Solution Manual for Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, 9th Edition

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Active Reading GuideforC A M P B E L LB I O L O G Y:Concepts & ConnectionsNinth EditionTaylor • Simon • Dickey • Hogan • ReeceDana KurpiusElgin Community College

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iiiChapter 1Biology: Exploring Life1Chapter 2The Chemical Basis of Life9Chapter 3The Molecules of Cells19Chapter 4A Tour of the Cell32Chapter 5The Working Cell43Chapter 6How Cells HarvestChemical Energy52Chapter 7Photosynthesis: Using Lightto Make Food60Chapter 8The Cellular Basis ofReproduction and Inheritance68Chapter 9Patterns of Inheritance78Chapter 10Molecular Biology of the Gene89Chapter 11How Genes Are Controlled101Chapter 12DNA Technologyand Genomics109Chapter 13How Populations Evolve118Chapter 14The Origin of Species127Chapter 15Tracing Evolutionary History133Chapter 16Microbial Life: Prokaryotesand Protists142Chapter 17The Evolution of Plantand Fungal Diversity150Chapter 18The Evolution of InvertebrateDiversity156Chapter 19The Evolution of VertebrateDiversity162Chapter 20Unifying Concepts of AnimalStructure and Function169Chapter 21Nutrition and Digestion175Chapter 22Gas Exchange183Chapter 23Circulation188Chapter 24The Immune System197Chapter 25Control of Body Temperatureand Water Balance206Chapter 26Hormones and the EndocrineSystem210Chapter 27Reproduction and EmbryonicDevelopment216Chapter 28Nervous Systems224Chapter 29The Senses233Chapter 30How Animals Move239Chapter 31Plant Structure, Growth,and Reproduction245Chapter 32Plant Nutrition and Transport253Chapter 33Control Systems in Plants259Chapter 34The Biosphere: An Introductionto Earth’s Diverse Environments263Chapter 35Behavioral Adaptations to theEnvironment269Chapter 36Population Ecology276Chapter 37Communities and Ecosystems283Chapter 38Conservation Biology292Contents

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Chapter 1: Biology: Exploring Life1Name________________________Period _________Chapter 1: Biology: Exploring LifeGuided Reading ActivitiesBig Idea: Biology: The Scientific Study of LifeAnswer the following questions as you read Modules 1.1–1.3:1.A smart phone is not alive. List three characteristics of life that the phone does not exhibit.The cell phone will not reproduce, respond to its environment, nor will it maintain homeostasis.2.Does a motor vehicle fulfill any of the characteristics of life? If so, which one(s)?Yes, the motor vehicle will utilize energy.3.Which of the following is the highest level of taxonomic organization?a.Speciesb.Domainc.Kingdomd.Phylum4.Complete the following table that compares the four kingdoms of the domain Eukarya.PlantaeAnimaliaFungiProtistaCharacteristicsThese organismsare producers andare characterizedby their abilityto produce foodusing the sun’senergy.These organismsare consumersand arecharacterizedby their need tofeed to obtaintheir energy.These organismsare specializedconsumers andare characterizedby their role inthe decompositionof dead organicmatter.These organismsare not easilyclassified intothe other threegroups. Manyof these areunicellularorganisms.

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Chapter 1: Biology: Exploring Life25.What will all members of the domains Archaea and Bacteria have in common?a.All the organisms will be multicellular.b.They will all have a nucleus.c.They are eukaryotes.d.All the organisms will be prokaryotic.6.Which of the following would be considered a population?a.The nervous system of a humanb.All the organisms found in a tropical rain forestc.A lion in a zood.A school of fish in a lake7.The fact that new characteristics emerge as you go higher in biological levels is referred to asemergent properties.Big Idea: The Process of ScienceAnswer the following questions as you read Modules 1.4–1.8:1.Scienceis an approach for understanding the natural world and its phenomena.2.Complete the table that compares qualitative data with quantitative data.QualitativeQuantitativeDescriptionThese data are descriptive innature.These data are numerical and theywill count or measure a quantity.ExampleObservations about the matinghabits of polar bears.Recorded weight measurementsfor a grizzly bear.

