Solution Manual For Traffic And Highway Engineering, 5th Edition

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Solutions Manual to AccompanyTRAFFIC & HIGHWAYENGINEERING, 5THEDITIONNICHOLAS J. GARBERLESTER A. HOELPrepared By Rod Turochy

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CONTENTSChapterPage1.THEPROFESSION OFTRANSPORTATION............................................................................................... 12.TRANSPORTATIONSYSTEMS ANDORGANIZATIONS..............................................................................133.CHARACTERISTICS OF THEDRIVER,THEPEDESTRIAN,THEVEHICLE AND THEROAD..................................294.TRAFFICENGINEERINGSTUDIES.......................................................................................................455.HIGHWAYSAFETY..........................................................................................................................616.FUNDAMENTALPRINCIPLES OFTRAFFICFLOW....................................................................................777.INTERSECTIONDESIGN................................................................................................................ 1038.INTERSECTIONCONTROL.............................................................................................................. 1179.CAPACITY ANDLEVEL OFSERVICE FORHIGHWAYSEGMENTS............................................................. 14310.CAPACITY ANDLEVEL OFSERVICE ATSIGNALIZEDINTERSECTIONS.................................................... 16911.THETRANSPORTATIONPLANNINGPROCESS................................................................................. 17712.FORECASTINGTRAVELDEMAND................................................................................................. 19113.EVALUATINGTRANSPORTATIONALTERNATIVES.............................................................................. 24114.HIGHWAYSURVEYS ANDLOCATION............................................................................................. 26515.GEOMETRICDESIGN OFHIGHWAYFACILITIES................................................................................ 27516.HIGHWAYDRAINAGE................................................................................................................. 29517.SOILENGINEERING FORHIGHWAYDESIGN................................................................................... 31118.BITUMINOUSMATERIALS........................................................................................................... 32919.DESIGN OFFLEXIBLEPAVEMENTS............................................................................................... 34720.DESIGN OFRIGIDPAVEMENTS.................................................................................................... 36521.PAVEMENTMANAGEMENT......................................................................................................... 383

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1Chapter 1The Profession of Transportation1-1To illustrate the importance of transportation in our national life, identify atransportation-related article that appears in a local or national newspaper. Discussthe issue involved and explain why the article is newsworthy.In 2012, many areas in New York City were devastated by HurricaneSandy. An article was published on December 2, 2012 inThe New York Timestoillustrate the importance of transportation on society, especially facing anemergency. Transit officials said that normal train services to the Rockawayswere not going to resume for several months. People still needed to go to places,especially in a city like New York, where car ownership is relatively low andmany people depend on transit. The article describes the solution found for thetransit agency to reduce the impacts of Hurricane Sandy in daily activities of thepopulation of the Rockaways; a special line, the shuttle line H, started runningthrough a stretch of the devastated area, making stops at a limited number ofstations.This is an example of an article in a major newspaper that mainly keepsthe population informed of their options for transportation after an emergency. Inthis case, this article also was important to show population in general a sign ofprogress after a tragedy; the article shows the effort of the transit agency to keepsociety’s daily activities as normal as possible after the hurricane.1-2Arrange an interview with a transportation professional in your city or state (that is,someone working for a consulting firm, city, county or state transportationdepartment, transit or rail agency). Inquire about the job he or she performs, whyhe or she entered the profession and what he or she sees as the future challenges inthe field.Background: Bachelor of Science degree in Civil Engineering. Duringundergraduate study, worked part-time for the Traffic Engineering Division of theDepartment of Public Works. Earned a Master of Science in Civil Engineeringdegree with a major in transportation. Currently employed by a consulting firm,conducting research in multimodal and intermodal transportation systems.Envisions the transportation industry becoming cohesive in that modes willconnect with one another at strategic points to allow for the seamless transfer ofpeople and goods.Note: This is a brief transcript of an interview with a transportationprofessional.

