culture in the past based on material remains is part of which branch of anthropology?a.archaeologyc.biological anthropologyb.linguistic anthropologyd.cultural anthropologyANS: ADIF:ModerateOBJ:Explain the differences and similarities among the four branches of anthropology andunderstand what it means to say biological anthropologists practice an interdisciplinary science.TOP:What Is Anthropology?MSC: Remembering

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What Is Biological Anthropology?|5414.The termhomininrefers toa.living humans and their ancestors dating to as far back as 6–8 million years ago.b.living humans only.c.the earliest ancestors of humans, prior to 6–8 million years ago.d.any living or extinct primate that walks upright.ANS: ADIF:EasyOBJ:Identify several different research areas in biological anthropology.TOP:What Is Biological Anthropology?MSC: Remembering15.The human genomea.includes about 20,000 genes.b.contains an unknown number of genes.c.is shared with all primates.d.changes throughout life depending on diet and disease.ANS: ADIF:ModerateOBJ:Identify several different research areas in biological anthropology.TOP:What Is Biological Anthropology?MSC: Remembering16.Biological anthropologists view how humans are today as the result ofa.their biological makeup.b.both evolutionary history and their own individual life histories.c.their genes; their environment has very little effect.d.their environment; their genes have very little effect.ANS: BDIF:ModerateOBJ:Characterize the importance of the biocultural approach to anthropological inquiry.TOP:What Is Biological Anthropology?MSC: Understanding17.The results of a disadvantaged social environment includea.poor health, reduced height, and shortened life expectancy.b.poor speech and excessive eating habits.c.poor reading comprehension.d.an inability to think critically and develop long-term planning.ANS: ADIF:ModerateOBJ:Characterize the importance of the biocultural approach to anthropological inquiry.TOP:What Is Biological Anthropology?MSC: Remembering18.Some biological anthropologists studya.life on other planets.b.the disappearance of languages.c.extinct and living species of primates.d.changes in marine life.ANS: CDIF:EasyOBJ:Identify several different research areas in biological anthropology.TOP:What Is Biological Anthropology?MSC: Understanding

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6|Chapter 1519.Primates are a group of mammals that havea.fingernails and forward-facing eyes.b.no fingernails and a long snout.c.complex behavior and small brains.d.simple behavior and varied forms of locomotion.ANS: ADIF:ModerateOBJ:Identify several different research areas in biological anthropology.TOP:What Is Biological Anthropology?MSC: Remembering20.Forensic anthropologistsa.focus their work on skeletal analysis of individuals.b.study skeletal remains from past human populations.c.study the evolution of human skeletal traits.d.focus their skeletal analysis on early hominins.ANS: ADIF:ModerateOBJ:Identify several different research areas in biological anthropology.TOP:What Is Biological Anthropology?MSC: Understanding21.For which of the following is Franz Boas known?a.his early influence on Darwin’s theory of natural selectionb.his assertion that the role of environment is insignificant in the study of human culturesc.his work on primate conservationd.his union of the study of culture, language, and biology, and the founding of AmericananthropologyANS: DDIF:ModerateOBJ:Explain how Franz Boas’s research contributed to the development of the four branches ofanthropology.TOP:What Is Biological Anthropology?MSC: Remembering22.Which of the following is a good description of what biological anthropologists do?a.They work in the laboratory to understand the genetic relationships among differentgroups of mammals.b.They seek out and excavate sites that have fossil evidence of dinosaurs and other extinctspecies.c.They live with various groups of people for extended periods of time, to learn theirlanguage and customs.d.They use bones and other materials to study a diversity of ancient and living humanpopulations and primates.ANS: DDIF:ModerateOBJ:Identify several different research areas in biological anthropology.TOP:What Is Biological Anthropology?MSC: Understanding