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Chapter 1: Biology: Exploring Life33.Which of the following is best described as a tentative explanation to an observation or set ofobservations?a.Predictionb.Theoryc.Resultsd.Hypothesis4.A common misconception among students is that a hypothesis and a theory are essentially thesame. Briefly explain what you would say to a student who believes that.A theory is supported by a larger body of evidence and is generally accepted in the scientificworld as the explanation to a set of observations. A hypothesis is generally considered only atentative answer that lacks a large body of supporting evidence.5.Were the observed number of attacks on noncamouflaged models greater than camouflagedmodels in the inland habitat? Use Table 1.5 on page 7 of your textbook.HabitatNumber of Attacks% Attacks onNoncamouflagedModelsOn CamouflagedModelsOn NoncamouflagedModelsBeach (light habitat)2571%Inland (dark habitat)51676%Yes, the data indicate that attacks on noncamouflaged models increased over attacks on thecamouflaged models.6.How many factors does a scientist want to differ between the experimental and control groups?a.Twob.Zeroc.Oned.Three

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Chapter 1: Biology: Exploring Life47.You are a research scientist for the National Institutes of Health (NIH) interested in perform-ing a controlled experiment to determine the effects of caffeine on human blood pressure. Onegroup of people will get caffeinated coffee and one will get decaffeinated coffee. Briefly explainwhy you would want that to be the only variable that differs between the two groups.If you have more than one variable different between the two groups, then you will not knowwhat variable is responsible for your results.8.True or false: Based on DNA evidence the red panda belongs neither to the raccoon nor bearfamilies. If false, make it a correct statement.True9.Does feedback from the scientific community influence the formation and testing of hypoth-eses? Use Figure 1.7 from page 9 of your textbook.Exploration anddiscovery:Observing, askingquestions, readingliteratureFormation and testingof hypotheses:Collecting andinterpreting dataSocietal benefitsand outcomes:Solving problems,developing newtechnologiesFeedback fromthe scientificcommunity:Peer-reviewed publications,replication of findings,consensus buildingYes, feedback from the scientific community is an integral component of forming and testinghypotheses.

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Chapter 1: Biology: Exploring Life510.Complete the table that compares science to technology.ScienceTechnologyDescriptionThe gain of knowledge about thenatural world and how it worksThe application of science for aspecific purposeExample ofhow they haveintersectedA classic example is how the discovery of DNA’s structureled to a revolution in how DNA could be handled andmanipulated for various purposes.Big Idea: Five Unifying Themes in BiologyAnswer the following questions as you read Modules 1.9–1.14:1.Evolutionis responsible for the change that has occurred to life on Earth from thebeginnings of the planet until today.2.Fill in the following illustration regarding Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.Inference 1Observation 1Variation of traits amongmembers of a populationOverproduction of offspringUnequal reproductive successAdaptations accumulatewithin the populationObservation 2Inference 2

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Chapter 1: Biology: Exploring Life63.True or false: The “nature” in natural selection refers to an organism’s environment selectingfor adaptive traits. If false, make it a correct statement.True4.What do red pandas, weasels, and raccoons have in common? Use Figure 1.9C from page 11of your textbook.Canidae(Dogs,wolves, foxes)Ursidae(Giantpandas, other bears)Ailuridae(Red pandas)Mephitidae(Skunks)Procyonidae(Raccoons)Mustelidae(Weasels, otters)Phocidae(Seals)Commonancestor ofred pandas,raccoons,and weaselsCommonancestor ofred pandas andgiant pandasThey all share a common ancestor according to the evolutionary tree.5.A soybean farmer applies a pesticide to his crops each year. After several years, he notices thatthe pesticide seems to have less of an effect on the insects. The population of insects is nowmore resistant to the pesticide. Would this be an example of artificial or natural selection?Briefly explain your answer.This is an example of natural selection. The farmers are only introducing a change in theinsects’ environment; the farmers are not trying to select for specific insects to breed them.6.Briefly explain what you think would happen to the insect population if the farmer from ques-tion 5 applied a different pesticide the next year.If the farmers switched pesticides, the assumption is that the local population of insects wouldnot have resistance to that new pesticide, and the farmers would notice a significant die-off ofthe insects (until they gain resistance through the surviving members).