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Chapter 1: The Profession of Transportation21-3Keep a diary of all trips you make for a period of three to five days. Record thepurpose of the trip, how you traveled, the approximate distance traveled and thetrip time. What conclusions can you draw from the data?The table shown on the next page provides a list of all trips made by astudent during a five-day period. The following conclusions can be reached aboutthe student’s travel behavior.•24 trips were made (an average a 5.4 trips per day)•8 trips by bus•9 trips by car•7 trips by walking•248 minutes were spent traveling (an average of 49.6 minutes per day)•77 minutes of travel by bus (31% of total travel time)•90 minutes of travel by car (36% of total travel time)•81 minutes of travel by walking (33% of total travel time)•About an equal amount of time was spent riding buses, walking, and driving acar.

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Chapter 1: The Profession of Transportation3DateModePurposeTime (minutes)Friday,Jan. 22BusHome to class10WalkClass to class7BusClass to fraternity house10WalkFraternity house to class15BusClass to home10CarHome to store and back10CarHome to fraternity house and10Saturday,Jan 23CarHome to store and back10CarTo store, library, and home20CarTo library and back10Sunday,Jan 24CarTo library and back10CarTo sister's place and back5Monday,Jan 25BusHome to Class10WalkClass to Class7WalkClass halfway home7BusRest of way to fraternity house7BusFraternity house to class10WalkClass to home15Tuesday,Jan 26BusHome to class10WalkClass to fraternity house15WalkFraternity house to class15BusClass to home10CarHome to fraternity house and10CarHome to gym and back5TOTAL248

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Chapter 1: The Profession of Transportation41-4Identify one significant transportation event that occurred in your city or state.Discuss the significance of this event.An important event in transportation in Charlottesville, Virginia occurredin 1970, when the University of Virginia began its own bus service. Thesignificance of this event is that the bus service, in a sense, enlarged theUniversity. That is, students could reside off grounds and still be able to commuteto classes. This opened the door to develop student housing projects off grounds.In addition, the University now could add new facilities further from centralgrounds and still have them accessible to students.1-5Describe how transportation influenced the initial settlement and subsequentdevelopment of your home city or state.Norfolk, Virginia was one of the early settlements in this state due to itsproximity to water and near the Jamestown Settlement. Its transportationevolution began mainly as water transportation due to its accessibility to theElizabeth River. Downtown Norfolk grew around the river, which became aharbor for the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth, Virginia. As Norfolk's populationgrew, there became a need for more living area and people began to settle furtheraway from the harbor area. As a result of this migration, horse drawn vehiclesbecame the choice mode when people traveled to and from the river. Eventuallythe mode of transportation that originated Norfolk and Portsmouth, water, becameits main industry for employment. The Norfolk Naval Shipyard, located inPortsmouth, is a major employer for the area which services and repairs shipsused for the transportation of military goods and service personnel.1-6Describe your state’s transportation infrastructure. Include both passenger andfreight transportation.Virginia's transportation infrastructure is vast. The highway system, as of2011, according to data from the Federal Highway Administration, includes74,461 miles of public roads. Of these 74,461 miles, 58,272 miles are state-maintained, with the remainder maintained by cities, towns, and counties.Virginia's rail network, excluding yards and sidings, totals 3,399 miles. Inaddition, two of the nation's largest railroads, the CSX Corporation and theNorfolk Southern Corporation, are headquartered within the state. Intercity railpassenger service is provided by AMTRAK, which operates eight trains withscheduled stops in Virginia. Rapid rail transit is provided by Metrorail tocommuters in the Virginia suburbs of Washington, D.C.