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What Is Biological Anthropology?|7623.Why is biological anthropology considered an interdisciplinary science?a.A specific set of disciplines, including anatomy and linguistic studies, are required of allstudents who intend to go into this discipline.b.Compared to other areas of science, biological anthropology is one of the largest fields.c.Biological anthropologists often incorporate other fields of study such as chemistry orgeology to facilitate their research.d.Biological anthropology comprises four different branches: bioanthropology,archaeology, cultural anthropology, and linguistics.ANS: CDIF:ModerateOBJ:Explain the differences and similarities among the four branches of anthropology andunderstand what it means to say biological anthropologists practice an interdisciplinary science.TOP:What Is Biological Anthropology?MSC: Remembering24.What did Boas propose that anthropologists could learn about through careful observations andattention?a.race, morality, and primitive religionsc.morality, human variation, and culturesb.primitive humans and their societiesd.cultures, societies, and peoples’ biologyANS: DDIF:ModerateOBJ:Explain how Franz Boas’s research contributed to the development of the four branches ofanthropology.TOP:What Is Biological Anthropology?MSC: Understanding25.How did Boas lay the foundation for scientific anthropology?a.He relied on the scientific method.b.He evaluated cultures from a personal perspective.c.He used genetics to develop theories on human variation.d.He demonstrated the variation in humans as a result of moral differences.ANS: ADIF:ModerateOBJ:Explain how Franz Boas’s research contributed to the development of the four branches ofanthropology.TOP:What Is Biological Anthropology?MSC: Understanding26.How can biological anthropologists understand human biological variation?a.They can investigate genes, as they are the primary determinant of human variation.b.They can study health, as most human variation is the result of health differences.c.They can focus on lifestyle, because an individual’s lifestyle is the main reason whyhumans vary.d.They can examine how genes, health, and lifestyle all work together to impact humanvariation.ANS: DDIF:ModerateOBJ:Characterize the importance of the biocultural approach to anthropological inquiry.TOP:What Is Biological Anthropology?MSC: Understanding27.Who created the discipline of American anthropology?a.Alfred Kroeberc.Franz Boasb.Margaret Meadd.Rudolf VirchowANS: CDIF:EasyOBJ:Explain how Franz Boas’s research contributed to the development of the four branches ofanthropology.TOP:What Is Biological Anthropology?MSC: Remembering

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8|Chapter 1728.A biological anthropologist would focus on which of the following to learn more about humans?a.artifactsc.disease and nutritionb.written and oral languaged.public and private buildingsANS: CDIF:EasyOBJ:Explain the differences and similarities among the four branches of anthropology andunderstand what it means to say biological anthropologists practice an interdisciplinary science.TOP:What Is Biological Anthropology?MSC: Remembering29.Your best friend’s great-uncle went missing in action during his Pacific tour of duty during WorldWar II. Your friend wants to find out what happened to these enlisted men and women and to bringthem home. What course of study would you suggest that your friend pursue in college?a.cultural anthropologyc.bioarchaeologyb.ethnographic anthropologyd.forensic anthropologyANS: DDIF:ModerateOBJ:Identify several different research areas in biological anthropology.TOP:What Is Biological Anthropology?MSC: Applying30.Bipedalism in primates meansa.walking on two feet.b.walking on four feet.c.walking using two legs with the aid of a tail.d.swinging from branch to branch.ANS: ADIF:EasyOBJ:Identify and explain the importance of six major attributes that separate humans fromnonhuman animals.TOP:What Makes Humans So Different from Other Animals? The Six Steps to HumannessMSC: Remembering31.Which of the following key attributes of human uniqueness developed during the past 10,000 to11,000 years?a.bipedalismc.complex material cultureb.dependence on domesticated foodd.nonhoning chewingANS: BDIF:EasyOBJ:Identify and explain the importance of six major attributes that separate humans fromnonhuman animals.TOP:What Makes Humans So Different from Other Animals? The Six Steps to HumannessMSC: Remembering