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Chapter 1: Biology: Exploring Life77.Genesare sometimes referred to as the units of inheritance.8.Briefly explain how the genetic code is analogous to the letters of the alphabet.Just like letters are arranged in a specific sequence to make words with different meanings, sotoo are the “letters” of DNA arranged to make proteins with specific functions.9.Human growth hormone (HGH) is necessary for growth during human adolescence. Pituitarydwarfism is a condition that results from the inability of a person to produce HGH. Luckily,the human gene for HGH can be inserted intoE. colibacteria, which are able to make ourHGH. The resulting HGH is used by people who are unable to make their own. What prop-erty about hereditary information makes this possible?DNA is a universal genetic language such that all organisms use it. This is what enables us toput human genes into other organisms, such as bacteria.10.List the five themes that unify biology.The five themes are as follows: evolution, information, structure and function, energy andmatter, and interactions.11.List an example of how form follows function at the cellular level.The long extensions of your nerve cells allow for the transmission of electrical signals overlong distances.12.Energy and chemicals move through ecosystems in different ways. Nutrients are constantlyrecycledthroughtheecosystem,whileenergymovesthroughanecosysteminonedirection.13.Complete the table that compares the roles of producers, consumers, and decomposers in anecosystem.ProducersConsumersDecomposersRole(s) withinan ecosystemProduce food in theform of sugars andhelp to cycle oxygenand carbon throughthe ecosystemthrough the processof photosynthesisFeed off producers orother consumers toget food for cellularrespiration; help tocycle carbon andoxygen through theecosystemBreak down deadorganic matterfrom all organismswithin an ecosystemto return chemicalnutrients to the soil

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Chapter 1: Biology: Exploring Life814.True or false: Systems biology uses microscopy to study how cells use energy. If false, make ita correct statement.False, systems biology is studying a system by analyzing the interactions of its parts.ConnECTIngThEBIg IDEaSUse your knowledge of the information contained within this chapter’s “Big Ideas” to answer thisquestion.CharlesDarwiniscreditedwithoutliningtheprinciplesofevolutionbynaturalselection.What aspects of the scientific method can be identified in Darwin’s work?

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Chapter 2: The Chemical Basis of Life9Name________________________Period _________Chapter 2: The Chemical Basis of LifeGuided Reading ActivitiesBig Idea: Elements, Atoms, and CompoundsAnswer the following questions as you read Modules 2.1–2.4:1.Match the following terms with their correct definitions: matter, trace element, emergentproperties, element, and compound.a.A substance required by humans in small quantities:Trace elementb.A substance that cannot be chemically broken down into a simpler substance:Elementc.Anything that takes up space and has mass:Matterd.Substances with two or more elements in a fixed ratio:Compounde.A substance with different properties than the elements that make it up:Emergent properties2.Fill in the following diagram at right, which illustrates therelationship between compounds and elements. Provide anexample of each in the space below.An example of a compound is NaCl (table salt).An example of an element is Na.BAElementsCompoundsAre broken into their…Are joined in specific ratios to form…