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Chapter 1: The Profession of Transportation5Commuter rail service is provided by the Virginia Rail Express (VRE),which operates from Fredericksburg and Manassas to Washington, D.C. Virginiais also served by 9 airports with commercial service to over 600 worldwidedestinations. Another 66 airports are licensed for public use, and the majority ofthese can accommodate multi-engine aircraft. Virginia also has one of the finestnatural ports in the world as well as three inland ports. The port of HamptonRoads is served by an ice-free 50-ft. deepwater channel capable of handling largevolumes of cargo. Virginia also maintains the Virginia Inland Port, located inFront Royal, which serves the Ohio Valley and beyond.Note: These data are available from the Internet site of FHWA’s Office ofHighway Policy Information at “http://www.fhwa.dot.gov”, The VirginiaDepartment of Rail and Public Transportation at “http://www.drpt.virginia.gov”,and at Virginia Department of Aviation “http://www.doav.virginia.gov”.1-7What is the total number of miles of public roadways in your state? Whatpercentage of the highway system mileage is maintained by the state government (asopposed to local and federal government)? What percentage of the total publichighway system in your state is comprised of Interstate highways?Virginia’s total number of miles of public roadways was 74,461 miles in2011. There were 58,272 state-maintained miles of highways in 2011, whichrepresented 78.258% of the highway system. Also, there were 1,120 miles ofInterstate highways in Virginia, which represented 1.504% of the total publichighway system.Note: These data are available from the Internet site of FHWA’s Office ofHighway Policy Information at“http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/statistics/2011/hm20.cfm ”1-8Estimate the number of personal motor vehicles in your city or state. What is thetotal number of miles driven each year? How much revenue is raised per vehicle peryear for each 1 cent/gallon tax? Assume that the average vehicle achieves 25 milesper gallon in fuel economy.In Virginia, as of 2011, there were 6,998,385 registered motor vehicles.An estimated 80,974,000,000 vehicle-miles were traveled. Assume the averagevehicle has a gasoline consumption rate of 25 miles per gallon (mpg). Thus thetotal amount of gasoline (TG) consumed in one year is:TG= (miles driven/year)/(mpg)TG= (80,974,000,000)/25TG= 3,238,960,000 gallons

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Chapter 1: The Profession of Transportation6The total revenue (TR) raised by the 1 cent/gallon tax would be:TR= ($0.01/gallon) × TGTR= 0.01 × 3,238,960,000TR= $32,389,6001-9How many railroad trains pass through your city each week? What percentage ofthese are passenger trains?In Charlottesville, Virginia, an average of 63 freight trains pass throughthe city weekly (14 of these stop while 49 pass through). 20 Amtrak trains passthrough weekly.Percentage passenger trains = (20/(20 + 63)) × 100 = 24%1-10Compare the extent of the U.S. railroad system of today with that of 100 years ago.What changes have occurred and what factors have led to these changes?Today, the U.S. active railroad track consists of approximately 140,000rail miles operated by seven Class I railroads, 21 regional railroads, and 510 localrailroads. 100 years ago, approximately 260,000 miles of railroad track wereactive.The "Golden Age" of the railroad system was from 1850s to 1920s, whenit was the faster, cheaper, and more adaptable means of long-distancetransportation. After World War II, a decline of passengers could be observed, astraffic dropped significantly. Automobile and airplane were emerging ascompetitive means of transportation for passengers while trucks were high speed,free vehicles available to move goods.In 1956, highway construction entered a new era with the authorization ofa 42,500 mile National Interstate Highway System by President Eisenhower. Thisauthorization changed the way people lived and traveled and further reduced therole of rail transportation.In addition to that, the railroad system faced a relevant adversity duringthe 1960s and 1970s when several companies were either purchased by strongerones or went bankrupt. Also, a decline of passengers began in the 1950s untilderegulation in 1980, as a result of severe sanctions and regulation by theInterstate Commerce Commission (ICC).

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Chapter 1: The Profession of Transportation71-11What proportion of American household expenditures is associated withtransportation, and what is the breakdown of these expenditures by category (suchas ownership, fuel, maintenance, etc.)? Estimate the proportion of your monthlybudget that is spent on transportation.The annual average American household expenditures are $49,705, whichrepresents $4,142.03 per month; $8,294 are annual expenditures related toTransportation, which represents $691.17 per month. Therefore, Transportationrepresents approximately 16.7% of total expenditures for an average Americanhousehold. The breakdown of Transportation expenditures by category is:CATEGORYANNUAL AVERAGESPENDING (dollars)PERCENTAGEOF TOTALEXPENDITURESVehicle purchases$2,6695.4%Gasoline and motor oil$2,6555.3%Other expenses (finance charges,maintenance and repairs, insurance,rental, leases)$2,4544.9%Public transportation$5161.1%TOTAL$829416.7%Note: These data are available from the Internet site of the United StatesDepartment of Labor “http://www.bls.gov/cex/#tables”. Data from 2011.A possible monthly budget of a college student is:CATEGORYAVERAGE SPENDING(dollars)PERCENTAGEHousing (rent and utilities)$52547.5%Food$35031.7%Clothing and miscellaneous$13011.8%Transportation (gas, parking,bus, repairs, etc...)$1009.0%TOTAL$1105100%Approximately 9 percent of the monthly budget is dedicated to transportation.