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What Is Biological Anthropology?|9832.An archaeological field school is announced in your anthropology course. The description says thatyou will travel to Belize to learn about the lives of the ancient Mayans. What, primarily, do youexpect to learn during this field school?a.what species of nonhuman primate occupies this regionb.how current populations of immigrants have changed local dialectsc.how to excavate and study material cultured.how to socially navigate life in a Central American settingANS: CDIF:ModerateOBJ:Explain the differences and similarities among the four branches of anthropology andunderstand what it means to say biological anthropologists practice an interdisciplinary science.TOP:What Makes Humans So Different from Other Animals? The Six Steps to HumannessMSC: Analyzing33.Bipedalisma.was the first evolutionary development that distinguished humans from other animals.b.was possible only after the advent of simple material culture.c.occurred after brain expansion in human evolution.d.allowed hominins to come out of the trees and make tools 10 million years ago (mya).ANS: ADIF:ModerateOBJ:Identify and explain the importance of six major attributes that separate humans fromnonhuman animals.TOP:What Makes Humans So Different from Other Animals? The Six Steps to HumannessMSC: Understanding34.There are six aspects of humanity that together define humans as different from other primates. Ofthese, which are unique to humans and NOT found in other primates?a.speech and arboreal lifeb.the use of material culture and the loss of a honing caninec.hunting as a way of getting foodd.domestication of plants and animalsANS: DDIF:DifficultOBJ:Identify and explain the importance of six major attributes that separate humans fromnonhuman animals.TOP:What Makes Humans So Different from Other Animals? The Six Steps to HumannessMSC: Understanding35.What increased early humans’ chances of hunting success?a.Females led hunting, but all adults were involved.b.Hunting was conducted with stone tools and cooperative strategies.c.Hunting was always well planned, often using a diagram.d.Hunting strategies were developed to include other animals as bait.ANS: BDIF:ModerateOBJ:Identify and explain the importance of six major attributes that separate humans fromnonhuman animals.TOP:What Makes Humans So Different from Other Animals? The Six Steps to HumannessMSC: Understanding

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10|Chapter 1936.Human production of stone or stone tools is an example ofa.linguistic comprehension.c.material culture.b.subsistence strategies.d.ideology.ANS: CDIF:EasyOBJ:Identify and explain the importance of six major attributes that separate humans fromnonhuman animals.TOP:What Makes Humans So Different from Other Animals? The Six Steps to HumannessMSC: Remembering37.Why is the hyoid bone important?a.It is found only in carnivores.b.It is found only in organisms with speech.c.It provides information about the vocal structure of hominins.d.It can be used to differentiate between agricultural and foraging diets.ANS: CDIF:ModerateOBJ:Identify and explain the importance of six major attributes that separate humans fromnonhuman animals.TOP:What Makes Humans So Different from Other Animals? The Six Steps to HumannessMSC: Understanding38.What makes it possible for humans to accumulate an amazing amount of information over longperiods of time?a.social learningc.social mediab.educationd.mimicryANS: ADIF:ModerateOBJ:Identify and explain the importance of six major attributes that separate humans fromnonhuman animals.TOP:What Makes Humans So Different from Other Animals? The Six Steps to HumannessMSC: Remembering39.What makes us human?a.physiology, culture, and planningc.physiology, behavior, and religionb.biology, culture, and religiond.biology, culture, and behaviorANS: DDIF:EasyOBJ:Identify and explain the importance of six major attributes that separate humans fromnonhuman animals.TOP:What Makes Humans So Different from Other Animals? The Six Steps to HumannessMSC: Remembering40.Which of the following is one of the six big events of human evolution?a.larger brain sizec.domestication of foodsb.written languaged.increase in body sizeANS: CDIF:EasyOBJ:Explain the differences and similarities among the four branches of anthropology andunderstand what it means to say biological anthropologists practice an interdisciplinary science.TOP:What Makes Humans So Different from Other Animals? The Six Steps to HumannessMSC: Remembering