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Chapter 2: The Chemical Basis of Life103.Neapolitan ice cream is vanilla, chocolate, and strawberry combined in a 1:1:1 ratio. Brieflyexplain how Neapolitan ice cream is a good analogy that helps students conceptualize the rela-tionship between compounds and elements.Neapolitan ice cream is an “ice cream compound” in that it is made from a combination ofthree different “elemental” ice cream flavors: chocolate, vanilla, and strawberry. If you wanted,you could take a knife and separate the three flavors from one another. This analogy allows youto see how elements can be combined to make new substances or broken into their elements.4.What four elements make up the largest contribution to the human body as a percentage ofbody weight? Use Figure 2.1B from page 22 of your textbook to answer this question.The four elements are: carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen.5.Students tend to think that, because trace elements are required in tiny quantities, trace ele-ments are not important. List two trace elements that the human body requires and brieflyexplain why each of those two trace elements is important.Iron and iodine are two trace elements required by your body. Iron is needed for the propertransportation of oxygen in your blood; iodine is needed for hormones made in the thyroid.Oxygen (O): 65%Carbon (C): 18.5%Hydrogen (H): 9.5%Nitrogen (N): 3.3%Calcium (Ca): 1.5%Phosphorus (P): 1.0%Potassium (K): 0.4%Sulfur (S): 0.3%Chlorine (Cl): 0.2%Sodium (Na): 0.2%Magnesium (Mg): 0.1%Trace elements: < 0.01%

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Chapter 2: The Chemical Basis of Life116.Use the two examples that you provided in question 5 to describe how those trace elementshave been introduced into our diets and/or personal hygiene habits.Iron has been added to certain cereals as a way to get people to consume enough of it. Iodinehas been added to salt for the same reason.7.Complete the following table that lists key features about subatomic particles.8.An atom of carbon has six protons. Consider that the number of protons is changed to seven.Is it still an atom of carbon? Briefly explain your answer either way.It would no longer be carbon because you changed the number of protons. The number ofprotons determines the element.9.Which of the following describes atoms of an element that vary in the number of neutrons?a.Electronsb.Isotopesc.Atomic numberd.Protons10.True or false: A radioactive isotope is unstable, which means it gives off energy and particles.If false, make it a correct statement.TrueProtonsNeutronsElectronsElectrical chargePositiveNeutralNegativeLocation in an atomNucleusNucleusIn motion aroundthe nucleus in anelectron cloudMass1 dalton1 daltonNo practical mass

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Chapter 2: The Chemical Basis of Life12ElementAtomicnumberMassnumberNumber ofprotonsNumber ofneutronsNumber ofelectronsCarbon-12612666Hydrogen-111101Phosphorous-311531151615Fluorine-199199109Carbon-1361367611.Complete the following table by filling each line with the correct value.12.Radioactive isotopes are commonly referred to as “biological spies.” Briefly explain why this isan accurate description. Your explanation should include two specific examples of radioactiveisotopes being used as “spies.”They are described as “radioactive spies” because the cells of an organism incorporate themthe same as they would the nonradioactive isotope of that element. The use of radioactive car-bon to study photosynthesis and the use of radioactive iodine to help kill thyroid cancer cellsare two examples.Big Idea: Chemical BondsAnswer the following questions as you read Modules 2.5–2.9:1.Electrons are found inshellsthat surround the nucleus at distinct distances.2.Any orbital can hold only how many electrons?a.Oneb.Zeroc.Twod.Eight

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Chapter 2: The Chemical Basis of Life133.What are the three ways in which atoms with incomplete valence shells can interact with oneanother with respect to their electrons?Atoms can give electrons away, take them or share them.4.Which of the following would be considered a covalent bond?a.Double bondb.Single bondc.Nonpolar covalent bondd.All of the above5.Complete the Venn diagram that compares polar covalent bonds with nonpolar covalentbonds.Nonpolar covalent bondsPolar covalent bondsElectrons are sharedunequally betweenthe two atoms.Electrons are sharedequally betweenthe two atoms.Both typesare basedon thesharing ofelectrons.6.You are a research scientist working for an oil exploration company. A molecule is isolatedfrom a sample taken from a new test well the company is drilling. Initial tests indicate that themolecule is nonpolar. Based on what you read in regards to nonpolar covalent bonds, whatelements are likely to make up the molecule? Briefly explain your answer.Carbon and hydrogen are the elements likely to make up the molecule because they alwaysform nonpolar covalent bonds with each other, which make a nonpolar molecule.

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