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Chapter 1: The Profession of Transportation81-12Identify an ITS project or application that is underway in your home state.Describe the project, its purpose, and the way it is operated.The Virginia Department of Transportation is implementing a trafficmanagement system in the Richmond region. This system includes the installationon Interstates 64, 95, and 295, of permanent changeable message signs installedprior to major interchanges, video detection equipment at critical congestionlocations, and highway advisory radio throughout the region. This system isintended to monitor traffic and ultimately ease congestion associated with majorreconstruction projects on the region’s Interstate highways. The Richmond SmartTraffic Center is located adjacent to an interchange on Interstate 95 and housesthe control and communications systems for the traffic management system.1-13Most Departments of Transportation incorporate at least five major transportationengineering subspecialties within their organization. List and briefly indicate at leastthree tasks falling under each specialty.Most state departments of transportation have at least five majortransportation engineering sub-classes. Five of these subspecialties in the VirginiaDepartment of Transportation are theplanningdivision,location and designdivision,maintenancedivision,traffic engineeringdivision, and aconstructiondivision. Theplanning divisionis primarily concerned developing long-rangetransportation plans. This is accomplished by first defining transportation needs,gathering and analyzing data, and then evaluating alternatives.Thelocation and design divisionis primarily concerned with designing thetransportation system. Usually with the design of highways, this division isresponsible for the selection of dimensions for all geometric features, whichinclude the longitudinal profiles, vertical curves and elevations, and right-of-way.Themaintenance divisionis responsible for maintaining the transportationsystem to ensure it is in proper working order. This includes repairing damagedroadway sections and the scheduling of maintenance operations.Thetraffic engineering divisionis responsible for the integration of thevehicles, drivers, and pedestrians into the transportation system in a manner thatimproves the safety and capacity of streets and highways. This includes analyzingtraffic accidents, design of parking areas, and the design of roadway trafficsigning plans.Theconstruction divisionis another subspecialty. This division isresponsible for the building of the facilities designed by the location and designdivision. The primary tasks of this division include the development of contractsfor highway construction, inspection of highway construction projects asperformed by contractors, and publishing of manuals such as road and bridgespecifications.

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Chapter 1: The Profession of Transportation91-14List four major detrimental effects that are directly related to the construction anduse of our highway transportation system.There are many benefits that have come from the highway system;however, these benefits have not come without significant costs. The mostobvious cost is that of safety, highway accidents claim approximately 40,000 liveseach year. The transportation system also creates air, water, and even noisepollution. It also spoils and changes forever the natural beauty of an area, andconsumes vast quantities of precious energy resources.1-15Cite four statistics that demonstrate the importance of transportation in theUnited States.The following statistics illustrate the importance of the transportation sector in theU.S.•8.7 % of the United States’ Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is accounted forexpenses related to transportation. (2009 data)•Approximately 5% of the U.S. workforce is employed by transportationindustries. (2010 data)•Of all the petroleum used in the U.S., 73.5% is for transportation. (2008 data)•Expenditures on transportation totaled $1.22 trillion. (2009 data)Note: These data are available from the Internet site ofCensus“http://www.census.gov”.1-16A state has a population of 17 million people and an average ownership of 1.1 carsper person, each driven an average of 12,000 mi/year, at an average fuel economy of24 mi/gal of gasoline (mpg). Officials estimate that an additional $60 million peryear in revenue will be required to improve the state’s highway system, and theyhave proposed an increase in the gasoline tax to meet this need. Determine therequired tax in cents per gallon.First, determine the number of vehicles in the state.17,000,000 people × 1.1 cars/person = 18,700,000 vehicles in this state.Next, determine the number of miles driven each year.18,700,000 cars × 12,000 miles/year/car = 2.244 × 1011miles driven per yearNow determine the number of gallons consumed each year.(2.244 × 1011miles/year)/24 mpg = 9,350,000,000 gallons/year