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What Is Biological Anthropology?|111041.Humankind is still evolving, but recent genetic changes are often less interesting to biologicalanthropologists than the striking evolutionary changes that differentiated our hominin ancestors fromapes. Which of the following is a possible reason for this?a.Biological anthropologists do not study modern humans; they study only ancienthominins.b.Human evolution occurs only in Africa and thus cannot help us to understand a range ofcontemporary people.c.Our species now completely depends on culture for its survival and day-to-day living.d.The origin of bipedal walking in our hominin ancestors is more important than variationin genes for disease susceptibility among modern people.ANS: CDIF:DifficultOBJ:Explain the differences and similarities among the four branches of anthropology andunderstand what it means to say biological anthropologists practice an interdisciplinary science.TOP:What Makes Humans So Different from Other Animals? The Six Steps to HumannessMSC: Understanding42.Which of the following did biological anthropologists conclude about what makes us human afteranalyzing and comparing humans to nonhuman primates?a.Since some nonhuman primates organize when they hunt, hunting is not included as oneof the six steps to humanness.b.Since chimpanzees have been observed making and using tools, tool use is notconsidered part of humans’ complex material culture.c.Although some other animals have the hyoid bone, its size and shape is quite different inhumans and reflects the human ability to speak.d.The larger brain size of humans is the only significant difference between humans andnonhuman primates.ANS: CDIF:ModerateOBJ:Identify and explain the importance of six major attributes that separate humans fromnonhuman animals.TOP:What Makes Humans So Different from Other Animals? The Six Steps to HumannessMSC: Understanding43.Which of the following is true about the scientific method?a.It relies on making hunches about the natural world.b.It involves empirical data collection and hypothesis testing.c.It is used to support preconceived notions or theories.d.It seeks to establish the absolute scientific truth.ANS: BDIF:ModerateOBJ:Explain the four steps involved in “doing science” (i.e., the scientific method).TOP:How We Know What We Know: The Scientific MethodMSC: Understanding

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12|Chapter 11144.What is a hypothesis?a.a synonym for theoryb.a testable statement that could potentially explain specific phenomena observed in thenatural worldc.a statement that concerns scientific facts assumed to be trued.a statement unable to be refuted by future investigationsANS: BDIF:EasyOBJ:Distinguish between hypotheses and theories.TOP:How We Know What We Know: The Scientific MethodMSC: Remembering45.A theory is a(n)a.narrowly defined testable assertion that can be refuted by an experiment.b.explanation of something based upon controversial facts.c.explanation of part of the natural world that has been carefully examined and tested.d.explanation of part of the natural world that has been less thoroughly tested than ahypothesis.ANS: CDIF:EasyOBJ:Distinguish between hypotheses and theories.TOP:How We Know What We Know: The Scientific MethodMSC: Understanding46.There is a hypothesis that the origin of human bipedalism was linked to a shift from life in the trees tolife on the ground in the grasslands of Africa. Which of the following is true about this hypothesis?a.It has been upheld by subsequent scientific data on human origins.b.It was developed in consultation with genetic and fossil evidence.c.It has been rejected recently as a result of new fossil evidence.d.It has become a scientific law.ANS: CDIF:ModerateOBJ:Distinguish between hypotheses and theories.TOP:How We Know What We Know: The Scientific MethodMSC: Remembering47.The study of human remains at the “Body Farm” in Tennesseea.has shown how changes in diet with a shift from foraging to farming alter bone growthpatterns.b.demonstrates the effects of habitual bipedalism in humans and human ancestors.c.allows forensic anthropologists to estimate the time of death of deceased humans.d.reveals the lifeways of the prehistoric inhabitants of the region around the farm.ANS: CDIF:EasyOBJ:Identify several different research areas in biological anthropology.TOP:How We Know What We Know: The Scientific MethodMSC: Remembering48.In the 1980s, anthropologist William M. Bass set up an isolated facility in Tennessee to study whichof the following processes?a.the importance of social learning in remote areasb.the rise of bipedalism in early human ancestorsc.the deterioration of human bodies under a range of different conditionsd.how early agriculture such as that practiced on St. Catherines Island was carried outANS: CDIF:EasyOBJ:Identify several different research areas in biological anthropology.TOP:How We Know What We Know: The Scientific MethodMSC: Remembering

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