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Chapter 1: The Profession of Transportation10Finally, determine the required tax increase.(9.35 × 109gallons / year) × TAXINCREASE = $60,000,000 / yearTAXINCREASE = $0.00642/gallonTAXINCREASE = 0.642 cents per gallonTherefore, impose a 0.7 cents per gallon tax to raise the required revenue.1-17Select a single event in Table 1-1 and explain why this is a significantachievement in the history of transportation.In my opinion, the completion of the first transcontinental railroad in 1869was the most significant transportation event in U.S. history. This is because thecompletion of the railroad meant that goods and people could now be transportedwith relative ease to the western part of the country. This also meant that thedevelopment of the west would become more intense. The completion of therailroad spawned the development of the remainder of the U.S., which facilitatedtrade on both coasts.1-18Name and describe the first successful turnpike effort in the newly independentUnited States of America.The Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike Road Company was charteredby Pennsylvania in 1791 to build road between the two cities. This serves as anearly example of a profitable toll road and a roadway with specified designstandards.1-19What mode of transportation was the primary contributor to the demise of roadconstruction in the U.S. in the early 19thcentury, and what advantages did the newmode offer?Canals became popular in the early 19thcentury through large projectssuch as the Erie Canal and several smaller efforts. Recent improvements inwaterway transportation, such as the successful demonstration of the steamboat in1807, generated interest in use waterways. Waterways provided advantages overthe roadways in their level profiles and relative ease of effort in moving freightwhen compared with roadways.

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Chapter 1: The Profession of Transportation111-20What mode of transportation succeeded the mode noted in Problem 1-19, and whatadvantages did it offer?Canals were succeeded by railways as the primary mode of long-distancetravel. Railroads first appeared in the U.S. around 1830. By 1840, the mileage ofrailways was approximately equal that of canals. Railroads continued flourishwhile investment in canals declined. Locations for railroads were not confined towatercourses and therefore could be built almost anywhere.1-21What was the interest of the U.S government in supporting expansion of railroads inthe mid-19thcentury, and how did the government provide support?There was a growing demand for rail connections between towns, villages, lakes,and seaports. Railroads were indispensable to the development of a national market in theUnited States. To encourage railroad expansion westward, the federal governmentprovided land grants to railroads totaling over 40 million acres.1-22The expectations the public has for the transportation system continue to increase.What is the principal challenge faced by the transportation engineer in meetingthese expectations? What fields of knowledge beyond traditional transportationengineering are needed?The public increasingly expects an efficient, effective, long-lasting, andsafe transportation system. This challenge requires a knowledge base beyondtraditional transportation engineering, including an understanding of humanfactors, system performance, and technological advances.

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13Chapter 2Transportation Systems andOrganizations2-1How would your typical day be changed without availability of your principal modeof transportation? Consider both personal transportation as well as goods andservices that you rely on.A typical day in my life would be significantly different without theairplane. Although I do not use this mode daily, goods and services that I dopurchase are transported via this mode. Other modes, such as trucking, trains, andthe automobile, could serve as replacements to the airplane; however, the airplanesignificantly lowers the transit time for shipping goods. For example, I mail aletter to California. Typical transit time for this letter using the airplane is threedays. By using another mode other than the airplane, the transit time for the sameletter would probably exceed seven days. As for my personal transportation, longdistance travel is accomplished by using the airplane. For example, I take avacation to Europe. If I travel using a cruise ship, it would take me in excess ofseven days to reach Europe. However, if I fly, I can arrive in Europe within ninehours. Having the ability to transport people and goods quickly allows theinternational trade market to prosper, which in turn provides me with goods in atimely and efficient manner.2-2What are the most central problems in your state concerning one of the following:(a) air transportation, (b) railroads, (c) water transportation, (d) highways, or(e) public transportation. (To answer this question, obtain a copy of the governor’splan for transportation in your state or contact a key official in the transportationdepartment.)(a)A problem in Virginia concerning air transportation is the high costassociated with short haul flights from airports such as Richmond and Norfolk toconnection hubs for major airlines. Another problem is that our air transportationsystem is aging while the demand continues to increase; our air transportationsystem is approaching capacity and requiring substantial capital investment toprovide modern terminals, increase the number of gates and available parking.

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